IAP may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent fructose-induced obesity and diabetes. ... more IAP may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent fructose-induced obesity and diabetes. The beneficial effects of IAP may derive from the preservation of normal flora homeostasis and gut epithelial barrier function.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Cahiers de nutrition et de diététique, Dec 1, 2017
La plasticité d'un matériau est sa propriété à modifier sa forme sous l'effet d'une action et à l... more La plasticité d'un matériau est sa propriété à modifier sa forme sous l'effet d'une action et à la conserver à l'arrêt de cette action. Par analogie, la plasticité neuronale décrit comment des neurones s'étendent, se rétractent ou se réorganisent en fonction de l'activité des synapses et des neurones qu'ils rencontrent et comment au niveau des synapses les récepteurs ou les neuropeptides secrétés sont modifiés. De la même façon, on peut définir la plasticité intestinale comme la capacité qu'a l'intestin à modifier sa taille ou son épaisseur et qu'ont les cellules épithéliales intestinales à moduler leurs fonctions d'absorption et de sécrétion en réponse à des signaux nutritionnels et métaboliques. Ces mécanismes physiologiques permettent une adaptation fine et rapide de l'intestin contribuant à favoriser l'absorption des aliments ingérés, mais ils peuvent être dérégulés sous l'effet de la surnutrition. Cette plasticité pourrait devenir une cible thérapeutique non seulement pour soigner l'obésité mais également la dénutrition. Mots Clefs Cellule entéroendocrine, entérocyte, syndrome du grêle court Chirurgie bariatrique, Nature and function of intestinal cell plasticity
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) undergoes rapid inactivation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) sug... more Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) undergoes rapid inactivation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) suggesting that target receptors may be activated by locally produced GLP-1. Here we describe GLP-1 positive cells in the rat and human stomach and found these cells coexpressing ghrelin or somatostatin and able to secrete active GLP-1 in the rats. In lean rats, a gastric load of glucose induces a rapid and parallel rise in GLP-1 levels in both the gastric and the portal veins. This rise in portal GLP-1 levels was abrogated in HFD obese rats but restored after vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) surgery. Finally, obese rats and individuals operated on Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and SG display a new gastric mucosa phenotype with hyperplasia of the mucus neck cells concomitant with increased density of GLP-1 positive cells. This report brings to light the contribution of gastric GLP-1 expressing cells that undergo plasticity changes after bariatric surgeries, to circulating GLP-1 levels.
Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism, 2016
Background/Aims: In contrast to the usual tea infusion, the anti-obesity effect of tea decoction ... more Background/Aims: In contrast to the usual tea infusion, the anti-obesity effect of tea decoction (TD) is poorly documented. Here, we compared and contrasted the chronic effect of short-time decoction (15min) of green versus black tea (GTD, BTD) prepared at a dose of 5% on lipid digestion and weight gain in rats fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks. Methods: The rats were assigned into three groups (n ¼ 10e12 each) and given ad libitum the HFD þ water (CTRL) or GTD (GTGr) or BTD (BTGr). The food and fluid intake were measured daily and weight gains once/week. The fecal matters were collected twice/week for TPC, caffeine, total lipids and triglycerides (TG) analysis. In addition, the liver, perirenal and epididymal adipose tissues (AT) were removed and blood was collected for the same analysis and leptine level. Results: 10-weeks TD consumption increased fecal TG excretion (þ170 in GTGr and þ230% in BTGr; P < 0.001 vs CTRL). It reduced liver TG by 25 and 35% (P < 0.001 vs CTRL) and plasma TG by 36.6 and 48% (P < 0.01 vs CTRL) in GTGr and BTGr, respectively. The AT gains were reduced by 26.5 and 56.4% in GTGr and 60% in BTGr (P < 0.001 vs CTRL). The reduced AT was consistent with a reduction of 27 and 59% of leptin levels (P < 0.001 vs CTRL) and 21 and 55% of weight gains in GTGr and BTGr (P < 0.01 vs CTRL), respectively. Conclusion: Chronic GTD and BTD prevent fat storage in the liver, lowering blood lipids and glucose, increasing fecal excretion of TG, decreasing AT and weight gains in rats fed HFD, with a strong effect of BTD compared to GTD. Therefore, these beverages containing high amounts of TPC and caffeine could constitute a natural alternative in the prevention of obesity.
Métabolisme glucidique O85 Contrôle de l'utilisation du glucose musculaire et du flux artériel fé... more Métabolisme glucidique O85 Contrôle de l'utilisation du glucose musculaire et du flux artériel fémoral par le GLP-1 cérébral
Extensive intestinal resection leads to Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS), the main cause of chronic int... more Extensive intestinal resection leads to Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS), the main cause of chronic intestinal failure. Colon preservation is crucial for spontaneous adaptation, to improve absorption and reduce parenteral nutrition dependence. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a promising approach in pathologies with dysbiosis as the one observed in SBS patients, was assessed in SBS rats with jejuno‐colonic anastomosis. The evolution of weight and food intake, the lenght of intestinal villi and crypts and the composition of fecal microbiota of Sham and SBS rats, transplanted or not with high fat diet rat microbiota, were analyzed. All SBS rats lost weight, increased their food intake and exhibited jejunal and colonic hyperplasia. Microbiota composition of SBS rats, transplanted or not, was largely enriched with Lactobacillaceae, and α‐ and β‐diversity were significantly different from Sham. The FMT altered microbiota composition and α‐ and β‐diversity in Sham but not SBS rats. FMT f...
Objectives Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) decreases the stomach size and bypasses a part of the ... more Objectives Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) decreases the stomach size and bypasses a part of the small intestine. RYGB has been often associated with protein malnutrition but in the light of previous studies, this was not ascribed to protein malabsorption. We hypothesized that dietary amino acids are more sequestered by the small intestine mucosa due to adaptative hypertrophy after RYGB. Our study aimed to quantify the sequestration of dietary nitrogen (N) in the small intestine after RYGB at different times of the post-surgery recovery. Methods Diet-induced obese Wistar rats were operated for RYGB. The control group was composed of pair-fed sham-operated rats. One month (RYGB: n = 9, Sham: n = 8) or three months (RYGB: n = 7, Sham: n = 8) after surgery, rats were fed a test meal including 15N-labeled protein. Protein digestibility and dietary N sequestration in the intestine were assessed by determination of 15N recovery in the digesta and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tissues 6 h a...
OBJECTIVE—In healthy rodents, intestinal sugar absorption in response to sugar-rich meals and ins... more OBJECTIVE—In healthy rodents, intestinal sugar absorption in response to sugar-rich meals and insulin is regulated by GLUT2 in enterocyte plasma membranes. Loss of insulin action maintains apical GLUT2 location. In human enterocytes, apical GLUT2 lo-cation has not been reported but may be revealed under condi-tions of insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Subcellular location of GLUT2 in jejunal enterocytes was analyzed by confocal and electron microscopy imaging andWestern blot in 62 well-phenotyped morbidly obese subjects and 7 lean human subjects. GLUT2 locations were assayed in ob/ob and ob/+ mice receiving oral metformin or in high-fat low-carbohydrate diet–fed C57Bl/6 mice. Glucose absorp-tion and secretion were respectively estimated by oral glucose tol-erance test and secretion of [U-14C]-3-O-methyl glucose into lumen. RESULTS—In human enterocytes, GLUT2 was consistently lo-
Highlights d RYGB, but not SG, increases energy expenditure (EE) and RMR d This increase in EE is... more Highlights d RYGB, but not SG, increases energy expenditure (EE) and RMR d This increase in EE is due to sympathetic-mediated ''browning'' of mesenteric fat d CB1 inverse agonist induces splanchnic nerve activity and fat thermogenesis d CB1 agonist attenuates the RYGB-induced weight loss and ''browning'' of mesenteric fat
Most eukaryotic expression systems make use of host-cell nuclear transcriptional and posttranscri... more Most eukaryotic expression systems make use of host-cell nuclear transcriptional and posttranscriptional machineries. Here, we present the first generation of the chimeric cytoplasmic cappingprone phage polymerase (C3P3-G1) expression system developed by biological engineering, which generates capped and polyadenylated transcripts in host-cell cytoplasm by means of two components. First, an artificial single-unit chimeric enzyme made by fusing an mRNA capping enzyme and a DNAdependent RNA polymerase. Second, specific DNA templates designed to operate with the C3P3-G1 enzyme, which encode for the transcripts and their artificial polyadenylation. This system, which can potentially be adapted to any in cellulo or in vivo eukaryotic expression applications, was optimized for transient expression in mammalian cells. C3P3-G1 shows promising results for protein production in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1) cells. This work also provides avenues for enhancing the performances for next generation C3P3 systems.
One anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is associated with similar metabolic improvements and weigh... more One anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is associated with similar metabolic improvements and weight loss as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). However, this bariatric procedure is still controversial as it is suspected to result in undernutrition. Reducing the size of the biliopancreatic limb of OAGB could be essential to maintain positive outcomes while preventing side effects. The objective of this study was to compare and contrast outcomes of OAGB with two different biliopancreatic limb lengths to RYGB and Sham surgery in obese and non-obese rats. Lean and diet-induced obese Wistar rats were operated on RYGB, OAGB with a short (15 cm OAGB-15) or a long (35 cm OAGB-35) biliopancreatic limb or Sham surgery. Body weight and food intake were monitored over 30 weeks, and rats underwent oral glucose and insulin tolerance tests with a pancreatic and gut hormone secretion assay. Macronutrient absorption was determined by fecal analyses. Statistical analyses used non-parametric one-way or tw...
Synthetized by the liver and metabolized by the gut microbiota, BA are involved in metabolic live... more Synthetized by the liver and metabolized by the gut microbiota, BA are involved in metabolic liver diseases that are associated with cardiovascular disorders. Animal models of atheroma documented a powerful anti-atherosclerotic effect of bile acids (BA). This prospective study examined whether variations in circulating BA are predictive of coronary artery disease (CAD) in human. Consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography were enrolled. Circulating and fecal BA were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Of 406 screened patients, 80 were prospectively included and divided in two groups with (n = 45) and without (n = 35) CAD. The mean serum concentration of total BA was twice lower in patients with, versus without CAD (P = 0.005). Adjusted for gender and age, this decrease was an independent predictor of CAD. In a subgroup of 17 patients, statin therapy doubled the serum BA concentration. Decreased serum concentrations of BA were predic...
Obesity is a risk factor for pancreatic diseases. Bariatric surgery is one of the most efficient ... more Obesity is a risk factor for pancreatic diseases. Bariatric surgery is one of the most efficient treatments of morbid obesity. The aims were to assess pancreatic endocrine and exocrine lesions in obese rats, to analyze effects of bariatric surgery. Sixty-three male Wistar rats were included in five groups: 2 fed with high fat diet (HFD) or normal diet for 3 months, 2 fed with HFD or normal diet for 6 months; 1 group fed with HFD and undergoing bariatric surgery (n = 30). Quantitative MR imaging was performed in HFD 6 , ND 6 and HFD 3-BS. Pancreas specimens were analyzed after sacrifice for adipocyte infiltration, fibrosis, acinar-ductal metaplasia, abnormality of Langerhans islets (HHF: hypertrophy, hypervascularisation, fibrosis), and hemosiderin deposits in acinar or endocrine locations. We found that HFD 6 rats had more fibro-inflammatory islets (P = 0.0139) and acinar-ducal metaplasia (P = 0.0843) than HFD 3 rats. Rats with HFD 3+6 had more fibro-inflammatory islets (P < 0.0001), hemosiderin deposits (p < 0.0001), fat infiltration (P = 0.0008) and acinar-ductal metaplasia lesions (P = 0.0424). Weight increase was associated with glycoregulation abnormalities (r = 0.44, P = 0.08) and adipocyte infiltrations (P = 0.009). After surgery, less fibro-inflammatory islets (P = 0.0004), fat and iron infiltrates (P = 0.005 and P = 0.06), and acino-ductal metaplasia (P = 0.05) were observed compared to HFD 6 rats. MR image quantifications revealed increased elasticity, fat fraction, and R2 and a decreased elasticity wave dispersion coefficient in the high fat groups that reversed after surgery. MRI parameters were in strong correlation with respective histological counterparts. In conclusion, obese rats develop pancreatic inflammatory lesions with acinar-ductal metaplasia in acinar location and the endocrine-exocrine interface. These changes can be prevented by bariatric surgery. Quantitative MR imaging is accurate in identifying early pancreatic lesions.
The plasticity of a material corresponds to its capacity to change its feature under the effect o... more The plasticity of a material corresponds to its capacity to change its feature under the effect of an external action. Intestinal plasticity could be defined as the ability of the intestine to modify its size or thickness and intestinal cells to modulate their absorption and secretion functions in response to external or internal cues/signals. This review will focus on intestinal adaptation mechanisms in response to diet and nutritional status. These physiological mechanisms allow a fine and rapid adaptation of the gut to promote absorption of ingested food, but they can also lead to obesity in response to overnutrition. This plasticity could thus become a therapeutic target to treat not only undernutrition but also obesity. How the intestine adapts in response to 2 types of surgical remodeling of the digestive tract-extensive bowel resection leading to intestinal failure and surgical treatment of pathological obesity (ie, bariatric surgeries)-will also be reviewed.
IAP may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent fructose-induced obesity and diabetes. ... more IAP may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent fructose-induced obesity and diabetes. The beneficial effects of IAP may derive from the preservation of normal flora homeostasis and gut epithelial barrier function.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Cahiers de nutrition et de diététique, Dec 1, 2017
La plasticité d'un matériau est sa propriété à modifier sa forme sous l'effet d'une action et à l... more La plasticité d'un matériau est sa propriété à modifier sa forme sous l'effet d'une action et à la conserver à l'arrêt de cette action. Par analogie, la plasticité neuronale décrit comment des neurones s'étendent, se rétractent ou se réorganisent en fonction de l'activité des synapses et des neurones qu'ils rencontrent et comment au niveau des synapses les récepteurs ou les neuropeptides secrétés sont modifiés. De la même façon, on peut définir la plasticité intestinale comme la capacité qu'a l'intestin à modifier sa taille ou son épaisseur et qu'ont les cellules épithéliales intestinales à moduler leurs fonctions d'absorption et de sécrétion en réponse à des signaux nutritionnels et métaboliques. Ces mécanismes physiologiques permettent une adaptation fine et rapide de l'intestin contribuant à favoriser l'absorption des aliments ingérés, mais ils peuvent être dérégulés sous l'effet de la surnutrition. Cette plasticité pourrait devenir une cible thérapeutique non seulement pour soigner l'obésité mais également la dénutrition. Mots Clefs Cellule entéroendocrine, entérocyte, syndrome du grêle court Chirurgie bariatrique, Nature and function of intestinal cell plasticity
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) undergoes rapid inactivation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) sug... more Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) undergoes rapid inactivation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) suggesting that target receptors may be activated by locally produced GLP-1. Here we describe GLP-1 positive cells in the rat and human stomach and found these cells coexpressing ghrelin or somatostatin and able to secrete active GLP-1 in the rats. In lean rats, a gastric load of glucose induces a rapid and parallel rise in GLP-1 levels in both the gastric and the portal veins. This rise in portal GLP-1 levels was abrogated in HFD obese rats but restored after vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) surgery. Finally, obese rats and individuals operated on Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and SG display a new gastric mucosa phenotype with hyperplasia of the mucus neck cells concomitant with increased density of GLP-1 positive cells. This report brings to light the contribution of gastric GLP-1 expressing cells that undergo plasticity changes after bariatric surgeries, to circulating GLP-1 levels.
Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism, 2016
Background/Aims: In contrast to the usual tea infusion, the anti-obesity effect of tea decoction ... more Background/Aims: In contrast to the usual tea infusion, the anti-obesity effect of tea decoction (TD) is poorly documented. Here, we compared and contrasted the chronic effect of short-time decoction (15min) of green versus black tea (GTD, BTD) prepared at a dose of 5% on lipid digestion and weight gain in rats fed high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks. Methods: The rats were assigned into three groups (n ¼ 10e12 each) and given ad libitum the HFD þ water (CTRL) or GTD (GTGr) or BTD (BTGr). The food and fluid intake were measured daily and weight gains once/week. The fecal matters were collected twice/week for TPC, caffeine, total lipids and triglycerides (TG) analysis. In addition, the liver, perirenal and epididymal adipose tissues (AT) were removed and blood was collected for the same analysis and leptine level. Results: 10-weeks TD consumption increased fecal TG excretion (þ170 in GTGr and þ230% in BTGr; P < 0.001 vs CTRL). It reduced liver TG by 25 and 35% (P < 0.001 vs CTRL) and plasma TG by 36.6 and 48% (P < 0.01 vs CTRL) in GTGr and BTGr, respectively. The AT gains were reduced by 26.5 and 56.4% in GTGr and 60% in BTGr (P < 0.001 vs CTRL). The reduced AT was consistent with a reduction of 27 and 59% of leptin levels (P < 0.001 vs CTRL) and 21 and 55% of weight gains in GTGr and BTGr (P < 0.01 vs CTRL), respectively. Conclusion: Chronic GTD and BTD prevent fat storage in the liver, lowering blood lipids and glucose, increasing fecal excretion of TG, decreasing AT and weight gains in rats fed HFD, with a strong effect of BTD compared to GTD. Therefore, these beverages containing high amounts of TPC and caffeine could constitute a natural alternative in the prevention of obesity.
Métabolisme glucidique O85 Contrôle de l'utilisation du glucose musculaire et du flux artériel fé... more Métabolisme glucidique O85 Contrôle de l'utilisation du glucose musculaire et du flux artériel fémoral par le GLP-1 cérébral
Extensive intestinal resection leads to Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS), the main cause of chronic int... more Extensive intestinal resection leads to Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS), the main cause of chronic intestinal failure. Colon preservation is crucial for spontaneous adaptation, to improve absorption and reduce parenteral nutrition dependence. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), a promising approach in pathologies with dysbiosis as the one observed in SBS patients, was assessed in SBS rats with jejuno‐colonic anastomosis. The evolution of weight and food intake, the lenght of intestinal villi and crypts and the composition of fecal microbiota of Sham and SBS rats, transplanted or not with high fat diet rat microbiota, were analyzed. All SBS rats lost weight, increased their food intake and exhibited jejunal and colonic hyperplasia. Microbiota composition of SBS rats, transplanted or not, was largely enriched with Lactobacillaceae, and α‐ and β‐diversity were significantly different from Sham. The FMT altered microbiota composition and α‐ and β‐diversity in Sham but not SBS rats. FMT f...
Objectives Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) decreases the stomach size and bypasses a part of the ... more Objectives Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) decreases the stomach size and bypasses a part of the small intestine. RYGB has been often associated with protein malnutrition but in the light of previous studies, this was not ascribed to protein malabsorption. We hypothesized that dietary amino acids are more sequestered by the small intestine mucosa due to adaptative hypertrophy after RYGB. Our study aimed to quantify the sequestration of dietary nitrogen (N) in the small intestine after RYGB at different times of the post-surgery recovery. Methods Diet-induced obese Wistar rats were operated for RYGB. The control group was composed of pair-fed sham-operated rats. One month (RYGB: n = 9, Sham: n = 8) or three months (RYGB: n = 7, Sham: n = 8) after surgery, rats were fed a test meal including 15N-labeled protein. Protein digestibility and dietary N sequestration in the intestine were assessed by determination of 15N recovery in the digesta and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tissues 6 h a...
OBJECTIVE—In healthy rodents, intestinal sugar absorption in response to sugar-rich meals and ins... more OBJECTIVE—In healthy rodents, intestinal sugar absorption in response to sugar-rich meals and insulin is regulated by GLUT2 in enterocyte plasma membranes. Loss of insulin action maintains apical GLUT2 location. In human enterocytes, apical GLUT2 lo-cation has not been reported but may be revealed under condi-tions of insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Subcellular location of GLUT2 in jejunal enterocytes was analyzed by confocal and electron microscopy imaging andWestern blot in 62 well-phenotyped morbidly obese subjects and 7 lean human subjects. GLUT2 locations were assayed in ob/ob and ob/+ mice receiving oral metformin or in high-fat low-carbohydrate diet–fed C57Bl/6 mice. Glucose absorp-tion and secretion were respectively estimated by oral glucose tol-erance test and secretion of [U-14C]-3-O-methyl glucose into lumen. RESULTS—In human enterocytes, GLUT2 was consistently lo-
Highlights d RYGB, but not SG, increases energy expenditure (EE) and RMR d This increase in EE is... more Highlights d RYGB, but not SG, increases energy expenditure (EE) and RMR d This increase in EE is due to sympathetic-mediated ''browning'' of mesenteric fat d CB1 inverse agonist induces splanchnic nerve activity and fat thermogenesis d CB1 agonist attenuates the RYGB-induced weight loss and ''browning'' of mesenteric fat
Most eukaryotic expression systems make use of host-cell nuclear transcriptional and posttranscri... more Most eukaryotic expression systems make use of host-cell nuclear transcriptional and posttranscriptional machineries. Here, we present the first generation of the chimeric cytoplasmic cappingprone phage polymerase (C3P3-G1) expression system developed by biological engineering, which generates capped and polyadenylated transcripts in host-cell cytoplasm by means of two components. First, an artificial single-unit chimeric enzyme made by fusing an mRNA capping enzyme and a DNAdependent RNA polymerase. Second, specific DNA templates designed to operate with the C3P3-G1 enzyme, which encode for the transcripts and their artificial polyadenylation. This system, which can potentially be adapted to any in cellulo or in vivo eukaryotic expression applications, was optimized for transient expression in mammalian cells. C3P3-G1 shows promising results for protein production in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1) cells. This work also provides avenues for enhancing the performances for next generation C3P3 systems.
One anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is associated with similar metabolic improvements and weigh... more One anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is associated with similar metabolic improvements and weight loss as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). However, this bariatric procedure is still controversial as it is suspected to result in undernutrition. Reducing the size of the biliopancreatic limb of OAGB could be essential to maintain positive outcomes while preventing side effects. The objective of this study was to compare and contrast outcomes of OAGB with two different biliopancreatic limb lengths to RYGB and Sham surgery in obese and non-obese rats. Lean and diet-induced obese Wistar rats were operated on RYGB, OAGB with a short (15 cm OAGB-15) or a long (35 cm OAGB-35) biliopancreatic limb or Sham surgery. Body weight and food intake were monitored over 30 weeks, and rats underwent oral glucose and insulin tolerance tests with a pancreatic and gut hormone secretion assay. Macronutrient absorption was determined by fecal analyses. Statistical analyses used non-parametric one-way or tw...
Synthetized by the liver and metabolized by the gut microbiota, BA are involved in metabolic live... more Synthetized by the liver and metabolized by the gut microbiota, BA are involved in metabolic liver diseases that are associated with cardiovascular disorders. Animal models of atheroma documented a powerful anti-atherosclerotic effect of bile acids (BA). This prospective study examined whether variations in circulating BA are predictive of coronary artery disease (CAD) in human. Consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography were enrolled. Circulating and fecal BA were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Of 406 screened patients, 80 were prospectively included and divided in two groups with (n = 45) and without (n = 35) CAD. The mean serum concentration of total BA was twice lower in patients with, versus without CAD (P = 0.005). Adjusted for gender and age, this decrease was an independent predictor of CAD. In a subgroup of 17 patients, statin therapy doubled the serum BA concentration. Decreased serum concentrations of BA were predic...
Obesity is a risk factor for pancreatic diseases. Bariatric surgery is one of the most efficient ... more Obesity is a risk factor for pancreatic diseases. Bariatric surgery is one of the most efficient treatments of morbid obesity. The aims were to assess pancreatic endocrine and exocrine lesions in obese rats, to analyze effects of bariatric surgery. Sixty-three male Wistar rats were included in five groups: 2 fed with high fat diet (HFD) or normal diet for 3 months, 2 fed with HFD or normal diet for 6 months; 1 group fed with HFD and undergoing bariatric surgery (n = 30). Quantitative MR imaging was performed in HFD 6 , ND 6 and HFD 3-BS. Pancreas specimens were analyzed after sacrifice for adipocyte infiltration, fibrosis, acinar-ductal metaplasia, abnormality of Langerhans islets (HHF: hypertrophy, hypervascularisation, fibrosis), and hemosiderin deposits in acinar or endocrine locations. We found that HFD 6 rats had more fibro-inflammatory islets (P = 0.0139) and acinar-ducal metaplasia (P = 0.0843) than HFD 3 rats. Rats with HFD 3+6 had more fibro-inflammatory islets (P < 0.0001), hemosiderin deposits (p < 0.0001), fat infiltration (P = 0.0008) and acinar-ductal metaplasia lesions (P = 0.0424). Weight increase was associated with glycoregulation abnormalities (r = 0.44, P = 0.08) and adipocyte infiltrations (P = 0.009). After surgery, less fibro-inflammatory islets (P = 0.0004), fat and iron infiltrates (P = 0.005 and P = 0.06), and acino-ductal metaplasia (P = 0.05) were observed compared to HFD 6 rats. MR image quantifications revealed increased elasticity, fat fraction, and R2 and a decreased elasticity wave dispersion coefficient in the high fat groups that reversed after surgery. MRI parameters were in strong correlation with respective histological counterparts. In conclusion, obese rats develop pancreatic inflammatory lesions with acinar-ductal metaplasia in acinar location and the endocrine-exocrine interface. These changes can be prevented by bariatric surgery. Quantitative MR imaging is accurate in identifying early pancreatic lesions.
The plasticity of a material corresponds to its capacity to change its feature under the effect o... more The plasticity of a material corresponds to its capacity to change its feature under the effect of an external action. Intestinal plasticity could be defined as the ability of the intestine to modify its size or thickness and intestinal cells to modulate their absorption and secretion functions in response to external or internal cues/signals. This review will focus on intestinal adaptation mechanisms in response to diet and nutritional status. These physiological mechanisms allow a fine and rapid adaptation of the gut to promote absorption of ingested food, but they can also lead to obesity in response to overnutrition. This plasticity could thus become a therapeutic target to treat not only undernutrition but also obesity. How the intestine adapts in response to 2 types of surgical remodeling of the digestive tract-extensive bowel resection leading to intestinal failure and surgical treatment of pathological obesity (ie, bariatric surgeries)-will also be reviewed.
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