The brown planthopper [Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.)] is one of the most destructive insect pests in... more The brown planthopper [Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.)] is one of the most destructive insect pests in all the rice-growing regions of the world. The pest is complicated to manage through the blanket application of chemical pesticides. The development of stable, durable N. lugens-resistant rice varieties is the most economical and efficient strategy to manage the pest. Landraces of red rice genotypes possess numerous nutritional and stress-resistant properties, though an exclusive study on the same is yet to be carried out. In the present study, we evaluated 28 red rice genotypes, along with two resistance checks and one susceptibility check, for their resistance to N. lugens. These promising lines revealed differential responses in the defense mechanism against the pest. The resistant accessions showed a greater accumulation of phenols, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase under N. lugens-stressed conditions. However, the concentration of soluble proteins w...
Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the repellant effects of three essential oils from pl... more Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the repellant effects of three essential oils from plants viz., orange, eucalyptus and cinnamon oils against four major coleopteran stored grain insect pests of rice viz., Sitophilus oryzae, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Rhyzopertha dominica, and Tribolium castaneum. The % repellency (PR) and index of repellency (RI) were observed to range from 10 to 100% and 0.00 to 0.90, respectively. Eucalyptus oil @ 5% showed maximum repellent action against Tribolium castaneum, registering PR and RI values of 93.33 (F=0.921), 100 (F=1.66), 100 (F=3.772) and 0.07, 0.00 and 0.00, respectively at 3, 6 and 12 hrs after treatment and were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Chemical profiling of tested oils through GCMS showed presence of 2- 3 chemical constituents amounting to >90 % of total composition of oil. The results highlight the repellency effects of the essential oils and indicate that these can be ecofriendly ones for the p...
Nilaparvata lugens is a monophagous pest of rice crop. Various strategies have been employed to m... more Nilaparvata lugens is a monophagous pest of rice crop. Various strategies have been employed to manage this pest. We evaluated the toxicity of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) leaf extracts against N. lugens along with chemical insecticide, imidacloprid. P. hydropiper leaf extracts produced significant mortality against N. lugens nymphal and adult stages in a dose dependent manner. Different concentration of P. hydropiper extracts with two controls (acetone and water) in toxicity assay revealed LC50 values of 620 ppm against N. lugens adults, whereas 230 and 130 ppm for larger and smaller nymphs, respectively. Imidaloprid yielded an LC50 of 510–560 ppm against nymphs and adults. Nine vital compounds were identified from the P. hydropiper extracts based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). Additionally, P. hydropiper extracts was found harmless to non-target organism, as they did not produce any toxicity on earthworm, Eisenia foetida. Hence, present results indicated that P. hydropiper extracts can be used as efficient alternate to synthetic insecticides against N. lugens in rice.
from the cross between Udaya and IET 16611, was released and notified by Central subcommittee on ... more from the cross between Udaya and IET 16611, was released and notified by Central subcommittee on 'Crop standards, Notification and Release of varieties for Agricultural Crops' in 2014 for irrigated areas of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Odisha under mid-early duration. It is suitable for cultivation in irrigated medium lands. It has a semi-dwarf plant type and matures in 125-130 days. Quality wise it has short bold grains with 62.2% head rice recovery (HRR), intermediate alkali spreading value (4.0) and amylose content (24.5%). It has high response to fertilizer application. It yields around 6.0 t/ha and is moderately resistant to leaf blast, neck blast, sheath rot and rice tungro disease.
Random primers were used to assess the genetic variability among brown planthopper (BPH) populati... more Random primers were used to assess the genetic variability among brown planthopper (BPH) populations from four locations of Odisha and five locations of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 137 bands were amplified by 17 random primers, of which 116 are polymorphic. Thirty four unique bands were identified, which can be useful for developing diagnostic markers. Genetic similarity between BPH populations varied from 0.346 to 0.72 with an average of 0.556, indicating that wide genetic variation exists between BPH populations at molecular level. All the populations could be uniquely distinguished from each other and grouped into two major clusters at 38% level of genetic similarity. The BPH population from Pipili, Odisha was found to be different from others. Further study with host differentials can ascertain its biotype status.
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for Agricultural Sustainability, 2019
Agriculture is an important factor for improving economy of the country. Productivity of the crop... more Agriculture is an important factor for improving economy of the country. Productivity of the crop is drastically reduced due to the incidence of biotic factors such as pests, diseases and nematodes as their infestation causes huge economic loss to the farmers. Biocontrol agents are excellent candidates for the reduction of biotic stresses and effective alternative to the chemicals as chemicals cause a huge menace to the environment. Among biocontrol agents, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is important group of root-colonizing bacteria which help in the promotion of plant growth in addition to the suppression of pests and diseases. Pseudomonas is an important candidate belonging to PGPR which is a gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria. Efficacy of various strains of these bacteria in enhancing the plant growth and suppression of pest and diseases were well proved. This chapter deals with the pioneering and recent works of Pseudomonas in the management of pests, diseases a...
Indian seed production system is a robust route to mitigate the seed requirement of the country. ... more Indian seed production system is a robust route to mitigate the seed requirement of the country. The seed class involves Nucleus, Breeder, Foundation and Certified seed with different seed quality standard at different levels to safe-guard the production of large quantity of quality seed for sustainable agriculture. The maintenance breeding is a mandatory step for the institute who are involved in development of variety. The developer maintains the seed purity of released varieties by curbing the chance of out crossing and genetic drift. The quality seed is the first and prime requisite for grain production, which alone contribute about 30% of yield improvement. Further, seed traits such as seed dormancy, viability, priming, foliar spray etc. are being given importance to improve cultivars for seed traits. Thus, it is important to deliver a healthy, improved variety seed to meet the seed requirement of the country and to dissect the seed traits for development of cultivar to cope wi...
Nine insecticides were tested as emulsions against rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gu... more Nine insecticides were tested as emulsions against rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) in greenhouse as well as in field. When insects were released on treated plants, all insecticides except oxydemeton methyl and BPMC were found effective within 24 hours registering 100% kill of the insect in green house. But when plants already infested with leaf folder larvae were treated, only ethofenprox and monocrotophos were found effe-ctive showing 100% mortality within 24 hours whereas others did not. The same two in-secticides were also equally effective in field condition with longer persistence than other insecticides.
Rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera Olivier is emerging as a serious insect pest of paddy in rice gro... more Rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera Olivier is emerging as a serious insect pest of paddy in rice growing regions of eastern India and damage by this pest has been observed 7–14 days after transplantation during wet season at Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack. The damage symptoms by grub was more prominent towards 2nd week of August followed by increased infestation by adults towards 3rd and 4th week. Nine insecticides were tested against the pest out of which clothianidin, bifenthion, profenphos, thiomethoxam, imidacloprid and chlorantraniliprole were found effective against adult hispa. But only bifenthion, clothianidin, profenphos and thiomethoxam could reduce the the grub damage. However, clothianidin and bifenthion were most effective in controlling the adult as well as grub damage with their immediate knock-down effect and persistent toxicity.
Eleven insecticides including a new insecticide sulfoxaflor 24SC and standard insecticide monocro... more Eleven insecticides including a new insecticide sulfoxaflor 24SC and standard insecticide monocrotophos 36SL were evaluated in the field against yellow stem borer and rice gundhi bug during wet season of 2011 and 2012. Plots treated with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 500 g a.i. ha−1 recorded lowest (3.6%) dead heart (DH), 3.6% white ear head (WEH), 6.5% grain damage due to gundhi bug and highest grain yield i.e., 5.18 t ha −1 in cv Jaya followed by sulfoxaflor 24 SC @ 90 g a.i. ha−1 (4.61 t ha−1), thiamethoxam 25WG@ 25 g a.i. ha−1 (4.58 t ha−1) and triazophos 40EC @ 450 g a.i. ha−1 (4.56 t ha−1) during 2011. Similar trend was also observed in 2012. During both the years, all the insecticides significantly reduced stem borer and gundhi bug damage over control. The standard insecticide monocrotophos 36SL@500 g a.i. ha −1 was found superior to the new insecticide sulfoxaflor 24SC at lower dose i.e. 75 g a.i. ha−1 against yellow stem borer and gundhi bug damage.
Endophytes were isolated from the seeds of two rice landraces viz. Malabati and Champa collected ... more Endophytes were isolated from the seeds of two rice landraces viz. Malabati and Champa collected from Odisha, India. Both were non sporulating cultures. The ITS region of ribosomal DNA was amplified and both isolates were identified by molecular techniques as two species of Dendryphiella. The Gen Bank accession numbers fot these endophytes were KT796364 & KT796365. The endophyte from rice variety Malabati was different than the other Dendryphiella specie reported earlier. Hence its impact on three soil borne rice pathogens was studied. Sclerotia production by Rhizoctonia solani (c.o. of sheath blight of rice) was drastically reduced and causal organisms of Aggregate sheath spot (c.o R.oryzae sative ) and seedling blight (c.o. Sclerotium) could not produce the sclerotia. This endophyte thus has the ability to manage the soil borne sclerotia-producing rice pathogens.
Productivity of rice is often adversely affected by several biotic stresses. The major biotic str... more Productivity of rice is often adversely affected by several biotic stresses. The major biotic stresses such as blast, bacterial blight, sheath blight, brown planthopper and yellow stem borer play crucial roles in reducing the productivity and quality of rice. Among the various control measures available for mitigating biotic stresses, host plant resistance is most effective, economic and eco-friendly. Wild and cultivated gene pools of rice are important sources for many resistance genes/QTLs, which are successfully utilized in resistance breeding programme. In this chapter, a comprehensive assessment of the use of wild and cultivated gene pools of rice for imparting resistance to major biotic stresses has been presented.
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is a destructive inflorescence disease threatenin... more Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is a destructive inflorescence disease threatening rice production worldwide. The disease is emerging in many rice growing countries including India. Estimation of yield loss helps to understand the importance of the disease and hence appropriate measures for its management may be devised. Therefore, an investigation was conducted in farmers' field of Odisha during kharif 2017. The disease incidence, chaffiness and yield loss for 20 rice genotypes were assessed following a standard method. Disease severity was calculated based on the number of smut ball in an infected panicle. False smut incidence varied from 6-33% while the disease severity ranged from 0.33-17.25% in different genotypes. The highest disease incidence was observed in Pooja (33.33%) followed by Varsha Dhan (16.67%) and Sarala (13.89%). The highest disease severity was observed in Pooja (17.25%) followed by Utkal Prava (10.46%) and Moti (8.89%). The healthy panicles ...
The brown planthopper [Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.)] is one of the most destructive insect pests in... more The brown planthopper [Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.)] is one of the most destructive insect pests in all the rice-growing regions of the world. The pest is complicated to manage through the blanket application of chemical pesticides. The development of stable, durable N. lugens-resistant rice varieties is the most economical and efficient strategy to manage the pest. Landraces of red rice genotypes possess numerous nutritional and stress-resistant properties, though an exclusive study on the same is yet to be carried out. In the present study, we evaluated 28 red rice genotypes, along with two resistance checks and one susceptibility check, for their resistance to N. lugens. These promising lines revealed differential responses in the defense mechanism against the pest. The resistant accessions showed a greater accumulation of phenols, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase under N. lugens-stressed conditions. However, the concentration of soluble proteins w...
Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the repellant effects of three essential oils from pl... more Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the repellant effects of three essential oils from plants viz., orange, eucalyptus and cinnamon oils against four major coleopteran stored grain insect pests of rice viz., Sitophilus oryzae, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Rhyzopertha dominica, and Tribolium castaneum. The % repellency (PR) and index of repellency (RI) were observed to range from 10 to 100% and 0.00 to 0.90, respectively. Eucalyptus oil @ 5% showed maximum repellent action against Tribolium castaneum, registering PR and RI values of 93.33 (F=0.921), 100 (F=1.66), 100 (F=3.772) and 0.07, 0.00 and 0.00, respectively at 3, 6 and 12 hrs after treatment and were found significantly superior over rest of the treatments. Chemical profiling of tested oils through GCMS showed presence of 2- 3 chemical constituents amounting to >90 % of total composition of oil. The results highlight the repellency effects of the essential oils and indicate that these can be ecofriendly ones for the p...
Nilaparvata lugens is a monophagous pest of rice crop. Various strategies have been employed to m... more Nilaparvata lugens is a monophagous pest of rice crop. Various strategies have been employed to manage this pest. We evaluated the toxicity of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) leaf extracts against N. lugens along with chemical insecticide, imidacloprid. P. hydropiper leaf extracts produced significant mortality against N. lugens nymphal and adult stages in a dose dependent manner. Different concentration of P. hydropiper extracts with two controls (acetone and water) in toxicity assay revealed LC50 values of 620 ppm against N. lugens adults, whereas 230 and 130 ppm for larger and smaller nymphs, respectively. Imidaloprid yielded an LC50 of 510–560 ppm against nymphs and adults. Nine vital compounds were identified from the P. hydropiper extracts based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). Additionally, P. hydropiper extracts was found harmless to non-target organism, as they did not produce any toxicity on earthworm, Eisenia foetida. Hence, present results indicated that P. hydropiper extracts can be used as efficient alternate to synthetic insecticides against N. lugens in rice.
from the cross between Udaya and IET 16611, was released and notified by Central subcommittee on ... more from the cross between Udaya and IET 16611, was released and notified by Central subcommittee on 'Crop standards, Notification and Release of varieties for Agricultural Crops' in 2014 for irrigated areas of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Odisha under mid-early duration. It is suitable for cultivation in irrigated medium lands. It has a semi-dwarf plant type and matures in 125-130 days. Quality wise it has short bold grains with 62.2% head rice recovery (HRR), intermediate alkali spreading value (4.0) and amylose content (24.5%). It has high response to fertilizer application. It yields around 6.0 t/ha and is moderately resistant to leaf blast, neck blast, sheath rot and rice tungro disease.
Random primers were used to assess the genetic variability among brown planthopper (BPH) populati... more Random primers were used to assess the genetic variability among brown planthopper (BPH) populations from four locations of Odisha and five locations of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 137 bands were amplified by 17 random primers, of which 116 are polymorphic. Thirty four unique bands were identified, which can be useful for developing diagnostic markers. Genetic similarity between BPH populations varied from 0.346 to 0.72 with an average of 0.556, indicating that wide genetic variation exists between BPH populations at molecular level. All the populations could be uniquely distinguished from each other and grouped into two major clusters at 38% level of genetic similarity. The BPH population from Pipili, Odisha was found to be different from others. Further study with host differentials can ascertain its biotype status.
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for Agricultural Sustainability, 2019
Agriculture is an important factor for improving economy of the country. Productivity of the crop... more Agriculture is an important factor for improving economy of the country. Productivity of the crop is drastically reduced due to the incidence of biotic factors such as pests, diseases and nematodes as their infestation causes huge economic loss to the farmers. Biocontrol agents are excellent candidates for the reduction of biotic stresses and effective alternative to the chemicals as chemicals cause a huge menace to the environment. Among biocontrol agents, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is important group of root-colonizing bacteria which help in the promotion of plant growth in addition to the suppression of pests and diseases. Pseudomonas is an important candidate belonging to PGPR which is a gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria. Efficacy of various strains of these bacteria in enhancing the plant growth and suppression of pest and diseases were well proved. This chapter deals with the pioneering and recent works of Pseudomonas in the management of pests, diseases a...
Indian seed production system is a robust route to mitigate the seed requirement of the country. ... more Indian seed production system is a robust route to mitigate the seed requirement of the country. The seed class involves Nucleus, Breeder, Foundation and Certified seed with different seed quality standard at different levels to safe-guard the production of large quantity of quality seed for sustainable agriculture. The maintenance breeding is a mandatory step for the institute who are involved in development of variety. The developer maintains the seed purity of released varieties by curbing the chance of out crossing and genetic drift. The quality seed is the first and prime requisite for grain production, which alone contribute about 30% of yield improvement. Further, seed traits such as seed dormancy, viability, priming, foliar spray etc. are being given importance to improve cultivars for seed traits. Thus, it is important to deliver a healthy, improved variety seed to meet the seed requirement of the country and to dissect the seed traits for development of cultivar to cope wi...
Nine insecticides were tested as emulsions against rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gu... more Nine insecticides were tested as emulsions against rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) in greenhouse as well as in field. When insects were released on treated plants, all insecticides except oxydemeton methyl and BPMC were found effective within 24 hours registering 100% kill of the insect in green house. But when plants already infested with leaf folder larvae were treated, only ethofenprox and monocrotophos were found effe-ctive showing 100% mortality within 24 hours whereas others did not. The same two in-secticides were also equally effective in field condition with longer persistence than other insecticides.
Rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera Olivier is emerging as a serious insect pest of paddy in rice gro... more Rice hispa, Dicladispa armigera Olivier is emerging as a serious insect pest of paddy in rice growing regions of eastern India and damage by this pest has been observed 7–14 days after transplantation during wet season at Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack. The damage symptoms by grub was more prominent towards 2nd week of August followed by increased infestation by adults towards 3rd and 4th week. Nine insecticides were tested against the pest out of which clothianidin, bifenthion, profenphos, thiomethoxam, imidacloprid and chlorantraniliprole were found effective against adult hispa. But only bifenthion, clothianidin, profenphos and thiomethoxam could reduce the the grub damage. However, clothianidin and bifenthion were most effective in controlling the adult as well as grub damage with their immediate knock-down effect and persistent toxicity.
Eleven insecticides including a new insecticide sulfoxaflor 24SC and standard insecticide monocro... more Eleven insecticides including a new insecticide sulfoxaflor 24SC and standard insecticide monocrotophos 36SL were evaluated in the field against yellow stem borer and rice gundhi bug during wet season of 2011 and 2012. Plots treated with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 500 g a.i. ha−1 recorded lowest (3.6%) dead heart (DH), 3.6% white ear head (WEH), 6.5% grain damage due to gundhi bug and highest grain yield i.e., 5.18 t ha −1 in cv Jaya followed by sulfoxaflor 24 SC @ 90 g a.i. ha−1 (4.61 t ha−1), thiamethoxam 25WG@ 25 g a.i. ha−1 (4.58 t ha−1) and triazophos 40EC @ 450 g a.i. ha−1 (4.56 t ha−1) during 2011. Similar trend was also observed in 2012. During both the years, all the insecticides significantly reduced stem borer and gundhi bug damage over control. The standard insecticide monocrotophos 36SL@500 g a.i. ha −1 was found superior to the new insecticide sulfoxaflor 24SC at lower dose i.e. 75 g a.i. ha−1 against yellow stem borer and gundhi bug damage.
Endophytes were isolated from the seeds of two rice landraces viz. Malabati and Champa collected ... more Endophytes were isolated from the seeds of two rice landraces viz. Malabati and Champa collected from Odisha, India. Both were non sporulating cultures. The ITS region of ribosomal DNA was amplified and both isolates were identified by molecular techniques as two species of Dendryphiella. The Gen Bank accession numbers fot these endophytes were KT796364 & KT796365. The endophyte from rice variety Malabati was different than the other Dendryphiella specie reported earlier. Hence its impact on three soil borne rice pathogens was studied. Sclerotia production by Rhizoctonia solani (c.o. of sheath blight of rice) was drastically reduced and causal organisms of Aggregate sheath spot (c.o R.oryzae sative ) and seedling blight (c.o. Sclerotium) could not produce the sclerotia. This endophyte thus has the ability to manage the soil borne sclerotia-producing rice pathogens.
Productivity of rice is often adversely affected by several biotic stresses. The major biotic str... more Productivity of rice is often adversely affected by several biotic stresses. The major biotic stresses such as blast, bacterial blight, sheath blight, brown planthopper and yellow stem borer play crucial roles in reducing the productivity and quality of rice. Among the various control measures available for mitigating biotic stresses, host plant resistance is most effective, economic and eco-friendly. Wild and cultivated gene pools of rice are important sources for many resistance genes/QTLs, which are successfully utilized in resistance breeding programme. In this chapter, a comprehensive assessment of the use of wild and cultivated gene pools of rice for imparting resistance to major biotic stresses has been presented.
Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is a destructive inflorescence disease threatenin... more Rice false smut caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is a destructive inflorescence disease threatening rice production worldwide. The disease is emerging in many rice growing countries including India. Estimation of yield loss helps to understand the importance of the disease and hence appropriate measures for its management may be devised. Therefore, an investigation was conducted in farmers' field of Odisha during kharif 2017. The disease incidence, chaffiness and yield loss for 20 rice genotypes were assessed following a standard method. Disease severity was calculated based on the number of smut ball in an infected panicle. False smut incidence varied from 6-33% while the disease severity ranged from 0.33-17.25% in different genotypes. The highest disease incidence was observed in Pooja (33.33%) followed by Varsha Dhan (16.67%) and Sarala (13.89%). The highest disease severity was observed in Pooja (17.25%) followed by Utkal Prava (10.46%) and Moti (8.89%). The healthy panicles ...
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