The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) encompasses the 6400 ha Lookout Creek watershed in we... more The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) encompasses the 6400 ha Lookout Creek watershed in western Oregon, USA. Hydrologic, chemistry and precipitation data have been collected, curated, and archived for up to 70 years. The HJA was established in 1948 to study the effects of harvest of old‐growth conifer forest and logging‐road construction on water quality, quantity and vegetation succession. Over time, research questions have expanded to include terrestrial and aquatic species, communities and ecosystem dynamics. There are nine small experimental watersheds and 10 gaging stations in the HJA, including both reference and experimentally treated watersheds. Gaged watershed areas range from 8.5 to 6242 ha. All gaging stations record stage height, water conductivity, water temperature and above‐stream air temperature. At nine of the gage sites, flow‐proportional water samples are collected and composited over 3‐week intervals for chemical analysis. Analysis of stream and precipitat...
works for the Department of Forest Ecosystems and society, oregon state university; Marco w. Lent... more works for the Department of Forest Ecosystems and society, oregon state university; Marco w. Lentini works for instituto Floresta Tropical, Belém, Brazil; Alexander J. Macpherson lives in raleigh, north carolina; and James Grogan is an associate of Yale university school of Forestry and Environmental studies. The authors' collective experience in the Brazilian amazon is in conducting research in forest ecology, silviculture, economics, and public policy, providing training in best-practices forestry, and conducting formal and informal audits of forest management operations. Can a market-based approach be wed to a large-scale government initiative? in 2006 Brazil committed to a new strategy of forest conservation and rural economic development in the Brazilian amazon by enacting a public forests law. The legislation seeks to bring order to amazonian forests through land zoning and titling across large areas, including the creation of forest management concessions for industrial timber production. Government regulation is intended to guarantee minimum standards of forest management on concessions through implementation of reduced-impact logging (ril) and compliance with contract terms. Financial incentives will encourage adoption of forest certification in order to further improve management practices. as 11-13 million hectares (ha) are expected to be granted during the first ten years of the initiative, certification could play a key role in achieving sustainability objectives on public lands. implementation has proceeded more slowly than expected: four concessions totaling 145,000 ha have been allocated as of June 2010, but harvests have yet to begin due to the complex administrative procedures required.
The vegetation phenology study is part of a larger effort to understand the influence of climate ... more The vegetation phenology study is part of a larger effort to understand the influence of climate variability and change on trophic interactions in mountainous terrain. Phenology Core Sites were selected to capture the variation in elevation and topography across Lookout Creek watershed. Priority was given to sites with long-term air and soil temperature records (Reference stands) and previous phenology observations (Reference stands and stream gauging stations). Sixteen sites were established. At each site five individuals of from each 18 common species (if occurring within the site) from tree, shrub and herb layers were mapped and marked for observation. Weekly observations are conducted each year beginning in March or April depending on winter conditions and snowpack and continuing through June or July. Plant vegetative and reproductive phenophases are scored using a numbered system adapted to each plant species.
Seed supply is a key feature of tree population dynamics, and seed production may be indicative o... more Seed supply is a key feature of tree population dynamics, and seed production may be indicative of environmental and biological drivers. This study examines cone production in upper-slope, true fir-hemlock forests of the Pacific Northwest, starting in 1959 to the present. Annual surveys of cone counts of Abies spp. (A. amabilis, A. concolor, A. grandis, A. lasiocarpa, A. magnifica, A. procera), Pinus spp. (P. engelmannii, P. lamberti, P. monticola), and Tsuga spp. (T mertsiana) have been conducted at sixty-one plots in 37 locations in nine national forests in Washington and Oregon (originally 10 national forests, but Mt. Baker and Snoqualimie were combined). At each site, a visual count is made of cone production in each of a number (20-30) trees in a stand of one tree species. At some plots, additional trees were added in the 1980s. Primary data include numbers of counts per tree per year, periodic measurements of tree diameter, and the names of the sites. These data illustrate the periodicity of cone production cycles, as well as longer trends associated with climate change and variability in the region.
The connections between social and biophysical sciences are being forged in new ways as researche... more The connections between social and biophysical sciences are being forged in new ways as researchers and practitioners of natural resources seek to understand how lands can be managed for the benefit of human societies and the broader biotic community. Increasingly, we recognize that social and physical systems are tightly integrated, with human actions and decisions both shaping and shaped by the ecological systems in which they are embedded (e.g., Carpenter et al. 2009). In this context, a variety of social actors, including scientists, managers, policy makers, and the public, are collectively playing a larger role in decisions about environmental governance (e.g., collaboratives, chap. 9), drawing upon an accumulating body of knowledge describing the dynamics of complex socioecological systems. Learning-based approaches using adaptive-management experiments (chap. 8) represent one particular type of formal tool that can be appropriated to this process of adaptive environmental gov...
An increasing fraction of global forest area consists of plantation forests (Hansen et al., 2013)... more An increasing fraction of global forest area consists of plantation forests (Hansen et al., 2013). Plantations typically are even-aged with a single species and simple canopy structure (Lefsky et al., 1999). Past management practices have led to millions of acres of dense, uniform stands on federal forests, and private land in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) where conifer forests are the predominant land-cover in mountainous terrain. Several recent studies have reported that even-aged conifer forests evapotranspire more water than reference, native, multistoried forests during the dry summers in the
Microclimatic refugia (microrefugia) are ecologically important for the conservation of biodivers... more Microclimatic refugia (microrefugia) are ecologically important for the conservation of biodiversity under climate change. Year-to-year climatic consistency is an important requirement for most types of microrefugia, but refugia are often modeled using only a few years of data. Here, we used a decade-long (2009-2018) finescale, undercanopy microclimate temperature dataset from a landscape in the Cascades Mountains of Oregon, USA to assess the inter-annual temporal consistency of microrefugia. We used boosted regression tree microclimate models to quantify overall consistency and map locations of stable microrefugia for six biologically relevant annual temperature metrics. Microclimate temperature offsets (i.e., microclimate minus macroclimate temperatures) were remarkably stable over time, with R 2 ranging from 0.69 for minimum temperature during spring to 0.90 for mean temperature during spring. We observed a high degree of coupling; that is, broad-scale climatic variation, as reflected in free-air temperature, has a major effect on microclimate temperaturesparticularly in hot yearswith the potential to overwhelm thermal buffering effects. In spite of this, we identified potential microrefugia locations throughout our study area, especially with respect to spring minimum and mean temperatures. To maintain microrefugia in a rapidly changing climate, conservation of old-growth and other structurally complex forest habitat is critical, especially at sites with high elevation relative to their surroundings.
Abstract In 2006, the Brazilian Forest Service (SFB) started an ambitious program to establish fo... more Abstract In 2006, the Brazilian Forest Service (SFB) started an ambitious program to establish forest concessions so as to provide a legal framework for long-term sustainable timber production in Amazonian forests. Forest concessions in the Brazilian Amazon currently cover only 1.6 million ha (Mha) but we estimate the area of all potential concessions as 35 Mha. This paper assessed the conditions under which the present and potential concession system can ensure an annual production of 11 Mm3. yr−1 to meet the estimated present timber demand. For this we used the volume dynamics with differential equations model (VDDE) calibrated for the Amazon Basin with a Bayesian framework with data from 3500 ha of forest plots monitored for as long as 30 years after selective logging. Predictions of commercial volume recovery rates vary with location. We tested 27 different scenarios by using combinations of initial proportion of commercial volume, logging intensity and cutting cycle length. These scenarios were then applied to the current area of concessions and to the area of all potential concessions (35 Mha). Under current logging regulations and the current concession area (mean logging intensity of 15–20 m3.ha−1, a harvest cycle of 35 years and an initial commercial timber volume proportion of 20%), timber production can be maintained only for a single cutting cycle (35 years). Only the scenario with a logging intensity of 10 m3ha−1 every 60 years with a 90% initial proportion of commercial timber species can be considered as sustainable. Under this scenario, the maximum annual production with the present concession areas is 159,000 m3 (157–159), or less than 2% of the present annual production of 11 Mm3. When considering all potential concession areas (35 Mha), under current rules, the total annual production is 10 Mm3yr−1 (2–17 Mm3yr−1, 95% credibility interval) but is not maintained after the first logging cycle. Under the most sustainable scenario (see above) and a concession area of 35 Mha, the long-term sustainable annual production of timber reaches only 3.4 Mm3yr−1. Based on these results we argue that the concession system will not be able to supply the timber demand without substantial reforms in natural forest management practices and in the wood industry sector. We argue that alternative sources of timber, including plantations linked with forest restoration initiatives, must be promoted.
This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has... more This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as
Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 2020
Sense of place describes both affective and cognitive — emotional and intellectual — connections ... more Sense of place describes both affective and cognitive — emotional and intellectual — connections to place. Affective outcomes, tied to arts and humanities education, can facilitate these connections. But little research explores environmental science, arts and humanities (eSAH) curricula on place relationships. Additionally, most research on the sense of place focuses on repeated visits to a place over time, rather than short-term experiences like a field trip. Finally, digital technology is a growing trend across science education, but little research investigates its use in field-based contexts. Our research begins to address these gaps. This article describes an eSAH field trip for middle and high school learners. Using a conventional content analysis, we present pilot data from two high school field trips. Our findings illuminate a framework for understanding active and passive place relationships in the context of short-term interdisciplinary field learning experiences.
Phenology-recurring seasonal events in an organism's life cycle-is largely driven by local climat... more Phenology-recurring seasonal events in an organism's life cycle-is largely driven by local climates <1 km 2 (microclimates), and changes in phenology are frequently used to indicate a species' or community response to climate change. Phenological shifts can result in trophic asynchrony, population declines of higher-level consumers, and reduction of plant fitness. While timing of phenological events is often correlated with elevation, studies have shown that microclimates created by areas of heterogeneous topography can be decoupled from regional climate patterns and that the distribution of microclimates does not always follow the elevation gradient. To examine the interaction between regional weather patterns and microclimate, and the subsequent effect of microclimate on phenology, we conducted standardized weekly spring phenology surveys of 18 native forest plants at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Western Cascades from 2009 to 2016. We saw a high degree of inter-annual variability of microclimate within and across sites, resulting in a changing pattern of microclimate diversity across the landscape from year to year. Most importantly, we saw that years with regional conditions predicted by continued climate change showed a loss of diversity in both microclimate and phenological events, with a more rapid advancement in bud break occurring at higher elevation sites. This study highlights the importance of understanding the interactions between regional and local processes that determine microclimate conditions and how those conditions influence patterns of plant phenology within forest communities, across mountain landscapes and over time, with implications for the capacity of mountainous regions to buffer local communities against the effects of climate change.
Andiroba (Carapa guianensis) is a multiple-use tree species that plays a crucial socioeconomic ro... more Andiroba (Carapa guianensis) is a multiple-use tree species that plays a crucial socioeconomic role across thousands of Amazonian traditional and indigenous communities. In the floodplain forests of the Amazon estuary, we partnered with local forest managers to investigate C. guianensis ecological parameters, addressing seed production rates, tree density, and size class structure across a range of environmental conditions and forest use history. C. guianensis population structure was measured in three forest types: baixio, restinga, and terra preta, differentiated by tidal influence, species dominance and composition, and edaphic conditions. We found significant differences across forest types, whereby seedling and sapling densities were higher in terra preta and adult densities were higher in baixio. Adult densities were 28.7, 23.0, and 19.5 trees/ ha, and seedling densities were 22.9, 105, and 151 trees/ha in baixio, restinga, and terra preta forest types, respectively. Seed production rates varied significantly across forest types, year, size class, crown form, and crown illumination. There were higher numbers of viable seeds in terra preta versus baixio (5.5 kg and 2.6 seeds/tree/year, respectively) as well as more trees with better crown forms, more light, and larger diameter sizes. Long-term patterns of community timber management intensity by forest type significantly influenced both population structure and population-level seed production. Nonetheless, assessment of seed production for the total population suggests that the local community was collecting less than 1% of the viable C. guianensis seeds produced annually within community forest lands. This study illustrates the potential of management to impact the sustainability of an important multiple use species and shows the impact that community conservation planning and action can have on future natural resource availability.
Weak control and monitoring of logging permits put the most commercially valuable Amazonian tree ... more Weak control and monitoring of logging permits put the most commercially valuable Amazonian tree species at risk in Brazil.
The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) encompasses the 6400 ha Lookout Creek watershed in we... more The H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest (HJA) encompasses the 6400 ha Lookout Creek watershed in western Oregon, USA. Hydrologic, chemistry and precipitation data have been collected, curated, and archived for up to 70 years. The HJA was established in 1948 to study the effects of harvest of old‐growth conifer forest and logging‐road construction on water quality, quantity and vegetation succession. Over time, research questions have expanded to include terrestrial and aquatic species, communities and ecosystem dynamics. There are nine small experimental watersheds and 10 gaging stations in the HJA, including both reference and experimentally treated watersheds. Gaged watershed areas range from 8.5 to 6242 ha. All gaging stations record stage height, water conductivity, water temperature and above‐stream air temperature. At nine of the gage sites, flow‐proportional water samples are collected and composited over 3‐week intervals for chemical analysis. Analysis of stream and precipitat...
works for the Department of Forest Ecosystems and society, oregon state university; Marco w. Lent... more works for the Department of Forest Ecosystems and society, oregon state university; Marco w. Lentini works for instituto Floresta Tropical, Belém, Brazil; Alexander J. Macpherson lives in raleigh, north carolina; and James Grogan is an associate of Yale university school of Forestry and Environmental studies. The authors' collective experience in the Brazilian amazon is in conducting research in forest ecology, silviculture, economics, and public policy, providing training in best-practices forestry, and conducting formal and informal audits of forest management operations. Can a market-based approach be wed to a large-scale government initiative? in 2006 Brazil committed to a new strategy of forest conservation and rural economic development in the Brazilian amazon by enacting a public forests law. The legislation seeks to bring order to amazonian forests through land zoning and titling across large areas, including the creation of forest management concessions for industrial timber production. Government regulation is intended to guarantee minimum standards of forest management on concessions through implementation of reduced-impact logging (ril) and compliance with contract terms. Financial incentives will encourage adoption of forest certification in order to further improve management practices. as 11-13 million hectares (ha) are expected to be granted during the first ten years of the initiative, certification could play a key role in achieving sustainability objectives on public lands. implementation has proceeded more slowly than expected: four concessions totaling 145,000 ha have been allocated as of June 2010, but harvests have yet to begin due to the complex administrative procedures required.
The vegetation phenology study is part of a larger effort to understand the influence of climate ... more The vegetation phenology study is part of a larger effort to understand the influence of climate variability and change on trophic interactions in mountainous terrain. Phenology Core Sites were selected to capture the variation in elevation and topography across Lookout Creek watershed. Priority was given to sites with long-term air and soil temperature records (Reference stands) and previous phenology observations (Reference stands and stream gauging stations). Sixteen sites were established. At each site five individuals of from each 18 common species (if occurring within the site) from tree, shrub and herb layers were mapped and marked for observation. Weekly observations are conducted each year beginning in March or April depending on winter conditions and snowpack and continuing through June or July. Plant vegetative and reproductive phenophases are scored using a numbered system adapted to each plant species.
Seed supply is a key feature of tree population dynamics, and seed production may be indicative o... more Seed supply is a key feature of tree population dynamics, and seed production may be indicative of environmental and biological drivers. This study examines cone production in upper-slope, true fir-hemlock forests of the Pacific Northwest, starting in 1959 to the present. Annual surveys of cone counts of Abies spp. (A. amabilis, A. concolor, A. grandis, A. lasiocarpa, A. magnifica, A. procera), Pinus spp. (P. engelmannii, P. lamberti, P. monticola), and Tsuga spp. (T mertsiana) have been conducted at sixty-one plots in 37 locations in nine national forests in Washington and Oregon (originally 10 national forests, but Mt. Baker and Snoqualimie were combined). At each site, a visual count is made of cone production in each of a number (20-30) trees in a stand of one tree species. At some plots, additional trees were added in the 1980s. Primary data include numbers of counts per tree per year, periodic measurements of tree diameter, and the names of the sites. These data illustrate the periodicity of cone production cycles, as well as longer trends associated with climate change and variability in the region.
The connections between social and biophysical sciences are being forged in new ways as researche... more The connections between social and biophysical sciences are being forged in new ways as researchers and practitioners of natural resources seek to understand how lands can be managed for the benefit of human societies and the broader biotic community. Increasingly, we recognize that social and physical systems are tightly integrated, with human actions and decisions both shaping and shaped by the ecological systems in which they are embedded (e.g., Carpenter et al. 2009). In this context, a variety of social actors, including scientists, managers, policy makers, and the public, are collectively playing a larger role in decisions about environmental governance (e.g., collaboratives, chap. 9), drawing upon an accumulating body of knowledge describing the dynamics of complex socioecological systems. Learning-based approaches using adaptive-management experiments (chap. 8) represent one particular type of formal tool that can be appropriated to this process of adaptive environmental gov...
An increasing fraction of global forest area consists of plantation forests (Hansen et al., 2013)... more An increasing fraction of global forest area consists of plantation forests (Hansen et al., 2013). Plantations typically are even-aged with a single species and simple canopy structure (Lefsky et al., 1999). Past management practices have led to millions of acres of dense, uniform stands on federal forests, and private land in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) where conifer forests are the predominant land-cover in mountainous terrain. Several recent studies have reported that even-aged conifer forests evapotranspire more water than reference, native, multistoried forests during the dry summers in the
Microclimatic refugia (microrefugia) are ecologically important for the conservation of biodivers... more Microclimatic refugia (microrefugia) are ecologically important for the conservation of biodiversity under climate change. Year-to-year climatic consistency is an important requirement for most types of microrefugia, but refugia are often modeled using only a few years of data. Here, we used a decade-long (2009-2018) finescale, undercanopy microclimate temperature dataset from a landscape in the Cascades Mountains of Oregon, USA to assess the inter-annual temporal consistency of microrefugia. We used boosted regression tree microclimate models to quantify overall consistency and map locations of stable microrefugia for six biologically relevant annual temperature metrics. Microclimate temperature offsets (i.e., microclimate minus macroclimate temperatures) were remarkably stable over time, with R 2 ranging from 0.69 for minimum temperature during spring to 0.90 for mean temperature during spring. We observed a high degree of coupling; that is, broad-scale climatic variation, as reflected in free-air temperature, has a major effect on microclimate temperaturesparticularly in hot yearswith the potential to overwhelm thermal buffering effects. In spite of this, we identified potential microrefugia locations throughout our study area, especially with respect to spring minimum and mean temperatures. To maintain microrefugia in a rapidly changing climate, conservation of old-growth and other structurally complex forest habitat is critical, especially at sites with high elevation relative to their surroundings.
Abstract In 2006, the Brazilian Forest Service (SFB) started an ambitious program to establish fo... more Abstract In 2006, the Brazilian Forest Service (SFB) started an ambitious program to establish forest concessions so as to provide a legal framework for long-term sustainable timber production in Amazonian forests. Forest concessions in the Brazilian Amazon currently cover only 1.6 million ha (Mha) but we estimate the area of all potential concessions as 35 Mha. This paper assessed the conditions under which the present and potential concession system can ensure an annual production of 11 Mm3. yr−1 to meet the estimated present timber demand. For this we used the volume dynamics with differential equations model (VDDE) calibrated for the Amazon Basin with a Bayesian framework with data from 3500 ha of forest plots monitored for as long as 30 years after selective logging. Predictions of commercial volume recovery rates vary with location. We tested 27 different scenarios by using combinations of initial proportion of commercial volume, logging intensity and cutting cycle length. These scenarios were then applied to the current area of concessions and to the area of all potential concessions (35 Mha). Under current logging regulations and the current concession area (mean logging intensity of 15–20 m3.ha−1, a harvest cycle of 35 years and an initial commercial timber volume proportion of 20%), timber production can be maintained only for a single cutting cycle (35 years). Only the scenario with a logging intensity of 10 m3ha−1 every 60 years with a 90% initial proportion of commercial timber species can be considered as sustainable. Under this scenario, the maximum annual production with the present concession areas is 159,000 m3 (157–159), or less than 2% of the present annual production of 11 Mm3. When considering all potential concession areas (35 Mha), under current rules, the total annual production is 10 Mm3yr−1 (2–17 Mm3yr−1, 95% credibility interval) but is not maintained after the first logging cycle. Under the most sustainable scenario (see above) and a concession area of 35 Mha, the long-term sustainable annual production of timber reaches only 3.4 Mm3yr−1. Based on these results we argue that the concession system will not be able to supply the timber demand without substantial reforms in natural forest management practices and in the wood industry sector. We argue that alternative sources of timber, including plantations linked with forest restoration initiatives, must be promoted.
This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has... more This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as
Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 2020
Sense of place describes both affective and cognitive — emotional and intellectual — connections ... more Sense of place describes both affective and cognitive — emotional and intellectual — connections to place. Affective outcomes, tied to arts and humanities education, can facilitate these connections. But little research explores environmental science, arts and humanities (eSAH) curricula on place relationships. Additionally, most research on the sense of place focuses on repeated visits to a place over time, rather than short-term experiences like a field trip. Finally, digital technology is a growing trend across science education, but little research investigates its use in field-based contexts. Our research begins to address these gaps. This article describes an eSAH field trip for middle and high school learners. Using a conventional content analysis, we present pilot data from two high school field trips. Our findings illuminate a framework for understanding active and passive place relationships in the context of short-term interdisciplinary field learning experiences.
Phenology-recurring seasonal events in an organism's life cycle-is largely driven by local climat... more Phenology-recurring seasonal events in an organism's life cycle-is largely driven by local climates <1 km 2 (microclimates), and changes in phenology are frequently used to indicate a species' or community response to climate change. Phenological shifts can result in trophic asynchrony, population declines of higher-level consumers, and reduction of plant fitness. While timing of phenological events is often correlated with elevation, studies have shown that microclimates created by areas of heterogeneous topography can be decoupled from regional climate patterns and that the distribution of microclimates does not always follow the elevation gradient. To examine the interaction between regional weather patterns and microclimate, and the subsequent effect of microclimate on phenology, we conducted standardized weekly spring phenology surveys of 18 native forest plants at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest in the Western Cascades from 2009 to 2016. We saw a high degree of inter-annual variability of microclimate within and across sites, resulting in a changing pattern of microclimate diversity across the landscape from year to year. Most importantly, we saw that years with regional conditions predicted by continued climate change showed a loss of diversity in both microclimate and phenological events, with a more rapid advancement in bud break occurring at higher elevation sites. This study highlights the importance of understanding the interactions between regional and local processes that determine microclimate conditions and how those conditions influence patterns of plant phenology within forest communities, across mountain landscapes and over time, with implications for the capacity of mountainous regions to buffer local communities against the effects of climate change.
Andiroba (Carapa guianensis) is a multiple-use tree species that plays a crucial socioeconomic ro... more Andiroba (Carapa guianensis) is a multiple-use tree species that plays a crucial socioeconomic role across thousands of Amazonian traditional and indigenous communities. In the floodplain forests of the Amazon estuary, we partnered with local forest managers to investigate C. guianensis ecological parameters, addressing seed production rates, tree density, and size class structure across a range of environmental conditions and forest use history. C. guianensis population structure was measured in three forest types: baixio, restinga, and terra preta, differentiated by tidal influence, species dominance and composition, and edaphic conditions. We found significant differences across forest types, whereby seedling and sapling densities were higher in terra preta and adult densities were higher in baixio. Adult densities were 28.7, 23.0, and 19.5 trees/ ha, and seedling densities were 22.9, 105, and 151 trees/ha in baixio, restinga, and terra preta forest types, respectively. Seed production rates varied significantly across forest types, year, size class, crown form, and crown illumination. There were higher numbers of viable seeds in terra preta versus baixio (5.5 kg and 2.6 seeds/tree/year, respectively) as well as more trees with better crown forms, more light, and larger diameter sizes. Long-term patterns of community timber management intensity by forest type significantly influenced both population structure and population-level seed production. Nonetheless, assessment of seed production for the total population suggests that the local community was collecting less than 1% of the viable C. guianensis seeds produced annually within community forest lands. This study illustrates the potential of management to impact the sustainability of an important multiple use species and shows the impact that community conservation planning and action can have on future natural resource availability.
Weak control and monitoring of logging permits put the most commercially valuable Amazonian tree ... more Weak control and monitoring of logging permits put the most commercially valuable Amazonian tree species at risk in Brazil.
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