As a teacher of physical chemistry, I noticed that students, even in advanced classes, have diffi... more As a teacher of physical chemistry, I noticed that students, even in advanced classes, have difficulties in understanding the basics of redox chemistry. In this Section 6, I attempted to discuss some applications of the Nernst equation in electrochemical systems, including energy (consumption or generation), corrosion, redox titration, as well as the study of solubility, precipitation, and complexation processes. To further clarify the discussed concepts, numerous questions and problems with detailed answers are provided. Most of these questions are formulated by students like you. I believe that this Section 6 would greatly help students with levels varying from high school to advanced university classes.
En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des cl... more En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des classes avancées, ont des difficultés à comprendre les bases d'oxydoréduction (chimie redox ou électrochimie). La quantification des quantités d'oxydoréduction comme les potentiels nécessite des systèmes (ou électrodes) de référence pour comparaison. La Section 4 discute l'importance des systèmes (ou électrodes) de référence dans la détermination des grandeurs électrochimiques. Plusieurs électrodes de référence avec leurs potentiels standards sont fournies, et les tendances des potentiels redox à travers le tableau périodique sont résumées. La Section 5 résume les composants de base des cellules électrochimiques en termes d'électrode et d'électrolyte, ainsi que les principales quantités mathématiques régissant les réactions d'oxydoréduction à l'équilibre expliquées par l'équation de Nernst. Pour clarifier davantage les concepts discutés, un grand nombre de q...
En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des cl... more En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des classes avancées, ont des difficultés à comprendre les bases d'oxydoréduction (chimie redox ou électrochimie). Dans cette Section 3, j'ai discuté certains principes d'oxydoréduction, en se concentrant sur les espèces qui peuvent perdre ou gagner des électrons, la détermination des nombres (ou états) d'oxydation des atomes dans des substances ainsi que les diverses façons d'équilibrer les réactions d'oxydoréduction. Pour clarifier davantage les concepts discutés, un grand nombre de questions et problèmes avec réponses détaillées sont fournis. La plupart de ces questions sont formulées par des étudiants comme vous. Je crois que cette Section 3 aiderait grandement les étudiants avec des niveaux variant de l'école secondaire aux cours universitaires avancés.
As a teacher of physical chemistry, I noticed that students, even in advanced classes, have diffi... more As a teacher of physical chemistry, I noticed that students, even in advanced classes, have difficulties in understanding the basics of redox chemistry. In this Section 3, I attempted to discuss some fundamental principles related to redox processes, by focusing on the species that might lose or gain electrons, determination of the oxidation numbers (or states) of atoms in compounds, and ways of balancing redox reactions. To further clarify the discussed concepts, numerous questions and problems with detailed answers are provided. Most of these questions are formulated by students like you. I believe that this Section 3 would greatly help students with levels varying from high school to advanced university classes.
En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des cl... more En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des classes avancées, ont des difficultés à comprendre les bases d'oxydoréduction (chimie redox ou électrochimie). Cette Section 2 résume certains principes fondamentaux relatifs aux électrons incluant la structure atomique, le tableau périodique, les principaux modèles électroniques, la configuration électronique et les niveaux d'énergie des électrons. En particulier, l'identification de la configuration électronique des éléments et la visualisation des électrons dans leurs couches externes sont des concepts très importants pour comprendre les processus d'oxydoréduction. Pour clarifier davantage les concepts discutés, un grand nombre de questions et problèmes avec réponses détaillées sont fournis. La plupart de ces questions sont formulées par des étudiants comme vous. Je crois que cette Section 2 aiderait grandement les étudiants avec des niveaux variant de l'école second...
En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des cl... more En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des classes avancées, ont des difficultés à comprendre les bases d'oxydoréduction (chimie redox ou électrochimie). Dans cette Section 1, j'ai essayé de résumer certains principes fondamentaux de chimie utiles en oxydoréduction d'une manière concise et claire. Les étudiants ont souvent des difficultés à relier la CHIMIE à l'ÉLECTROCHIMIE, en pensant que les deux sont séparés les uns des autres. Les concepts de chimie, tels que les solvants, les électrolytes, la conductivité ionique, l'acidité, l'alcalinité (basicité), le pH, ainsi que certaines bases de thermodynamique et cinétique sont tous des concepts qui peuvent être trouvés en oxydoréduction. Pour clarifier davantage les concepts discutés, un grand nombre de questions et problèmes avec réponses détaillées sont fournis. La plupart de ces questions sont formulées par des étudiants comme vous. Je crois que cette Sectio...
Ce petit livre (Partie 1) résume quelques principes de chimie d'oxydoréduction (électrochimie... more Ce petit livre (Partie 1) résume quelques principes de chimie d'oxydoréduction (électrochimie) en solution. Chaque section du livre contient des résumés référencés, concis et clairs des concepts d'oxydoréduction. Plus de 250 questions et problèmes avec solution sont fournis afin de clarifier davantage les principes discutés.
This short book (part 1) summarizes some basics of redox chemistry (electrochemistry) in solution... more This short book (part 1) summarizes some basics of redox chemistry (electrochemistry) in solution. Each section of the book contains concise and clear referenced summaries of redox concepts. Over 250 answered questions and problems are provided to further clarify the discussed principles.
La presente these est consacree globalement a la synthese et a la caracterisation de nouveaux pol... more La presente these est consacree globalement a la synthese et a la caracterisation de nouveaux polyxometallates (POMs) susceptibles de catalyser efficacement plusieurs reactions interessantes en solution comme celles des oxydes d'azote, du dioxygene et du peroxyde d'hydrogene. Pour favoriser la catalyse de ces differentes reactions sans avoir des problemes concernant le melange des catalyseurs et des produits reactionnels, nous avons immobilise divers POMs, d'une part dans des matrices dite de type "sol-gel" et d'autre part dans des films de type "couche par couche" (LBL). Dans la premiere partie, plusieurs nouveaux POMs ont ete synthetises et caracterises par differentes techniques comme la cristallographie des rayons X, l'analyse elementaire, la spectroscopie Infra-Rouge et la voltammetrie cyclique. L'activite de ces composes dans la reduction electrocatalytique des oxydes d'azote, du dioxygene et du peroxyde d'hydrogene a ete mis...
The synthesis and characterization of the previously unknown mixed-metal sandwich-type Wells–Daws... more The synthesis and characterization of the previously unknown mixed-metal sandwich-type Wells–Dawson complexes, abba[(Zn II OH2)2(Fe III )2(P2W15O56)2] 14– (Zn2Fe2P4) and abba-[(Zn II OH2)2(Fe III )2(As2W15O56)2] 14– (Zn2Fe2As4), are described. The complexes are prepared by the reaction of Zn(II) with the divacant lacunary species, aaaa-[(NaOH2)2(Fe III )2(P2W15O56)2] 16– and aaaa-[(NaOH2)2(Fe III )2(As2W15O56)2] 16– , respectively, and are characterized by X-ray crystallography, infrared and NMR spectroscopy, elemental and thermogravimetric analyses, differential scanning calorimetry, and cyclic voltammetry. Like their analogues, abba-[(Mn II OH2)2(Fe III )2(P2W15O56)2] 14– (Mn2Fe2P4) and abba-[(Mn II OH2)2(Fe III )2(As2W15O56)2] 14– (Mn2Fe2As4), the remarkable stability observed for these complexes from pH 0 to at least 6 has permitted a comprehensive evaluation of their electrocatalytic abilities toward the reduction of O2 ,H 2O2 ,H NO2 and NO. A comparison of the properties of th...
ABSTRACT Today, sensing represents one of the key topics in current science and technology. Polyo... more ABSTRACT Today, sensing represents one of the key topics in current science and technology. Polyoxometalates (POMs), which are defined as early transition metal clusters, are considered as one of the most growing fields of research and development in sensing. This paper discusses the promising prospects of POMs in sensing. The paper starts with brief definitions about the formation of POMs. The two basic structures of POMs, Keggin and Dawson, as well as some combined structures are discussed. The interesting properties of POMs particularly as acid catalysts, in medicine, in redox chemistry and in magnetism are briefly mentioned. The main methods used for the deposition of POMs on solid supports (substrates) including chemisorption, electrodeposition, encapsulation in polymers and sol–gels, immobilization using the Langmuir–Blodgett process, layer by layer assemblies as well as deposition via formation of hybrid POM–organic moieties are discussed with their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the potential applications of immobilized POMs on solid substrates as sensors for the detection and determination of analytes both in liquid and in the gas phase are addressed and compared.
ABSTRACT Classical electrophoretic deposition (EPD) relies on continuous direct current (CDC) to ... more ABSTRACT Classical electrophoretic deposition (EPD) relies on continuous direct current (CDC) to deposit charged particles on electrodes. In recent decades, modulated electric fields such as pulsed direct current (PDC) and alternating current (AC) have been investigated. This paper reviews EPD under these modulated electric fields and major applications of the deposited microstructures. The paper starts with a short overview of EPD principals such as the electrical double layer of the charged particle, electrophoretic mobility and main suspension parameters including zeta potential, particle size, conductivity, viscosity and stability of the suspension. The EPD mechanisms from the earliest model reported by Hamaker and Verwey to latest models including Sarkar and Nicholson model and influence of the electrohydrodynamics and electroosmosis as well as electrode surface and its electrochemical double layer on the deposition process have been briefly discussed. Two categories of modulated electric fields, PDC and AC fields have been addressed with their advantages and disadvantages. It is found that compared to CDC, PDC offers the advantage of: i) reducing the coalescence between gas bubbles induced by water electrolysis from aqueous suspensions, hence yielding deposition of smooth and uniform coatings, ii) reducing aggregation and disaggregation of nanometer sized particles, leading to formation of uniform and homogenous deposits and, iii) PDC generates low change in pH near the electrode, thus it is convenient for deposition of biochemical and biological species in their highly active states. The main disadvantage of PDC over CDC lies in the decrease of the deposition yield. The latter can be more pronounced if low time-pulses are used. Various categories of AC signals including symmetrical fields with no net DC component and asymmetrical AC signals without and with net DC component have been discussed. Overall, the deposition rate under AC fields increases with polarization time and amplitude. With respect to frequency, the deposition rate increases with frequency up to certain value then drops at elevated frequencies. It is noted that deposition under AC signals offers the possibility to produce superior quality coatings from aqueous suspensions because electrolysis of water as well as particle orientation during the deposition could be controlled. From the application standpoint, PDC and AC, offers new application perspectives such as in biotechnology. Because under modulated electric fields, EPD can now be accomplished from aqueous suspensions with low water electrolysis rates, a variety of biochemical and biological species can be deposited to yield highly active layers suitable for a wide range of applications including biosensors, biofuel cells and bioreactors.
ABSTRACT In this account, [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62 hybrid material was further characterized by X-ray dif... more ABSTRACT In this account, [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62 hybrid material was further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. XRD illustrated that compared to the parent K6P2Mo18O62·nH2O, where 92 % of the structure is crystalline, 84 % of the structure of [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62 hybrid material is fine-grain amorphous and only 16 % is crystalline. This was attributed to the replacement of most of the protons and constitution water molecules in K6P2Mo18O62·nH2O by [BMIM]+ cations. TEM showed that K6P2Mo18O62·nH2O has uniform and spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of ~100 nm. However, the hybrid material displayed less uniform morphology with spherical and variously shaped nanoparticles with diameters varying from ~10 to 100 nm. Raman spectroscopy of [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62 illustrated that peaks of the Dawson [P2Mo18O62]6− unit in [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62 hybrid material are not obvious due to the overlap with the peaks of [BMIM]+. The latter was related to the large number of [BMIM]+ cations surrounding the Dawson unit in the hybrid material. [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62 was immobilized on glassy carbon electrode and studied by electrochemistry. Linear sweep voltammetry illustrated that unlike the parent polyoxoanion [P2Mo18O62]6− which showed no particular catalytic activity towards the oxidation of the NADH coenzyme, the hybrid material [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62 is found to efficiently catalyze the oxidation of the NADH coenzyme at low overpotentials. Amperometry revealed high sensitivities (~1.97 μA mM−1 mm−2) and extended linearity (~9.1 mM) of [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62/GC electrode towards the oxidation of the NADH coenzyme.
As a teacher of physical chemistry, I noticed that students, even in advanced classes, have diffi... more As a teacher of physical chemistry, I noticed that students, even in advanced classes, have difficulties in understanding the basics of redox chemistry. In this Section 6, I attempted to discuss some applications of the Nernst equation in electrochemical systems, including energy (consumption or generation), corrosion, redox titration, as well as the study of solubility, precipitation, and complexation processes. To further clarify the discussed concepts, numerous questions and problems with detailed answers are provided. Most of these questions are formulated by students like you. I believe that this Section 6 would greatly help students with levels varying from high school to advanced university classes.
En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des cl... more En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des classes avancées, ont des difficultés à comprendre les bases d'oxydoréduction (chimie redox ou électrochimie). La quantification des quantités d'oxydoréduction comme les potentiels nécessite des systèmes (ou électrodes) de référence pour comparaison. La Section 4 discute l'importance des systèmes (ou électrodes) de référence dans la détermination des grandeurs électrochimiques. Plusieurs électrodes de référence avec leurs potentiels standards sont fournies, et les tendances des potentiels redox à travers le tableau périodique sont résumées. La Section 5 résume les composants de base des cellules électrochimiques en termes d'électrode et d'électrolyte, ainsi que les principales quantités mathématiques régissant les réactions d'oxydoréduction à l'équilibre expliquées par l'équation de Nernst. Pour clarifier davantage les concepts discutés, un grand nombre de q...
En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des cl... more En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des classes avancées, ont des difficultés à comprendre les bases d'oxydoréduction (chimie redox ou électrochimie). Dans cette Section 3, j'ai discuté certains principes d'oxydoréduction, en se concentrant sur les espèces qui peuvent perdre ou gagner des électrons, la détermination des nombres (ou états) d'oxydation des atomes dans des substances ainsi que les diverses façons d'équilibrer les réactions d'oxydoréduction. Pour clarifier davantage les concepts discutés, un grand nombre de questions et problèmes avec réponses détaillées sont fournis. La plupart de ces questions sont formulées par des étudiants comme vous. Je crois que cette Section 3 aiderait grandement les étudiants avec des niveaux variant de l'école secondaire aux cours universitaires avancés.
As a teacher of physical chemistry, I noticed that students, even in advanced classes, have diffi... more As a teacher of physical chemistry, I noticed that students, even in advanced classes, have difficulties in understanding the basics of redox chemistry. In this Section 3, I attempted to discuss some fundamental principles related to redox processes, by focusing on the species that might lose or gain electrons, determination of the oxidation numbers (or states) of atoms in compounds, and ways of balancing redox reactions. To further clarify the discussed concepts, numerous questions and problems with detailed answers are provided. Most of these questions are formulated by students like you. I believe that this Section 3 would greatly help students with levels varying from high school to advanced university classes.
En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des cl... more En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des classes avancées, ont des difficultés à comprendre les bases d'oxydoréduction (chimie redox ou électrochimie). Cette Section 2 résume certains principes fondamentaux relatifs aux électrons incluant la structure atomique, le tableau périodique, les principaux modèles électroniques, la configuration électronique et les niveaux d'énergie des électrons. En particulier, l'identification de la configuration électronique des éléments et la visualisation des électrons dans leurs couches externes sont des concepts très importants pour comprendre les processus d'oxydoréduction. Pour clarifier davantage les concepts discutés, un grand nombre de questions et problèmes avec réponses détaillées sont fournis. La plupart de ces questions sont formulées par des étudiants comme vous. Je crois que cette Section 2 aiderait grandement les étudiants avec des niveaux variant de l'école second...
En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des cl... more En tant que professeure de chimie physique, j'ai remarqué que les étudiants, même dans des classes avancées, ont des difficultés à comprendre les bases d'oxydoréduction (chimie redox ou électrochimie). Dans cette Section 1, j'ai essayé de résumer certains principes fondamentaux de chimie utiles en oxydoréduction d'une manière concise et claire. Les étudiants ont souvent des difficultés à relier la CHIMIE à l'ÉLECTROCHIMIE, en pensant que les deux sont séparés les uns des autres. Les concepts de chimie, tels que les solvants, les électrolytes, la conductivité ionique, l'acidité, l'alcalinité (basicité), le pH, ainsi que certaines bases de thermodynamique et cinétique sont tous des concepts qui peuvent être trouvés en oxydoréduction. Pour clarifier davantage les concepts discutés, un grand nombre de questions et problèmes avec réponses détaillées sont fournis. La plupart de ces questions sont formulées par des étudiants comme vous. Je crois que cette Sectio...
Ce petit livre (Partie 1) résume quelques principes de chimie d'oxydoréduction (électrochimie... more Ce petit livre (Partie 1) résume quelques principes de chimie d'oxydoréduction (électrochimie) en solution. Chaque section du livre contient des résumés référencés, concis et clairs des concepts d'oxydoréduction. Plus de 250 questions et problèmes avec solution sont fournis afin de clarifier davantage les principes discutés.
This short book (part 1) summarizes some basics of redox chemistry (electrochemistry) in solution... more This short book (part 1) summarizes some basics of redox chemistry (electrochemistry) in solution. Each section of the book contains concise and clear referenced summaries of redox concepts. Over 250 answered questions and problems are provided to further clarify the discussed principles.
La presente these est consacree globalement a la synthese et a la caracterisation de nouveaux pol... more La presente these est consacree globalement a la synthese et a la caracterisation de nouveaux polyxometallates (POMs) susceptibles de catalyser efficacement plusieurs reactions interessantes en solution comme celles des oxydes d'azote, du dioxygene et du peroxyde d'hydrogene. Pour favoriser la catalyse de ces differentes reactions sans avoir des problemes concernant le melange des catalyseurs et des produits reactionnels, nous avons immobilise divers POMs, d'une part dans des matrices dite de type "sol-gel" et d'autre part dans des films de type "couche par couche" (LBL). Dans la premiere partie, plusieurs nouveaux POMs ont ete synthetises et caracterises par differentes techniques comme la cristallographie des rayons X, l'analyse elementaire, la spectroscopie Infra-Rouge et la voltammetrie cyclique. L'activite de ces composes dans la reduction electrocatalytique des oxydes d'azote, du dioxygene et du peroxyde d'hydrogene a ete mis...
The synthesis and characterization of the previously unknown mixed-metal sandwich-type Wells–Daws... more The synthesis and characterization of the previously unknown mixed-metal sandwich-type Wells–Dawson complexes, abba[(Zn II OH2)2(Fe III )2(P2W15O56)2] 14– (Zn2Fe2P4) and abba-[(Zn II OH2)2(Fe III )2(As2W15O56)2] 14– (Zn2Fe2As4), are described. The complexes are prepared by the reaction of Zn(II) with the divacant lacunary species, aaaa-[(NaOH2)2(Fe III )2(P2W15O56)2] 16– and aaaa-[(NaOH2)2(Fe III )2(As2W15O56)2] 16– , respectively, and are characterized by X-ray crystallography, infrared and NMR spectroscopy, elemental and thermogravimetric analyses, differential scanning calorimetry, and cyclic voltammetry. Like their analogues, abba-[(Mn II OH2)2(Fe III )2(P2W15O56)2] 14– (Mn2Fe2P4) and abba-[(Mn II OH2)2(Fe III )2(As2W15O56)2] 14– (Mn2Fe2As4), the remarkable stability observed for these complexes from pH 0 to at least 6 has permitted a comprehensive evaluation of their electrocatalytic abilities toward the reduction of O2 ,H 2O2 ,H NO2 and NO. A comparison of the properties of th...
ABSTRACT Today, sensing represents one of the key topics in current science and technology. Polyo... more ABSTRACT Today, sensing represents one of the key topics in current science and technology. Polyoxometalates (POMs), which are defined as early transition metal clusters, are considered as one of the most growing fields of research and development in sensing. This paper discusses the promising prospects of POMs in sensing. The paper starts with brief definitions about the formation of POMs. The two basic structures of POMs, Keggin and Dawson, as well as some combined structures are discussed. The interesting properties of POMs particularly as acid catalysts, in medicine, in redox chemistry and in magnetism are briefly mentioned. The main methods used for the deposition of POMs on solid supports (substrates) including chemisorption, electrodeposition, encapsulation in polymers and sol–gels, immobilization using the Langmuir–Blodgett process, layer by layer assemblies as well as deposition via formation of hybrid POM–organic moieties are discussed with their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the potential applications of immobilized POMs on solid substrates as sensors for the detection and determination of analytes both in liquid and in the gas phase are addressed and compared.
ABSTRACT Classical electrophoretic deposition (EPD) relies on continuous direct current (CDC) to ... more ABSTRACT Classical electrophoretic deposition (EPD) relies on continuous direct current (CDC) to deposit charged particles on electrodes. In recent decades, modulated electric fields such as pulsed direct current (PDC) and alternating current (AC) have been investigated. This paper reviews EPD under these modulated electric fields and major applications of the deposited microstructures. The paper starts with a short overview of EPD principals such as the electrical double layer of the charged particle, electrophoretic mobility and main suspension parameters including zeta potential, particle size, conductivity, viscosity and stability of the suspension. The EPD mechanisms from the earliest model reported by Hamaker and Verwey to latest models including Sarkar and Nicholson model and influence of the electrohydrodynamics and electroosmosis as well as electrode surface and its electrochemical double layer on the deposition process have been briefly discussed. Two categories of modulated electric fields, PDC and AC fields have been addressed with their advantages and disadvantages. It is found that compared to CDC, PDC offers the advantage of: i) reducing the coalescence between gas bubbles induced by water electrolysis from aqueous suspensions, hence yielding deposition of smooth and uniform coatings, ii) reducing aggregation and disaggregation of nanometer sized particles, leading to formation of uniform and homogenous deposits and, iii) PDC generates low change in pH near the electrode, thus it is convenient for deposition of biochemical and biological species in their highly active states. The main disadvantage of PDC over CDC lies in the decrease of the deposition yield. The latter can be more pronounced if low time-pulses are used. Various categories of AC signals including symmetrical fields with no net DC component and asymmetrical AC signals without and with net DC component have been discussed. Overall, the deposition rate under AC fields increases with polarization time and amplitude. With respect to frequency, the deposition rate increases with frequency up to certain value then drops at elevated frequencies. It is noted that deposition under AC signals offers the possibility to produce superior quality coatings from aqueous suspensions because electrolysis of water as well as particle orientation during the deposition could be controlled. From the application standpoint, PDC and AC, offers new application perspectives such as in biotechnology. Because under modulated electric fields, EPD can now be accomplished from aqueous suspensions with low water electrolysis rates, a variety of biochemical and biological species can be deposited to yield highly active layers suitable for a wide range of applications including biosensors, biofuel cells and bioreactors.
ABSTRACT In this account, [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62 hybrid material was further characterized by X-ray dif... more ABSTRACT In this account, [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62 hybrid material was further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. XRD illustrated that compared to the parent K6P2Mo18O62·nH2O, where 92 % of the structure is crystalline, 84 % of the structure of [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62 hybrid material is fine-grain amorphous and only 16 % is crystalline. This was attributed to the replacement of most of the protons and constitution water molecules in K6P2Mo18O62·nH2O by [BMIM]+ cations. TEM showed that K6P2Mo18O62·nH2O has uniform and spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of ~100 nm. However, the hybrid material displayed less uniform morphology with spherical and variously shaped nanoparticles with diameters varying from ~10 to 100 nm. Raman spectroscopy of [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62 illustrated that peaks of the Dawson [P2Mo18O62]6− unit in [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62 hybrid material are not obvious due to the overlap with the peaks of [BMIM]+. The latter was related to the large number of [BMIM]+ cations surrounding the Dawson unit in the hybrid material. [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62 was immobilized on glassy carbon electrode and studied by electrochemistry. Linear sweep voltammetry illustrated that unlike the parent polyoxoanion [P2Mo18O62]6− which showed no particular catalytic activity towards the oxidation of the NADH coenzyme, the hybrid material [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62 is found to efficiently catalyze the oxidation of the NADH coenzyme at low overpotentials. Amperometry revealed high sensitivities (~1.97 μA mM−1 mm−2) and extended linearity (~9.1 mM) of [BMIM]6P2Mo18O62/GC electrode towards the oxidation of the NADH coenzyme.
There are two sides to every story until there is only one. The story of mankind is the story of ... more There are two sides to every story until there is only one. The story of mankind is the story of lies and deceit to self and others. Humans tend to look at life's equation from a very limited perspective with good and evil as two separate sides of the story. But isn't it human nature to play with evil? In this essay, I attempted to answer whether there is a universal and transcendent definition of good and evil because these notions impact the universal principles dictating right and wrong and how people should act in any situation. They also determine how one should live his or her life and how people should act with minimum negative consequences on themselves and others. I found that good and evil are two sides of the same coin. Evil is not the creation of a third party as humans assume but rather the result of human action. It is often what humans consider as good that creates evil because good is always associated with drugs, including food, sex, children, goods, money, religion, fame, and power, among many others that make people happy. When the drugs get out of control, they turn into evil because balance is always on the lookout to correct any excess to zero math equations. In other words, there is no winning or losing in a universe governed by balance but there is only zero, making this number as everything in this universe instead of nothing as defined by our mathematical jargon.
Life is a question, death is a mystery, and in between, there are Deities and Gods to explain it ... more Life is a question, death is a mystery, and in between, there are Deities and Gods to explain it all. From the earlier times and roots of all religions, humans tend to address various Deities and Gods based on the culture of language and tradition, grasping into the belief of the truth to unconditionally share their worries and desires with something they believed in. When problems emerge, prayer is a valid answer for an unexplainable relief, heavenly healing that anyone can receive. The concept of Deities and Gods has evolved throughout the history of mankind from modest figures in distinct geographical areas into massive personas comprising billions of human followers. Today, an estimated 10,000 distinct religions exist worldwide all with distinct and complex personalities but with the same Ultimate Reality. But what are these Deities and Gods that fascinated mankind for millennia? Is there a better Deity or God than others as believers claim? Are these Deities and Gods divine, truthful, and immortal or is there a simple answer to explain it all? In this essay, I analyzed the behavior of lifeform species and their induced patterns, including humans throughout their evolution, and concluded that lifeform species only care about their game of abundance and success, just like a drug addict who wants to satisfy his/her cravings at all means even through killing. These drugs based on food and sex push lifeforms to multiply at very fast rates when the right conditions are met at the expense of massive and continuous destruction of their habitat until reaching the threshold for balance to manifest itself as death. Therefore, a human as an assembly of various cell patterns dies not because of cell errors as biologists claim but rather because of the corrupt nature of cell species, which translate into genetic errors. The result is a corrupt human with a massive ego, subject to pain and death. Pain because these assemblies did not come together through free will but rather forced to do so by their corrupt Deities and Gods. Death because the cells are corrupt since they always want more and more in terms of numbers and resources to exhaust their system as quickly as they can and die soon after. Just like cell patterns, humans self-assemble into clusters driven by ethnicity, culture, art, science/technology, philosophy, politics, economy, and religion. These human dynamic assembly patterns from small to large and simple to complex are driven by positive and negative emotions and motivation. The game of competition for more and more to satisfy various human desires results in the depletion and destruction of the habitat with a future mass extinction on the menu. Among human patterns, those driven by religion led by various Deities and Gods are the most significant since they gather billions of people. To grow the patterns, various Deities and Gods instruct humans to procreate as much as they can without care for the quality of human life, childhood, women's health, human evolution, planet preservation and durability, growth of consciousness in the universe, freewill and establishment of new patterns, rights of minorities, slavery, among many other factors. What matter to religious patterns is to amass as many followers in a short time, through soft or hard ways like religious conflicts and wars, in an effort to establish consistent mathematical equations. Therefore, religious patterns are fashioned mostly the hard way by wiping up free will from people directly or indirectly, making them prone to pain. Additionally, they are corrupt since they disrespect balance by forcing excess procreation regardless of collateral damage to human life or the environment, thereby prone to death. For these patterns, a human life reduces to a mathematical point in a pattern hoping to establish an equation over time with strong consistency and power aiming to rule over the other patterns (equations). This account is complementary to previous reports.
In life and death, everyone enters with specific performance and exits with an ambiguous enchantm... more In life and death, everyone enters with specific performance and exits with an ambiguous enchantment. Most of us view life as of little use that should be lived to the fullest because the undermined death challenges us not to waste it. But is death the end, or only one stage of a long learning process to deliver an elegant performance, a perfectly fitting end? The concept of life after death goes back to ancient times with notions stretching from destiny/fate to freewill/punishment and soul. But are these ancient beliefs, which later became parts of religious doctrines, pure human fantasies, or misunderstood reality? In this essay, I analyzed a human life as a particle-wave presented by a non-harmonic sinusoidal plane wave encompassing the sum of actions and consequence events and wondered whether one could endure the consequences of all its actions in one single life-term. My conclusions point to the most unlikely answer because of BALANCE. This mysterious force, which baffles the eyes and confuses the mind, displays itself only as ²death², but exists at various moderate stages, always on the lookout trying to overcome any unbalances before manifesting itself as the ultimate death when the threshold is reached and nothing can be done to balance the system otherwise. Since balance is fundamental to everything in our universe, it must therefore apply to human actions and resulting consequences as well. An efficient way to establish a balance of one’s decisions/actions is by first mirroring its information and then trying to solve the equation, not by finding one definite solution but several possible solutions, and any solution must be correct. Therefore, consciousness first creates a mirror (or the opposite) of the equation describing the sum of one’s decisions/actions during its life term and then tries to adjust the equation in a way that fits with the Will of consciousness, which is harmonics. Such a mirror half-waveform is actually a simulation of the actual data obtained by reversing the sign, which will transfer at the moment of death through collapse into a newly fertilized egg to serve as a copy for mentoring the new baby (successor of the deceased) throughout its current life-term by trying to balance the main failed points of the previous life. However, since consciousness works on minimum energy, not every point will be balanced in this life term either but some will further transfer to the next life terms until achieving a harmonic waveform. Freewill is thus limited due to the balance and waveform characteristics of consciousness, which aims to produce harmonics at the end of the evolution of each species. And destiny will always be there to solve previous unbalances of one’s decisions/actions, and since consciousness through balance controls the next collapses, no human could escape its destiny. However, if one is wise enough to use its limited free will, it may correct the future course of events if willing to do the necessary work to surpass the gap of energy that he/she owes in the simulated mirror half-wave. For the soul, it is reasonable to define it as the sum of information of all cycles or life-terms from the start to finish of evolution because what matters, in the end, is reaching harmony for possible use by consciousness. At that point, the free will that gradually declined throughout evolution will approach almost zero and there will be no reason for the human, which passed through millions or maybe billions of years of evolutionary learning, to feel the freedom of choice because it already learned everything it should according to the natural way of order or universal code, not the manmade code. In short, nothing goes to waste in a universe governed by balance, and every action will have consequences, in one way or another, in this life or the next. This account is complementary to previous reports and written in simplified language for accessibility by scientists and general public.
The universe is vast and unexplored, and explicit answers are rare, leaving some of us wondering ... more The universe is vast and unexplored, and explicit answers are rare, leaving some of us wondering what is it all about. Despite the hurly-burly of everyday life, you have probably wondered, at least once in a while, about the meaning of life whether on your own or collectively. Some think that life is intended to realize one's potential and ideal, while others believe that life is meant to do good and right through love and enjoyment of living. Other interpretations of the purpose of life include the quest for wisdom and knowledge, achieving biological perfection through immortality, and search for power. But is there a more profound and fundamental answer to what is it all about? In this essay, I analyzed the behavior of fundamental particles (photon, hypothetical graviton, gluon, and boson) in terms of their potential energies and produced force fields, and found that the mathematical quantification of their forces reveals predictable and consistent behaviors that made them useful for the formation of our universe. I also analyzed the evolution of lifeforms on Earth to clarify the reason behind the consistent behavior of successful species. I found that death, especially by predation, is the force that drives a species from chaos to order and predictability. It is the death force that keeps a system (with lifespan cycles) in balance. Mathematically, it is the force that establishes the proportionality constants for a species to guide it toward predictability and hope in finding functionality. Without death, there is no evolution, no consistent species, and no universe. I then compared the behavior of the human species to those of successful species and concluded that humans failed in many aspects. The human species is unsuccessful in regulating its numbers, depleted its natural resources, destroyed its habitat and ecosystem, polluted its environment, and induced climate change, to name a few. In addition, overfeeding, unhealthy lifestyle, use of stimulants, vaccines and drugs, and rejection of death induced a mess in evolution. Since humans are predator-free, consciousness periodically throws a pandemic in the human path to keep evolution on track. Covid-19 is just one example among many pandemics, but humans always respond by creating more chaos for themselves due to lack of awareness. However, pushing unbalances too far will reach a threshold and result in a new extinction. That is not the first time that humans attained considerable advancement and reached out to other planets. Traces of ancient civilizations can be found all over the globe. But because humans always failed in keeping themselves in balance, they start from scratch every time without becoming something. A successful human species will have a very long-term plan to evolve for hundreds of million years in the future. It will self-regulate in numbers, work together and collaborate, establish an economic system that will serve evolution, avoid excess in any form, promote hard physical and mental training, have control over desires and greed, avoid hypocrisy and lies, and accept and respect death as part of the evolution process. The meaning of life is to evolve into the fittest physically, strong mentally, and above all, more conscious about self and everything else. The human talent lies in its brain that mediates consciousness but finding functionality will require at least some hundreds of million years of further evolution. This can be achieved by following the universal logic founded by behaviors of various species in the universe that worked very hard to establish themselves with predictability and consistency after a long evolution path from chaos to order, which formed the foundation of mathematics. Therefore, to be successful and ensure functionality, humans must follow the universal logic not their own rules based on tradition, culture, religion, among many other ideas
Is Frequency the Carrier of Consciousness, and is the Ultimate Goal of Universe to Grow Consciousness?: Introduction to ''Consciousness Wave Force'' , 2020
Have you ever felt as if your life is held in balance by an unknown force that you could not desc... more Have you ever felt as if your life is held in balance by an unknown force that you could not describe or comprehend? You can not see it, hear it, taste it, smell it or touch it, but it is there influencing every moment of your life from birth to death. The underlying complexity of human perception goes often overlooked but by reaching higher consciousness, one could realize the true value of our existence. But what exactly is consciousness? When did start and how did it evolve? Is it independent of the physical world or rooted in it? Is consciousness creation of the human mind or everything in the universe has consciousness? Are there many types of consciousness or only one that rules them all? Could it be quantified and compared from one lifeform or structure to another or is it too complex to grasp? Consciousness has widely been studied by philosophers and scientists but describing its nature or essential attributes is still puzzling. In this essay, I examined the reoccurrence of patterns in the universe and came to the conclusion that consciousness is carried out by the frequency of a wave, which I named consciousness wave force. This master wave comprises, from high to low frequency, at least the four fundamental forces (strong force, electromagnetism, weak interaction and gravity) and information, presented by strength (or amplitude) in the ordinate and frequency in the abscissa. Other components may also be included, whether something we did or did not yet discover. This master wave works through collapse with matter, which may explain the wave-particle duality aspect of matter, formation of antimatter, the reoccurrence of similar patterns throughout the universe, the equilibrium or balance characteristic of nature, the extraordinary diversity of lifeforms and structures in the universe, emergence of early lifeforms on Earth, the illusion of time as we perceive it, and death of lifeforms and structures, among others. This wave proposes that the physical world we perceive with our senses is in a balanced state with a virtual realm, called the fabric of consciousness made up by networks of consciousness wave force. A better understanding of this consciousness wave force will allow quantification of consciousness, as well as advancement of artificial or machine consciousness, and who knows how humans may look like in the future. This account is complementary to two previous reports and written in a simplified language to make it accessible for both the scientists and the general public.
https://www.amazon.com/Frequency-Carrier-Consciousness-Ultimate-Universe/dp/1096127245/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Is+Frequency+the+Carrier+of+Consciousness%2C+and+is+the+Ultimate+Goal+of+Universe+to+Grow+Consciousness%3F%3A+Introduction+to+%27%27Consciousness+Wave+Force%27%27&qid=1585092744&s=digital-text&sr=1-1-catcorr
One way or another, you likely heard the terms ''paranormal'', ''supernatural'' or ''sixth sense'... more One way or another, you likely heard the terms ''paranormal'', ''supernatural'' or ''sixth sense'', whether through the longest-running science fiction series ''The X-Files'' or the 1999 American supernatural horror film ''The Six Sense''. These interchangeable terms, oftentimes referred to as paranormal, encompass phenomena that could not be explained by the current scientific view of laws of nature. Paranormal phenomena include dreams, telepathy, telekinesis, reincarnation, divination, prophecy, haunting, and curses, among others. Paranormal topics are usually ignored by the scientific community due to lack of solid evidence, and any attempt to provide rational explanations usually results in raised brows and smirks. Of course, most reported paranormal phenomena are fraud, self-delusion and/or self-deception but a faction of events might hold some truth and merit investigation. The truth of the matter is that a little is so far provided to rationalize paranormal occurrences due to their extreme complexity. Besides, existing explanations are often phrased in vague terms, such as "psychic forces", "human energy fields", and even propositions speculating the existence of a fifth physical force in addition to the four known forces being gravity, electromagnetism, weak and strong forces. But do we really need these ambiguous expressions to comprehend at least part of the paranormal events or could current science provide some answers? In this essay, I questioned the credibility of a few documented and personal accounts that may hold some truth and found that our current advances in science and technology may offer some clarifications. I propose that humans own ''wireless senses'', which are our advanced biological tools for remote diffusion and pick up of information and energy coded in beams of electromagnetic waves. However, how such processes occur and the mechanisms that trigger them are still unclear. These senses can prevail under certain circumstances and fail under others. The precise locations of such senses are still shrouded in mystery but two oppositions are provided. The first being the thalamus and the second is simply hair as biological antennas. Using the human wireless senses, paranormal experiences like dreams, telepathy, and telekinesis may be explained through real-time ''broadcast-reception'' of information and energy from one human to another. Occasionally, the transfer of information and energy does not reach the receiver in real time but instead, become trapped and encoded in storage media made of materials around us or in the universe. This gives rise to the concept of ''broadcast-storage-retrieval'' of information and energy, which might clarify paranormal occurrences like reincarnation, divination, revelation, prophecy, curses, among others. The identification of such senses would surely open novel avenues for practical transmission of communication and energy. Once reinforced technologically using implants, future communication and energy transfer will hopefully take place telepathically and telekinetically via the human wireless senses instead of cell phones, email messaging, remote controls, among other gadgets. This account is written in a simplified language to make it accessible for both the scientists and the general public.
Our current telescopes can perceive the Universe with only an oval shape. What if there is more? ... more Our current telescopes can perceive the Universe with only an oval shape. What if there is more? This short note proposes that the Universe is polymerizing to form something at the end of the process. It is written in a simplified language that can be understood by nonscientists and the general public.
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Papers by Malika Ammam
In this essay, I attempted to answer whether there is a universal and transcendent definition of good and evil because these notions impact the universal principles dictating right and wrong and how people should act in any situation. They also determine how one should live his or her life and how people should act with minimum negative consequences on themselves and others. I found that good and evil are two sides of the same coin. Evil is not the creation of a third party as humans assume but rather the result of human action. It is often what humans consider as good that creates evil because good is always associated with drugs, including food, sex, children, goods, money, religion, fame, and power, among many others that make people happy. When the drugs get out of control, they turn into evil because balance is always on the lookout to correct any excess to zero math equations. In other words, there is no winning or losing in a universe governed by balance but there is only zero, making this number as everything in this universe instead of nothing as defined by our mathematical jargon.
In this essay, I analyzed a human life as a particle-wave presented by a non-harmonic sinusoidal plane wave encompassing the sum of actions and consequence events and wondered whether one could endure the consequences of all its actions in one single life-term. My conclusions point to the most unlikely answer because of BALANCE. This mysterious force, which baffles the eyes and confuses the mind, displays itself only as ²death², but exists at various moderate stages, always on the lookout trying to overcome any unbalances before manifesting itself as the ultimate death when the threshold is reached and nothing can be done to balance the system otherwise. Since balance is fundamental to everything in our universe, it must therefore apply to human actions and resulting consequences as well. An efficient way to establish a balance of one’s decisions/actions is by first mirroring its information and then trying to solve the equation, not by finding one definite solution but several possible solutions, and any solution must be correct. Therefore, consciousness first creates a mirror (or the opposite) of the equation describing the sum of one’s decisions/actions during its life term and then tries to adjust the equation in a way that fits with the Will of consciousness, which is harmonics. Such a mirror half-waveform is actually a simulation of the actual data obtained by reversing the sign, which will transfer at the moment of death through collapse into a newly fertilized egg to serve as a copy for mentoring the new baby (successor of the deceased) throughout its current life-term by trying to balance the main failed points of the previous life. However, since consciousness works on minimum energy, not every point will be balanced in this life term either but some will further transfer to the next life terms until achieving a harmonic waveform. Freewill is thus limited due to the balance and waveform characteristics of consciousness, which aims to produce harmonics at the end of the evolution of each species. And destiny will always be there to solve previous unbalances of one’s decisions/actions, and since consciousness through balance controls the next collapses, no human could escape its destiny. However, if one is wise enough to use its limited free will, it may correct the future course of events if willing to do the necessary work to surpass the gap of energy that he/she owes in the simulated mirror half-wave. For the soul, it is reasonable to define it as the sum of information of all cycles or life-terms from the start to finish of evolution because what matters, in the end, is reaching harmony for possible use by consciousness. At that point, the free will that gradually declined throughout evolution will approach almost zero and there will be no reason for the human, which passed through millions or maybe billions of years of evolutionary learning, to feel the freedom of choice because it already learned everything it should according to the natural way of order or universal code, not the manmade code. In short, nothing goes to waste in a universe governed by balance, and every action will have consequences, in one way or another, in this life or the next. This account is complementary to previous reports and written in simplified language for accessibility by scientists and general public.
https://www.amazon.com/Frequency-Carrier-Consciousness-Ultimate-Universe/dp/1096127245/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Is+Frequency+the+Carrier+of+Consciousness%2C+and+is+the+Ultimate+Goal+of+Universe+to+Grow+Consciousness%3F%3A+Introduction+to+%27%27Consciousness+Wave+Force%27%27&qid=1585092744&s=digital-text&sr=1-1-catcorr