International Journal of Product Development, 2010
The nature of novel idea creation in design depends on the nature of the design challenge: how re... more The nature of novel idea creation in design depends on the nature of the design challenge: how requirements and constraints not only determine what is acceptable but shape thinking. This paper explores how overconstrained and underconstrained problems are tackled in fundamentally different ways, using engineering design, knitwear design and software development as exemplars. Problem framing as well as the iterative reformulation of the design problem is crucial in all fields but is done very differently. However, designers face a variety of types of problem, including problems resembling those typical in other industries; this paper argues that a wider awareness of the creative thinking methods used in other industries would aid designers in many fields to tackle unfamiliar problems.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 2010
As a macrophage-restricted reagent, the generation and application of the F4/80 mAb has greatly b... more As a macrophage-restricted reagent, the generation and application of the F4/80 mAb has greatly benefited the phenotypic characterization of mouse tissue macrophages for three decades. Following the molecular identification of the F4/80 antigen as an EGF-TM7 member of the adhesion-GPCR family, great interest was ignited to understand its cell type-specific expression pattern as well as its functional role in macrophage biology. Recent studies have shown that the F4/80 gene is regulated by a novel set of transcription factors that recognized a unique promoter sequence. Gene targeting experiments have produced two F4/80 knock out animal models and showed that F4/80 is not required for normal macrophage development. Nevertheless, the F4/80 receptor was found to be necessary for the induction of efferent CD8+ regulatory T cells responsible for peripheral immune tolerance. The identification of cellular ligands for F4/80 and delineation of its signaling pathway remain elusive but are cri...
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2009
Cell-cell interactions mediated by cell surface receptor-ligand pairs in the immune system are of... more Cell-cell interactions mediated by cell surface receptor-ligand pairs in the immune system are often of low affinity and transient in nature. To begin to study these weak interactions, it is desirable to devise a generally applicable method for screening for and enriching cells expressing low-affinity ligands for specific cell surface receptors. We describe here an experimental strategy that uses a multivalent form of protein as a probe to identify and characterize cognate ligand(s) of myeloid cell surface receptors. Recombinant fusion proteins containing the receptor protein fragment of interest fused to a truncated Fc domain and a unique biotinylation signal are produced, biotinylated, and coupled to (strep)avidin-coated fluorescent or paramagnetic microspheres. These multivalent microparticle probes are then used to screen or capture cells expressing the cognate cellular ligand(s).
A novel member of the EGF-TM7 family, mEMR4, was identified and characterized. The full-length mo... more A novel member of the EGF-TM7 family, mEMR4, was identified and characterized. The full-length mouse EMR4 cDNA encodes a predicted 689-amino acid protein containing two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like modules, a mucin-like spacer domain, and a seven-transmembrane domain with a cytoplasmic tail. Genetic mapping established that mEMR4 is localized in the distal region of mouse chromosome 17 in close proximity to another EGF-TM7 gene, F4/80 (Emr1). Similar to F4/80, mEMR4 is predominantly expressed on resident macrophages. However, a much lower expression level was also detected in thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal neutrophils and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. The expression of mEMR4 is up-regulated following macrophage activation in Biogel and thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages. Similarly, mEMR4 is over-expressed in TNF-alpha-treated resident peritoneal macrophages, whereas interleukin-4 and -10 dramatically reduce the expression. mEMR4 was found to undergo prot...
Abstract. The FACADE project is developing a prototype support system for the conceptual design o... more Abstract. The FACADE project is developing a prototype support system for the conceptual design of mechatronic systems, which is designed both to mitigate and exploit the inevitable biasing effects of design tools on design processes. It includes a suite of design environments supporting different visual representations, to help designers escape the restrictions of any one formalism. As far as possible
This paper argues that the widespread belief that ambiguity is beneficial in design communication... more This paper argues that the widespread belief that ambiguity is beneficial in design communication stems from conceptual confusion. Communicating imprecise, uncertain and provisional ideas is a vital part of design teamwork, but what is uncertain and provisional needs to be expressed as clearly as possible. Understanding what uncertainty information designers can and should communicate, and how, is an urgent task for research. Viewing design communication as conveying permitted spaces for further designing is a useful rationalisation for understanding what designers need from their notations and computer tools, to achieve clear communication of uncertain ideas. The paper presents a typology of ways that designs can be uncertain. It discusses how sketches and other representations of designs can be both intrinsically ambiguous, and ambiguous or misleading by failing to convey information about uncertainty and provisionality, with reference to knitwear design, where communication using inadequate representations causes severe problems. It concludes that systematic use of meta-notations for conveying provisionality and uncertainty can reduce these problems.
The term generative systems can cover a wide range of different automatic design tools. Genetic a... more The term generative systems can cover a wide range of different automatic design tools. Genetic algorithms, shape grammars and other evolutionary methods share the characteristic that they create a large number of designs, which are pruned using a fitness ...
International Journal of Product Development, 2010
The nature of novel idea creation in design depends on the nature of the design challenge: how re... more The nature of novel idea creation in design depends on the nature of the design challenge: how requirements and constraints not only determine what is acceptable but shape thinking. This paper explores how overconstrained and underconstrained problems are tackled in fundamentally different ways, using engineering design, knitwear design and software development as exemplars. Problem framing as well as the iterative reformulation of the design problem is crucial in all fields but is done very differently. However, designers face a variety of types of problem, including problems resembling those typical in other industries; this paper argues that a wider awareness of the creative thinking methods used in other industries would aid designers in many fields to tackle unfamiliar problems.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 2010
As a macrophage-restricted reagent, the generation and application of the F4/80 mAb has greatly b... more As a macrophage-restricted reagent, the generation and application of the F4/80 mAb has greatly benefited the phenotypic characterization of mouse tissue macrophages for three decades. Following the molecular identification of the F4/80 antigen as an EGF-TM7 member of the adhesion-GPCR family, great interest was ignited to understand its cell type-specific expression pattern as well as its functional role in macrophage biology. Recent studies have shown that the F4/80 gene is regulated by a novel set of transcription factors that recognized a unique promoter sequence. Gene targeting experiments have produced two F4/80 knock out animal models and showed that F4/80 is not required for normal macrophage development. Nevertheless, the F4/80 receptor was found to be necessary for the induction of efferent CD8+ regulatory T cells responsible for peripheral immune tolerance. The identification of cellular ligands for F4/80 and delineation of its signaling pathway remain elusive but are cri...
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2009
Cell-cell interactions mediated by cell surface receptor-ligand pairs in the immune system are of... more Cell-cell interactions mediated by cell surface receptor-ligand pairs in the immune system are often of low affinity and transient in nature. To begin to study these weak interactions, it is desirable to devise a generally applicable method for screening for and enriching cells expressing low-affinity ligands for specific cell surface receptors. We describe here an experimental strategy that uses a multivalent form of protein as a probe to identify and characterize cognate ligand(s) of myeloid cell surface receptors. Recombinant fusion proteins containing the receptor protein fragment of interest fused to a truncated Fc domain and a unique biotinylation signal are produced, biotinylated, and coupled to (strep)avidin-coated fluorescent or paramagnetic microspheres. These multivalent microparticle probes are then used to screen or capture cells expressing the cognate cellular ligand(s).
A novel member of the EGF-TM7 family, mEMR4, was identified and characterized. The full-length mo... more A novel member of the EGF-TM7 family, mEMR4, was identified and characterized. The full-length mouse EMR4 cDNA encodes a predicted 689-amino acid protein containing two epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like modules, a mucin-like spacer domain, and a seven-transmembrane domain with a cytoplasmic tail. Genetic mapping established that mEMR4 is localized in the distal region of mouse chromosome 17 in close proximity to another EGF-TM7 gene, F4/80 (Emr1). Similar to F4/80, mEMR4 is predominantly expressed on resident macrophages. However, a much lower expression level was also detected in thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal neutrophils and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. The expression of mEMR4 is up-regulated following macrophage activation in Biogel and thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages. Similarly, mEMR4 is over-expressed in TNF-alpha-treated resident peritoneal macrophages, whereas interleukin-4 and -10 dramatically reduce the expression. mEMR4 was found to undergo prot...
Abstract. The FACADE project is developing a prototype support system for the conceptual design o... more Abstract. The FACADE project is developing a prototype support system for the conceptual design of mechatronic systems, which is designed both to mitigate and exploit the inevitable biasing effects of design tools on design processes. It includes a suite of design environments supporting different visual representations, to help designers escape the restrictions of any one formalism. As far as possible
This paper argues that the widespread belief that ambiguity is beneficial in design communication... more This paper argues that the widespread belief that ambiguity is beneficial in design communication stems from conceptual confusion. Communicating imprecise, uncertain and provisional ideas is a vital part of design teamwork, but what is uncertain and provisional needs to be expressed as clearly as possible. Understanding what uncertainty information designers can and should communicate, and how, is an urgent task for research. Viewing design communication as conveying permitted spaces for further designing is a useful rationalisation for understanding what designers need from their notations and computer tools, to achieve clear communication of uncertain ideas. The paper presents a typology of ways that designs can be uncertain. It discusses how sketches and other representations of designs can be both intrinsically ambiguous, and ambiguous or misleading by failing to convey information about uncertainty and provisionality, with reference to knitwear design, where communication using inadequate representations causes severe problems. It concludes that systematic use of meta-notations for conveying provisionality and uncertainty can reduce these problems.
The term generative systems can cover a wide range of different automatic design tools. Genetic a... more The term generative systems can cover a wide range of different automatic design tools. Genetic algorithms, shape grammars and other evolutionary methods share the characteristic that they create a large number of designs, which are pruned using a fitness ...
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Papers by Martin Stacey