Résumé : Une recherche-intervention a été conduite dans le bassin laitier adossé au périmètre irr... more Résumé : Une recherche-intervention a été conduite dans le bassin laitier adossé au périmètre irrigué du Tadla au Maroc. L'objectif initial était d'évaluer les performances techniques et économiques des exploitations laitières et la valorisation de l'eau par la production bovine. Il s'agissait ...
Mostaganem, Algérie, 26-28 mai 2008 1 T. Hartani, A. Douaoui, M. Kuper, (éditeurs scientifiques) ... more Mostaganem, Algérie, 26-28 mai 2008 1 T. Hartani, A. Douaoui, M. Kuper, (éditeurs scientifiques) 2009. Economies d'eau en systèmes irrigués au Maghreb. Actes du quatrième atelier régional du projet Sirma, Mostaganem, Algérie, 26-28 mai 2008. Cirad, Montpellier, France, colloques-cédérom.
ABSTRACT Work and its contribution to the adaptation strategies of smallholder family farms withi... more ABSTRACT Work and its contribution to the adaptation strategies of smallholder family farms within mixed crop/livestock systems. Work and its management represent an adaptation opportunity for farms characterized by scarce land and capital resources. To verify this assumption, the “Work Balance” method was used in 30 family farms of different sizes and capital uses, located in the Saïss region (Centre East of Morocco). The study showed that small-scale farms (less than 1 ha) are generally specializing in cattle rearing, with an important share of endogenous work being dedicated to this activity. By contrast, farms with more land and capital tend to diversify their crops, resulting in an increased use of off farm staff, while at the same time maintaining livestock activity. The technical and economic performance of both groups (almost 1 ton of milk per cow per year supplied to collection centers by each group, but with a daily gross income per family member varying from 4.1 to 14.6 Euros) reveal that work is a key parameter within farming strategies. This suggests that additional studies need to be dedicated to farm work and its annual organization in order to gain a better understanding of the ongoing dynamics within farming systems. Keywords. Farmers, labour allocation, capital, animal husbandry, farmland, Morocco.
ABSTRACT Au Maghreb, les agricultures familiales évoluent rapidement dans les régions où l’irriga... more ABSTRACT Au Maghreb, les agricultures familiales évoluent rapidement dans les régions où l’irrigation se développe à partir des eaux souterraines. Dans ce contexte de mutations rapides, nous faisons l’hypothèse de l’émergence et du développement de pratiques entrepreneuriales au sein des exploitations familiales caractérisées par un investissement financier plus important et un objectif d’accroissement du revenu. L’objectif de l’article est d’analyser les recompositions des exploitations familiales du Maghreb ayant recours aux eaux souterraines et de les situer par rapport aux représentations habituelles que s’en font les décideurs. La démarche s’est appuyée sur des enquêtes réalisées dans 3 régions (Saïs au Maroc, Biskra en Algérie, Kairounais en Tunisie). La recomposition des agricultures familiales dans ces contextes est clairement amorcée dans les domaines technique (innovation autour de l’eau), économique (forte connexion aux marchés) et social par une évolution des relations entre les actifs familiaux. Les pratiques entrepreneuriales observées permettent un accès au foncier, à l’eau et aux savoir-faire et reposent sur des arrangements informels. Mais ces exploitations agricoles recomposées montrent des signes de fragilité d’autant plus qu’elles sont mal prises en compte par les politiques publiques.
The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, Oct 22, 2014
Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the motivations of non-conventional innovation acto... more Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the motivations of non-conventional innovation actors to engage in innovation processes, how their involvement changed the technology and their own social-professional status, and to analyze their role in the diffusion of the innovation. Design/methodology/approach: We studied the innovation process of drip irrigation in Morocco. We interviewed 35 farmers in two villages, selected to represent a diversity of farms, and observed their drip irrigation systems. We interviewed several local artisans and traders, and intermediaries about their social-professional pathway, using a checklist to understand their motivations and their involvement with drip irrigation. Findings: We showed how a variety of non-conventional actors became involved in drip irrigation, leading to the progressive creation of an active inter-related socio-technical network involved in the sales, manufacturing, fitting, and use of drip irrigation systems. This network challenged an imported technology promoted by irrigation companies that targeted large-scale farmers, and transformed it into drip irrigation systems adapted to a wide range of situations and farmers, including small-scale farmers. The involvement of these actors led to reciprocal changes in the technology and in the socio-professional status of the intermediaries, hence accelerating the diffusion of the innovation. Practical implications: Understanding the motivations of non-conventional innovation actors helps comprehend the multiple pathways of innovation processes, and the socio-professional pathways of innovation actors. It is worth considering integrating these actors in state programs and other planned innovation processes, as they are near to field realities and to innovation users, and are able to adapt a technology to local requirements. Originality/value: The results of this study contribute to the scientific debate about the mutually beneficial alliance of non-conventional actors and technical innovations.
L’action des pouvoirs publics dans les territoires ruraux du sud est la plus remarquée à travers ... more L’action des pouvoirs publics dans les territoires ruraux du sud est la plus remarquée à travers des projets d’aménagement, masquant des processus de développement territorial plus lents et moins visibles par des acteurs et réseaux sociaux. Nous analysons la rencontre entre un projet étatique d’irrigation, mis en oeuvre dans le cadre du paradigme international de la Gestion Participative de l’Irrigation, et un territoire rural au Maroc, à travers les configurations des acteurs et les enjeux locaux de ses composantes sociales. Nos résultats montrent que le projet d’irrigation porté par les pouvoirs publics s’est progressivement ouvert à d’autres acteurs. Les associations d’irrigants façonnent des règles de gestion, et adaptent le projet technique à leur situation. L’émergence de nouveaux leaders qui se sont distingués par la suite dans le développement local et dans la politique communale, ont occasionné une multiplication de pôles de développement territorial. Cela implique un changement de référentiel dans l’analyse de l’action publique dans les territoires ruraux au Maroc où l’État n’a plus le monopole du savoir technique et où la notabilité cherche à se repositionner, en acquérant de nouvelles compétences techniques.
. Water markets in the FordwahlEastern Sadiqia area: An answer to perceived deficiencies in canal... more . Water markets in the FordwahlEastern Sadiqia area: An answer to perceived deficiencies in canal water supplies? Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute. vii, 33 p. (IIMI Working paper no. 30) water market / water supply / groundwater / conjunctive use / tube weI/ irrigation / agricultural production / water policy / pricing / water costs / Pakistan / Punjab DDC631.7
ABSTRACT
In this paper we draw attention to the important role technology plays in co-mediating i... more ABSTRACT In this paper we draw attention to the important role technology plays in co-mediating institutions, opening up some courses of action and closing off others. Irrigation studies generally recognize the importance of institutions in making technologies work, but tend to take the precise functioning of institutions for granted. Studies that analyse institutions often do not pay enough attention to the mediating role of technology in allocating benefits, risks and burdens. We show in this paper that (irrigation) institutions are moulded by and come about through the interactions between the technical and the social in dynamic and often contested processes of adaptation to changing environments. We argue that a critical understanding of what institutions do requires more explicit and detailed attention to technologies. We base this argument on a detailed historical analysis of the functioning of Seguia Khrichfa, a farmer managed irrigation scheme in Morocco. Through time, irrigation institutions in the Seguia Khrichfa have undergone transformations to match the changing demands of a heterogeneous and growing group of irrigators, an increased command area and changing cropping patterns, and the introduction of new technologies such as drip irrigation. These institutional transformations consisted of recursive cycles of modifications in technological infrastructure and the rules of allocation and distribution. Technical adaptations prompt alterations in the water rotation schedule and vice versa. We anchor our case in descriptions of a specific technology that played a crucial role in co-steering institutional change: the introduction of open/closed gates. Our analysis of the co-evolution of society and technology in shaping institutions in the Seguia Khrichfa shows how technologies become enrolled in (sometimes implicit) processes of re-negotiating relations of authority and responsibility while obscuring institutional politics.
... Année de publication, 2001. Type de document, Partie d'ouvrage. Aute... more ... Année de publication, 2001. Type de document, Partie d'ouvrage. Auteurs, Poncet Yveline, Kuper M., Mullon Christian, Morand Pierre, Orange Didier. ... Elle est appliquée ici à une région inondable à haute productivité naturelle, dans un pays africain en voie de développement. ...
Les zones inondables tropicales sont souvent des milieux traditionnellement exploités par l'homme... more Les zones inondables tropicales sont souvent des milieux traditionnellement exploités par l'homme. Pêcheurs, éleveurs, agriculteurs, forestiers et autres sillonnent les milieux inondables dans lesquels les ressources naturelles renouvelables sont abondantes. Les habitants de ces zones ont su pérenniser un mode de vie et d'exploitation en équilibre avec le milieu naturel. A l'image des ressources naturelles renouvelables, ces systèmes de production traditionnels sont caractérisés par une adaptabilité
Résumé : Une recherche-intervention a été conduite dans le bassin laitier adossé au périmètre irr... more Résumé : Une recherche-intervention a été conduite dans le bassin laitier adossé au périmètre irrigué du Tadla au Maroc. L'objectif initial était d'évaluer les performances techniques et économiques des exploitations laitières et la valorisation de l'eau par la production bovine. Il s'agissait ...
Mostaganem, Algérie, 26-28 mai 2008 1 T. Hartani, A. Douaoui, M. Kuper, (éditeurs scientifiques) ... more Mostaganem, Algérie, 26-28 mai 2008 1 T. Hartani, A. Douaoui, M. Kuper, (éditeurs scientifiques) 2009. Economies d'eau en systèmes irrigués au Maghreb. Actes du quatrième atelier régional du projet Sirma, Mostaganem, Algérie, 26-28 mai 2008. Cirad, Montpellier, France, colloques-cédérom.
ABSTRACT Work and its contribution to the adaptation strategies of smallholder family farms withi... more ABSTRACT Work and its contribution to the adaptation strategies of smallholder family farms within mixed crop/livestock systems. Work and its management represent an adaptation opportunity for farms characterized by scarce land and capital resources. To verify this assumption, the “Work Balance” method was used in 30 family farms of different sizes and capital uses, located in the Saïss region (Centre East of Morocco). The study showed that small-scale farms (less than 1 ha) are generally specializing in cattle rearing, with an important share of endogenous work being dedicated to this activity. By contrast, farms with more land and capital tend to diversify their crops, resulting in an increased use of off farm staff, while at the same time maintaining livestock activity. The technical and economic performance of both groups (almost 1 ton of milk per cow per year supplied to collection centers by each group, but with a daily gross income per family member varying from 4.1 to 14.6 Euros) reveal that work is a key parameter within farming strategies. This suggests that additional studies need to be dedicated to farm work and its annual organization in order to gain a better understanding of the ongoing dynamics within farming systems. Keywords. Farmers, labour allocation, capital, animal husbandry, farmland, Morocco.
ABSTRACT Au Maghreb, les agricultures familiales évoluent rapidement dans les régions où l’irriga... more ABSTRACT Au Maghreb, les agricultures familiales évoluent rapidement dans les régions où l’irrigation se développe à partir des eaux souterraines. Dans ce contexte de mutations rapides, nous faisons l’hypothèse de l’émergence et du développement de pratiques entrepreneuriales au sein des exploitations familiales caractérisées par un investissement financier plus important et un objectif d’accroissement du revenu. L’objectif de l’article est d’analyser les recompositions des exploitations familiales du Maghreb ayant recours aux eaux souterraines et de les situer par rapport aux représentations habituelles que s’en font les décideurs. La démarche s’est appuyée sur des enquêtes réalisées dans 3 régions (Saïs au Maroc, Biskra en Algérie, Kairounais en Tunisie). La recomposition des agricultures familiales dans ces contextes est clairement amorcée dans les domaines technique (innovation autour de l’eau), économique (forte connexion aux marchés) et social par une évolution des relations entre les actifs familiaux. Les pratiques entrepreneuriales observées permettent un accès au foncier, à l’eau et aux savoir-faire et reposent sur des arrangements informels. Mais ces exploitations agricoles recomposées montrent des signes de fragilité d’autant plus qu’elles sont mal prises en compte par les politiques publiques.
The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, Oct 22, 2014
Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the motivations of non-conventional innovation acto... more Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the motivations of non-conventional innovation actors to engage in innovation processes, how their involvement changed the technology and their own social-professional status, and to analyze their role in the diffusion of the innovation. Design/methodology/approach: We studied the innovation process of drip irrigation in Morocco. We interviewed 35 farmers in two villages, selected to represent a diversity of farms, and observed their drip irrigation systems. We interviewed several local artisans and traders, and intermediaries about their social-professional pathway, using a checklist to understand their motivations and their involvement with drip irrigation. Findings: We showed how a variety of non-conventional actors became involved in drip irrigation, leading to the progressive creation of an active inter-related socio-technical network involved in the sales, manufacturing, fitting, and use of drip irrigation systems. This network challenged an imported technology promoted by irrigation companies that targeted large-scale farmers, and transformed it into drip irrigation systems adapted to a wide range of situations and farmers, including small-scale farmers. The involvement of these actors led to reciprocal changes in the technology and in the socio-professional status of the intermediaries, hence accelerating the diffusion of the innovation. Practical implications: Understanding the motivations of non-conventional innovation actors helps comprehend the multiple pathways of innovation processes, and the socio-professional pathways of innovation actors. It is worth considering integrating these actors in state programs and other planned innovation processes, as they are near to field realities and to innovation users, and are able to adapt a technology to local requirements. Originality/value: The results of this study contribute to the scientific debate about the mutually beneficial alliance of non-conventional actors and technical innovations.
L’action des pouvoirs publics dans les territoires ruraux du sud est la plus remarquée à travers ... more L’action des pouvoirs publics dans les territoires ruraux du sud est la plus remarquée à travers des projets d’aménagement, masquant des processus de développement territorial plus lents et moins visibles par des acteurs et réseaux sociaux. Nous analysons la rencontre entre un projet étatique d’irrigation, mis en oeuvre dans le cadre du paradigme international de la Gestion Participative de l’Irrigation, et un territoire rural au Maroc, à travers les configurations des acteurs et les enjeux locaux de ses composantes sociales. Nos résultats montrent que le projet d’irrigation porté par les pouvoirs publics s’est progressivement ouvert à d’autres acteurs. Les associations d’irrigants façonnent des règles de gestion, et adaptent le projet technique à leur situation. L’émergence de nouveaux leaders qui se sont distingués par la suite dans le développement local et dans la politique communale, ont occasionné une multiplication de pôles de développement territorial. Cela implique un changement de référentiel dans l’analyse de l’action publique dans les territoires ruraux au Maroc où l’État n’a plus le monopole du savoir technique et où la notabilité cherche à se repositionner, en acquérant de nouvelles compétences techniques.
. Water markets in the FordwahlEastern Sadiqia area: An answer to perceived deficiencies in canal... more . Water markets in the FordwahlEastern Sadiqia area: An answer to perceived deficiencies in canal water supplies? Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Irrigation Management Institute. vii, 33 p. (IIMI Working paper no. 30) water market / water supply / groundwater / conjunctive use / tube weI/ irrigation / agricultural production / water policy / pricing / water costs / Pakistan / Punjab DDC631.7
ABSTRACT
In this paper we draw attention to the important role technology plays in co-mediating i... more ABSTRACT In this paper we draw attention to the important role technology plays in co-mediating institutions, opening up some courses of action and closing off others. Irrigation studies generally recognize the importance of institutions in making technologies work, but tend to take the precise functioning of institutions for granted. Studies that analyse institutions often do not pay enough attention to the mediating role of technology in allocating benefits, risks and burdens. We show in this paper that (irrigation) institutions are moulded by and come about through the interactions between the technical and the social in dynamic and often contested processes of adaptation to changing environments. We argue that a critical understanding of what institutions do requires more explicit and detailed attention to technologies. We base this argument on a detailed historical analysis of the functioning of Seguia Khrichfa, a farmer managed irrigation scheme in Morocco. Through time, irrigation institutions in the Seguia Khrichfa have undergone transformations to match the changing demands of a heterogeneous and growing group of irrigators, an increased command area and changing cropping patterns, and the introduction of new technologies such as drip irrigation. These institutional transformations consisted of recursive cycles of modifications in technological infrastructure and the rules of allocation and distribution. Technical adaptations prompt alterations in the water rotation schedule and vice versa. We anchor our case in descriptions of a specific technology that played a crucial role in co-steering institutional change: the introduction of open/closed gates. Our analysis of the co-evolution of society and technology in shaping institutions in the Seguia Khrichfa shows how technologies become enrolled in (sometimes implicit) processes of re-negotiating relations of authority and responsibility while obscuring institutional politics.
... Année de publication, 2001. Type de document, Partie d'ouvrage. Aute... more ... Année de publication, 2001. Type de document, Partie d'ouvrage. Auteurs, Poncet Yveline, Kuper M., Mullon Christian, Morand Pierre, Orange Didier. ... Elle est appliquée ici à une région inondable à haute productivité naturelle, dans un pays africain en voie de développement. ...
Les zones inondables tropicales sont souvent des milieux traditionnellement exploités par l'homme... more Les zones inondables tropicales sont souvent des milieux traditionnellement exploités par l'homme. Pêcheurs, éleveurs, agriculteurs, forestiers et autres sillonnent les milieux inondables dans lesquels les ressources naturelles renouvelables sont abondantes. Les habitants de ces zones ont su pérenniser un mode de vie et d'exploitation en équilibre avec le milieu naturel. A l'image des ressources naturelles renouvelables, ces systèmes de production traditionnels sont caractérisés par une adaptabilité
In spite of its privileged place on the African continent, in the Muslim world and in the Middle ... more In spite of its privileged place on the African continent, in the Muslim world and in the Middle East and North Africa region, Algeria remains poorly known, and the works relating to contemporary Algerian society published outside of Algeria are rare. This book seeks to contribute to our understanding of Algerian society today, through its relationships to property and to law. Beyond this, the objective is to propose, in a comparative perspective proper to anthropology, new theoretical and methodological perspectives by which to apprehend the anthropology of law in a Muslim context. Algeria, as a post-colonial and post-Socialist State, whose population is overwhelmingly Muslim, proves to be a particularly interesting case to study.
Contributors are: Hichem Amichi, Emilie Barraud, Ammar Belhimer, Yazid Ben Hounet, Nejm Benessaiah, Sami Bouarfa, Tarik Dahou, Baudouin Dupret, Marcel Kuper, Judith Scheele, Alice Wilson.
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Papers by Marcel Kuper
In this paper we draw attention to the important role technology plays in co-mediating institutions, opening up some courses of action and closing off others. Irrigation studies generally recognize the importance of institutions in making technologies work, but tend to take the precise functioning of institutions for granted. Studies that analyse institutions often do not pay enough attention to the mediating role of technology in allocating benefits, risks and burdens. We show in this paper that (irrigation) institutions are moulded by and come about through the interactions between the technical and the social in dynamic and often contested processes of adaptation to changing environments. We argue that a critical understanding of what institutions do requires more explicit and detailed attention to technologies. We base this argument on a detailed historical analysis of the functioning of Seguia Khrichfa, a farmer managed irrigation scheme in Morocco. Through time, irrigation institutions in the Seguia Khrichfa have undergone transformations to match the changing demands of a heterogeneous and growing group of irrigators, an increased command area and changing cropping patterns, and the introduction of new technologies such as drip irrigation. These institutional transformations consisted of recursive cycles of modifications in technological infrastructure and the rules of allocation and distribution. Technical adaptations prompt alterations in the water rotation schedule and vice versa. We anchor our case in descriptions of a specific technology that played a crucial role in co-steering institutional change: the introduction of open/closed gates. Our analysis of the co-evolution of society and technology in shaping institutions in the Seguia Khrichfa shows how technologies become enrolled in (sometimes implicit) processes of re-negotiating relations of authority and responsibility while obscuring institutional politics.
In this paper we draw attention to the important role technology plays in co-mediating institutions, opening up some courses of action and closing off others. Irrigation studies generally recognize the importance of institutions in making technologies work, but tend to take the precise functioning of institutions for granted. Studies that analyse institutions often do not pay enough attention to the mediating role of technology in allocating benefits, risks and burdens. We show in this paper that (irrigation) institutions are moulded by and come about through the interactions between the technical and the social in dynamic and often contested processes of adaptation to changing environments. We argue that a critical understanding of what institutions do requires more explicit and detailed attention to technologies. We base this argument on a detailed historical analysis of the functioning of Seguia Khrichfa, a farmer managed irrigation scheme in Morocco. Through time, irrigation institutions in the Seguia Khrichfa have undergone transformations to match the changing demands of a heterogeneous and growing group of irrigators, an increased command area and changing cropping patterns, and the introduction of new technologies such as drip irrigation. These institutional transformations consisted of recursive cycles of modifications in technological infrastructure and the rules of allocation and distribution. Technical adaptations prompt alterations in the water rotation schedule and vice versa. We anchor our case in descriptions of a specific technology that played a crucial role in co-steering institutional change: the introduction of open/closed gates. Our analysis of the co-evolution of society and technology in shaping institutions in the Seguia Khrichfa shows how technologies become enrolled in (sometimes implicit) processes of re-negotiating relations of authority and responsibility while obscuring institutional politics.
comparative perspective proper to anthropology, new theoretical and methodological perspectives by which to apprehend the anthropology of law in a Muslim context. Algeria, as a post-colonial and post-Socialist State, whose population is overwhelmingly Muslim, proves to be a particularly interesting case to study.
Contributors are: Hichem Amichi, Emilie Barraud, Ammar Belhimer, Yazid Ben Hounet, Nejm Benessaiah, Sami Bouarfa, Tarik Dahou, Baudouin Dupret, Marcel Kuper, Judith Scheele, Alice Wilson.