Andrographis paniculata Nees has been extensively used for traditional medicine and help against ... more Andrographis paniculata Nees has been extensively used for traditional medicine and help against fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, inflammation, and sore throat. In this study, andrographolide, the main component of this plant was extracted from the leaves of A. paniculata using supercritical carbon dioxide. The operating pressures were varied from 7.50 to 20MPa, the temperatures were varied from 30℃ to 60℃, and the flow rates were varied from 0.5 to 4ml·min -1 . The best extraction condition occurred at 10MPa, 40℃, and a flow rate of 2ml·min -1 for a 3g sample of A. paniculata ground-dried leaves. The measured extraction rate was found to be about 0.0174g of andrographolide per gram of andrographolide present in the leaves per hour of operation. The future studies must focus on the interaction between the various operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide.
... 1 Paper No. : 19 Project No : F0048/2000B Name ; Ishenny Mohd. Noor Production of lipase by C... more ... 1 Paper No. : 19 Project No : F0048/2000B Name ; Ishenny Mohd. Noor Production of lipase by Candida cylindracea DSM 2031 on two different carbon sources Ishenny M. Noor, Masitah Hasan and KB Ramachandran Biochemical ...
Acetic acid was produced through anaerobic batch fermentation process by using Clostridium thermo... more Acetic acid was produced through anaerobic batch fermentation process by using Clostridium thermoaceticum as microorganism. The kinetic parameters (ie μmax, Yp/s, Yx/s) and the relationship between growth and acetic acid product formation were determined for all environmental ...
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is a natural, biodegradable polyester that accumulates in the form o... more Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is a natural, biodegradable polyester that accumulates in the form of intracellular granules in microorganisms in conditions of limiting nutrient such as nitrogen or phosphorus but in presence of excess carbon source (Doi, 1990). PHA has ...
... AC Kumoro (1, 2) and M. Hasan (2) (1) Dept. ... Andrographolide, the main diterpenoid lactone... more ... AC Kumoro (1, 2) and M. Hasan (2) (1) Dept. ... Andrographolide, the main diterpenoid lactones identified in A. paniculata leaves, is grouped as an unsaturated trihydroxy lactone has molecular formula of C20H30O5 (Choudhury et al., 1987; Rajani et al., 2000). ...
Production of fructose from glucose isomerisation process using commercial immobilised glucose is... more Production of fructose from glucose isomerisation process using commercial immobilised glucose isomerase (IGI), involved many factors such as a pH, temperature and initial glucose concentration. This study is focused on optimized of those factors for improving formation of fructose. Glucose isomerisation was performed using 12g rehydrated of immobilised glucose isomerase (IGI) in a well mixed 2L batch bioreactor. Different series concentrations of glucose from 10 to 50%w/v were prepared. The temperature under study was from 55 0 C to 70 0 C and for pH from 4 to 9. From the results, the highest desirability, D (geometric mean of % isomerisation and fructose yield) was obtained when the initial glucose concentration had 30%w/v, a pH of 8 and at a temperature of 65 0 C. Another finding was that an activation energy at T=65 0 C and 70 0 C is found to be 1329.5 Joule/mol.
Hollow fiber, micro porous, asymmetric membranes were used to investigate the immobilization of l... more Hollow fiber, micro porous, asymmetric membranes were used to investigate the immobilization of lipase enzyme by adsorption, with a view to use them as a bioreactor for the hydrolysis of palm oil. The adsorption studies were carried out on a polysulfone membrane with a surface area of 1.1 m 2 and on surface modified regenerated cellulose with a surface area of 1.0 m 2 per membrane, both with a molecular cut off 66,000 Daltons. Studies at different temperatures showed that the adsorption behavior followed the Langmuir isotherm. However, increasing temperature lead to an increase in the amount of lipase adsorbed, probably due to increased accessibility of the micro pores or due to chemisorption at higher temperatures. Adsorption of the enzyme was higher on the polysulfone membrane as compared to modified regenerated cellulose membrane. Hydrolysis of bleached refined palm oil was carried out in the polysulfone hollow fiber membrane bioreactor and conversions up to 35% could be achieved...
The solubility of stearic acid in ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone has been measured... more The solubility of stearic acid in ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone has been measured gravimetrically at various temperatures ranging from 301 to 313 K at atmospheric condition. The solubility of stearic acid in ethyl acetate was found to be the highest, followed by ethanol, acetone and methanol. All experimental data were correlated using non-ideal solution models, namely, the modified Apelblat and the Buchowski equations. The calculated results agreed well with the experimental data.
Andrographolide is the main diterpenoid lactone contained in the leaves of Andrographis paniculat... more Andrographolide is the main diterpenoid lactone contained in the leaves of Andrographis paniculata. This bioactive component has multifunctional medicinal properties such as activity against fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, inflammation, and sore throat as well as immune disorder. To date, extraction of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata is usually carried out using liquid organic solvent.The extraction was carried out by employing methanol as solvent using standard soxhlet method. Five grams of ground-dried Andrographis paniculata leaves was extracted using 1.50 × 10-4 m3 of methanol at different extraction times. The crude methanolic extracts were then analysed their andrographolide content using high performance liquid chromatography. A mathematical model based on rapid mass transfer at the interphase of the solid-liquid surface and introduction of volumetric mass transfer coefficient has been developed to describe the extraction phenomena. The final form of the model is Es...
Andrographis paniculata Nees has been extensively used for traditional medicine and help against ... more Andrographis paniculata Nees has been extensively used for traditional medicine and help against fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, inflammation, and sore throat. In this study, andrographolide, the main component of this plant was extracted from the leaves of A. paniculata using supercritical carbon dioxide. The operating pressures were varied from 7.50 to 20MPa, the temperatures were varied from 30°C to 60°C, and the flow rates were varied from 0.5 to 4ml·min-1. The best extraction condition occurred at 10MPa, 40°C, and a flow rate of 2ml·min-1 for a 3g sample of A. paniculata ground-dried leaves. The measured extraction rate was found to be about 0.0174g of andrographolide per gram of andrographolide present in the leaves per hour of operation. The future studies must focus on the interaction between the various operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide.
Mathematical modeling is necessary for the optimization and design of any separation process, suc... more Mathematical modeling is necessary for the optimization and design of any separation process, such as the extraction of bio-molecules from their natural resources. The objective of this work is to obtain a quantitative description of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCDE) of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata leaves through the development of a mathematical model based on first-order desorption rate of solute into supercritical solvent. Numerical calculations to obtain the adjustable parameter of the model, using experimental data obtained from the SCDE of andrographolide at different solvent flow rates and particle sizes, were done using MATLAB software. The results showed that this model agrees well with the experimental data. Therefore, this model is useful for the optimization and design of SCDE of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata leaves.
Two diterpenoid lactones responsible to the multi healing properties of Andrographis paniculata h... more Two diterpenoid lactones responsible to the multi healing properties of Andrographis paniculata have been extracted using 16 different liquid solvents. The effect of Hildebrand solubility parameter of the solvents on solid-liquid extraction yield using standard soxhlet extraction method was investigated. The Hildebrand solubility parameter concept performed well when predicting lower polar solvent effect on extraction efficiency. However, ethanol extracted less andrographolide than methanol even though ethanol has closer Hildebrand solubility parameter value to andrographolide compared to that of methanol. Methanol's shorter aliphatic chain and higher polarity, which lead to easier hydroxyl group liberation, seemed to contribute this discrepancy.
Andrographis paniculata Nees has been extensively used for traditional medicine and help against ... more Andrographis paniculata Nees has been extensively used for traditional medicine and help against fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, inflammation, and sore throat. In this study, andrographolide, the main component of this plant was extracted from the leaves of A. paniculata using supercritical carbon dioxide. The operating pressures were varied from 7.50 to 20MPa, the temperatures were varied from 30°C to 60°C, and the flow rates were varied from 0.5 to 4ml·min-1. The best extraction condition occurred at 10MPa, 40°C, and a flow rate of 2ml·min-1 for a 3g sample of A. paniculata ground-dried leaves. The measured extraction rate was found to be about 0.0174g of andrographolide per gram of andrographolide present in the leaves per hour of operation. The future studies must focus on the interaction between the various operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide.
The hydrolysis of dried-powdered fibrous sago waste by sulphuric acid and glucoamylase was studie... more The hydrolysis of dried-powdered fibrous sago waste by sulphuric acid and glucoamylase was studied. Both studies were carried out in an Erlenmeyer flask placed in a controlled temperature water bath. Samples were taken from the reaction flask at every 30 min interval for reducing sugar determination. The optimum condition for acid hydrolysis was found to be at 90°C, using 1.5 M acid concentration and reaction time of 120 min yielding 0.6234 g glucose g-1 waste. The kinetic parameters of acid hydrolysis in the Saeman`s model, were the rate constant (k1 = 0.01405 (1/min)), activation energy (Ea =120.40 (kJ mol-1)) and pre-exponential factor (A = 9.52x1016 (1/min)). The optimum condition for enzymatic hydrolysis using glucoamylase was found to be at enzyme concentration of 6 AGU mL-1 and reaction time of 30 min, yielding 0.5646 g glucose g-1 waste. The kinetic parameters in the competitive inhibition model corresponding to the optimum condition, namely the equilibrium constant for enz...
Sterilisation of oil palm fruits is the first step in the sequence of processes to extract the oi... more Sterilisation of oil palm fruits is the first step in the sequence of processes to extract the oil. It is typically a batch process, using steam for heating or 'cooking' the fruits. Sterilisation is carried out in a way which requires the proper sequencing of valve movements for deaeration, ...
The solubility of stearic acid in ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone has been measured... more The solubility of stearic acid in ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone has been measured gravimetrically at various temperatures ranging from 301 to 313 K at atmospheric condition. The solubility of stearic acid in ethyl acetate was found to be the highest, followed by ethanol, acetone and methanol. All experimental data were correlated using non-ideal solution models, namely, the modified Apelblat and the Buchowski equations. The calculated results agreed well with the experimental data.
Andrographis paniculata Nees has been extensively used for traditional medicine and help against ... more Andrographis paniculata Nees has been extensively used for traditional medicine and help against fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, inflammation, and sore throat. In this study, andrographolide, the main component of this plant was extracted from the leaves of A. paniculata using supercritical carbon dioxide. The operating pressures were varied from 7.50 to 20MPa, the temperatures were varied from 30℃ to 60℃, and the flow rates were varied from 0.5 to 4ml·min -1 . The best extraction condition occurred at 10MPa, 40℃, and a flow rate of 2ml·min -1 for a 3g sample of A. paniculata ground-dried leaves. The measured extraction rate was found to be about 0.0174g of andrographolide per gram of andrographolide present in the leaves per hour of operation. The future studies must focus on the interaction between the various operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide.
... 1 Paper No. : 19 Project No : F0048/2000B Name ; Ishenny Mohd. Noor Production of lipase by C... more ... 1 Paper No. : 19 Project No : F0048/2000B Name ; Ishenny Mohd. Noor Production of lipase by Candida cylindracea DSM 2031 on two different carbon sources Ishenny M. Noor, Masitah Hasan and KB Ramachandran Biochemical ...
Acetic acid was produced through anaerobic batch fermentation process by using Clostridium thermo... more Acetic acid was produced through anaerobic batch fermentation process by using Clostridium thermoaceticum as microorganism. The kinetic parameters (ie μmax, Yp/s, Yx/s) and the relationship between growth and acetic acid product formation were determined for all environmental ...
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is a natural, biodegradable polyester that accumulates in the form o... more Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is a natural, biodegradable polyester that accumulates in the form of intracellular granules in microorganisms in conditions of limiting nutrient such as nitrogen or phosphorus but in presence of excess carbon source (Doi, 1990). PHA has ...
... AC Kumoro (1, 2) and M. Hasan (2) (1) Dept. ... Andrographolide, the main diterpenoid lactone... more ... AC Kumoro (1, 2) and M. Hasan (2) (1) Dept. ... Andrographolide, the main diterpenoid lactones identified in A. paniculata leaves, is grouped as an unsaturated trihydroxy lactone has molecular formula of C20H30O5 (Choudhury et al., 1987; Rajani et al., 2000). ...
Production of fructose from glucose isomerisation process using commercial immobilised glucose is... more Production of fructose from glucose isomerisation process using commercial immobilised glucose isomerase (IGI), involved many factors such as a pH, temperature and initial glucose concentration. This study is focused on optimized of those factors for improving formation of fructose. Glucose isomerisation was performed using 12g rehydrated of immobilised glucose isomerase (IGI) in a well mixed 2L batch bioreactor. Different series concentrations of glucose from 10 to 50%w/v were prepared. The temperature under study was from 55 0 C to 70 0 C and for pH from 4 to 9. From the results, the highest desirability, D (geometric mean of % isomerisation and fructose yield) was obtained when the initial glucose concentration had 30%w/v, a pH of 8 and at a temperature of 65 0 C. Another finding was that an activation energy at T=65 0 C and 70 0 C is found to be 1329.5 Joule/mol.
Hollow fiber, micro porous, asymmetric membranes were used to investigate the immobilization of l... more Hollow fiber, micro porous, asymmetric membranes were used to investigate the immobilization of lipase enzyme by adsorption, with a view to use them as a bioreactor for the hydrolysis of palm oil. The adsorption studies were carried out on a polysulfone membrane with a surface area of 1.1 m 2 and on surface modified regenerated cellulose with a surface area of 1.0 m 2 per membrane, both with a molecular cut off 66,000 Daltons. Studies at different temperatures showed that the adsorption behavior followed the Langmuir isotherm. However, increasing temperature lead to an increase in the amount of lipase adsorbed, probably due to increased accessibility of the micro pores or due to chemisorption at higher temperatures. Adsorption of the enzyme was higher on the polysulfone membrane as compared to modified regenerated cellulose membrane. Hydrolysis of bleached refined palm oil was carried out in the polysulfone hollow fiber membrane bioreactor and conversions up to 35% could be achieved...
The solubility of stearic acid in ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone has been measured... more The solubility of stearic acid in ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone has been measured gravimetrically at various temperatures ranging from 301 to 313 K at atmospheric condition. The solubility of stearic acid in ethyl acetate was found to be the highest, followed by ethanol, acetone and methanol. All experimental data were correlated using non-ideal solution models, namely, the modified Apelblat and the Buchowski equations. The calculated results agreed well with the experimental data.
Andrographolide is the main diterpenoid lactone contained in the leaves of Andrographis paniculat... more Andrographolide is the main diterpenoid lactone contained in the leaves of Andrographis paniculata. This bioactive component has multifunctional medicinal properties such as activity against fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, inflammation, and sore throat as well as immune disorder. To date, extraction of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata is usually carried out using liquid organic solvent.The extraction was carried out by employing methanol as solvent using standard soxhlet method. Five grams of ground-dried Andrographis paniculata leaves was extracted using 1.50 × 10-4 m3 of methanol at different extraction times. The crude methanolic extracts were then analysed their andrographolide content using high performance liquid chromatography. A mathematical model based on rapid mass transfer at the interphase of the solid-liquid surface and introduction of volumetric mass transfer coefficient has been developed to describe the extraction phenomena. The final form of the model is Es...
Andrographis paniculata Nees has been extensively used for traditional medicine and help against ... more Andrographis paniculata Nees has been extensively used for traditional medicine and help against fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, inflammation, and sore throat. In this study, andrographolide, the main component of this plant was extracted from the leaves of A. paniculata using supercritical carbon dioxide. The operating pressures were varied from 7.50 to 20MPa, the temperatures were varied from 30°C to 60°C, and the flow rates were varied from 0.5 to 4ml·min-1. The best extraction condition occurred at 10MPa, 40°C, and a flow rate of 2ml·min-1 for a 3g sample of A. paniculata ground-dried leaves. The measured extraction rate was found to be about 0.0174g of andrographolide per gram of andrographolide present in the leaves per hour of operation. The future studies must focus on the interaction between the various operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide.
Mathematical modeling is necessary for the optimization and design of any separation process, suc... more Mathematical modeling is necessary for the optimization and design of any separation process, such as the extraction of bio-molecules from their natural resources. The objective of this work is to obtain a quantitative description of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCDE) of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata leaves through the development of a mathematical model based on first-order desorption rate of solute into supercritical solvent. Numerical calculations to obtain the adjustable parameter of the model, using experimental data obtained from the SCDE of andrographolide at different solvent flow rates and particle sizes, were done using MATLAB software. The results showed that this model agrees well with the experimental data. Therefore, this model is useful for the optimization and design of SCDE of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata leaves.
Two diterpenoid lactones responsible to the multi healing properties of Andrographis paniculata h... more Two diterpenoid lactones responsible to the multi healing properties of Andrographis paniculata have been extracted using 16 different liquid solvents. The effect of Hildebrand solubility parameter of the solvents on solid-liquid extraction yield using standard soxhlet extraction method was investigated. The Hildebrand solubility parameter concept performed well when predicting lower polar solvent effect on extraction efficiency. However, ethanol extracted less andrographolide than methanol even though ethanol has closer Hildebrand solubility parameter value to andrographolide compared to that of methanol. Methanol's shorter aliphatic chain and higher polarity, which lead to easier hydroxyl group liberation, seemed to contribute this discrepancy.
Andrographis paniculata Nees has been extensively used for traditional medicine and help against ... more Andrographis paniculata Nees has been extensively used for traditional medicine and help against fever, dysentery, diarrhoea, inflammation, and sore throat. In this study, andrographolide, the main component of this plant was extracted from the leaves of A. paniculata using supercritical carbon dioxide. The operating pressures were varied from 7.50 to 20MPa, the temperatures were varied from 30°C to 60°C, and the flow rates were varied from 0.5 to 4ml·min-1. The best extraction condition occurred at 10MPa, 40°C, and a flow rate of 2ml·min-1 for a 3g sample of A. paniculata ground-dried leaves. The measured extraction rate was found to be about 0.0174g of andrographolide per gram of andrographolide present in the leaves per hour of operation. The future studies must focus on the interaction between the various operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, and flow rate of supercritical carbon dioxide.
The hydrolysis of dried-powdered fibrous sago waste by sulphuric acid and glucoamylase was studie... more The hydrolysis of dried-powdered fibrous sago waste by sulphuric acid and glucoamylase was studied. Both studies were carried out in an Erlenmeyer flask placed in a controlled temperature water bath. Samples were taken from the reaction flask at every 30 min interval for reducing sugar determination. The optimum condition for acid hydrolysis was found to be at 90°C, using 1.5 M acid concentration and reaction time of 120 min yielding 0.6234 g glucose g-1 waste. The kinetic parameters of acid hydrolysis in the Saeman`s model, were the rate constant (k1 = 0.01405 (1/min)), activation energy (Ea =120.40 (kJ mol-1)) and pre-exponential factor (A = 9.52x1016 (1/min)). The optimum condition for enzymatic hydrolysis using glucoamylase was found to be at enzyme concentration of 6 AGU mL-1 and reaction time of 30 min, yielding 0.5646 g glucose g-1 waste. The kinetic parameters in the competitive inhibition model corresponding to the optimum condition, namely the equilibrium constant for enz...
Sterilisation of oil palm fruits is the first step in the sequence of processes to extract the oi... more Sterilisation of oil palm fruits is the first step in the sequence of processes to extract the oil. It is typically a batch process, using steam for heating or 'cooking' the fruits. Sterilisation is carried out in a way which requires the proper sequencing of valve movements for deaeration, ...
The solubility of stearic acid in ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone has been measured... more The solubility of stearic acid in ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone has been measured gravimetrically at various temperatures ranging from 301 to 313 K at atmospheric condition. The solubility of stearic acid in ethyl acetate was found to be the highest, followed by ethanol, acetone and methanol. All experimental data were correlated using non-ideal solution models, namely, the modified Apelblat and the Buchowski equations. The calculated results agreed well with the experimental data.
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