The paper underlines a new and unconventional approach in the estimation of long and medium range... more The paper underlines a new and unconventional approach in the estimation of long and medium range Tarbela inflow volume. Most outstanding feature of this approach is the indirect assessment of the melted snow pack using only Meteorological Parameters. More than 90% of the Tarbela inflow volume is caused by the melt water yield of the soft and hard snow pack deposited by the westerly waves affecting the catchment during the winter season from Oct to March. Such meteorological Parameters as are related to westerly waves have been Picked up and statistically tested to bear acceptable correlation with the predictants which are seasoned and monthly inflow volumes. Three predictors with variable names RA, Dir and WW representing the sum of Astore, Gupis, Skardu, Chilas and Gilgit winter rains, Winter rainfall of Dir and the Number of cloudy days(during winter) were finally selected for use in deriving the relationship for the total snowmelt volume as Similarly a number of relationships for computing the inflow volumes for the months of June, July, Aug and Sept have been obtained using the various predictors related to the respective monthly inflow volumes. Additionally a normal ratio method has also been worked out to compute the monthly volumes based upon the normal ratio of predicted total seasonal inflow volume.
The use of resonant CMOS frequency dividers with direct injection in frequency synthesizers has i... more The use of resonant CMOS frequency dividers with direct injection in frequency synthesizers has increased in recent years due to their lower power consumption compared to conventional digital prescalers. The theoretical and experimental aspects of these dividers have received great attention. This masters thesis work is a continuation of earlier work, based on the fundamentals of Injection-Locked Frequency Dividers (ILFD's). The LC CMOS ILFD with direct injection is wellknown for its divide-by-2 capability. However, it does not divide well by odd numbers. The goal of this master thesis work is to modify the LC CMOS ILFD with direct injection so that it can divide equally well by odd and even integers. In this master thesis report, an introduction to the basic concepts behind Injection-Locked frequency dividers is first presented. Some of the previous work and the background of a reference LC CMOS ILFD design are studied. The author, studied the reference design, and the experimental setup used for characterizing it's locking behavior. The algorithm used to characterize the locking behavior of this ILFD are explored to reproduce the results for divide-by-even numbers for the existing ILFD topology. Using a Spice model these results are also reproduced in simulations. Over the years, numerous ILFD circuit topologies have been proposed, most of which have been optimized for division by even numbers, especially divide-by-2. It has been more difficult to realize division by odd numbers, such as divide-by-3. This master thesis work develops a simple modification to an LC CMOS injection locked frequency divider (ILFD) with direct injection, which gives it a wide locking range both in the "divide-by-odd number" mode and in the conventional "divideby-even number" regime, thereby opening up applications which require frequency division by an odd number. The work presents the circuit architecture, SPICE simulations and experimental validation. Nyckelord Keywords Injection-Locked Frequency divider (ILFD), Phase Locked Loop(PLL), Frequency divider (FD) Secondly, I would like to pay my deepest gratitude to my respected supervisor Prof. Michael Peter Kennedy for providing me with the opportunity to work on this project. I feel very blessed to work under his dynamic and encouraging supervision. He is a man of responsibility, divergent knowledge, sharp thinking ability, producing multiple solutions and having excellent leading skills. His guidelines and knowledge not only helped me with this project but will also remain as a useful asset for my future life, educational and professional career. Further more, I would like to thank my examiner Prof.Atila Alvandpour and my University, Linköping University, for providing me with the opportunity to do my master thesis as an ERASMUS exchange student and also for helping me out in all administrative issues. I would also like to thank University College Cork Ireland and Tyndall National Institute for providing me with this valuable opportunity to study in Ireland. Lastly, I would like to thank my classmate M.A.Awan and two UCC students Huiyuan Xing and Xi Wu for their initial guidelines and support for this project.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Flood forecasting in a transboundary river basin is challenging due to insufficient data sharing ... more Flood forecasting in a transboundary river basin is challenging due to insufficient data sharing between countries in the upper and lower reaches of a basin. A solution is the use of satellite-observed rainfall and numerical weather prediction (NWP) for hydrological forecasting. We applied this method to the transboundary sparsely gauged Chenab River basin in Pakistan and India to reproduce the exceptionally high flood in 2014. We employed global NWPs by three weather centers to consider forecast uncertainty and downscaled them using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to prepare precipitation inputs. For hydrological simulations, we used a kinematic wave model, the Integrated Flood Analysis System (IFAS), for the upper-reach basin with high mountains and steep slopes, and we used a diffusive-wave rainfall-runoff-inundation (RRI) model for low altitudes and mild slopes. In our forecasting experiment, the precipitation by the global NWP was not able to predict flood peaks consistently. However, the downscaled rainfall by regional NWP showed good performance in predicting flood waves quantitatively, and a multimodel approach provided added value in issuing reliable warning as early as 6 days in advance. A confident streamflow forecasting near the border of the countries also led to reliable inundation forecasting by the RRI model in the lower-reach basin.
This paper presents a compact analog system-on-chip (SoC) implementation of a spiking neural netw... more This paper presents a compact analog system-on-chip (SoC) implementation of a spiking neural network (SNN) for low-power Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The low-power implementation of an SNN SoC requires the optimization of not only the SNN model but also the architecture and circuit designs. In this work, the SNN has been constituted from the analog neuron and synaptic circuits, which are designed to optimize both the chip area and power consumption. The proposed synapse circuit is based on a current multiplier charge injector (CMCI) circuit, which can significantly reduce power consumption and chip area compared with the previous work while allowing for design scalability for higher resolutions. The proposed neuron circuit employs an asynchronous structure, which makes it highly sensitive to input synaptic currents and enables it to achieve higher energy efficiency. To compare the performance of the proposed SoC in its area and power consumption, we implemented a digital S...
In patients hospitalised for COVID-19 with clinical hypoxia who required either no oxygen or simp... more In patients hospitalised for COVID-19 with clinical hypoxia who required either no oxygen or simple oxygen only, higher dose corticosteroids significantly increased the risk of death compared with usual care, which included low-dose corticosteroids. The RECOVERY trial continues to assess the effects of higher dose corticosteroids in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 who require non-invasive ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Large interactive touch screen displays are witnessing widespread acceptance among users, while a... more Large interactive touch screen displays are witnessing widespread acceptance among users, while approaching hundreds of Tx/Rx channels and reducing useable bandwidth. This presents several challenges and renders conventional touch detection methods ineffective. For smaller displays, employing concurrent Tx driving methods like Frequency Division Concurrent Driving (FDCD) or Coded Division Concurrent Driving (CDCD) improves SNR and substantially enhances report rate. In larger Touch Screen Panels (TSPs), however, it becomes difficult to drive the entire panel concurrently with either orthogonal frequencies or codes. In this work, a hybrid concurrent driving technique, which combines both FDCD and CDCD, is proposed and evaluated. The proposed driving technique aims to achieve better efficiency in terms of utilizing limited frequency bandwidth and improving the SNR. This work realizes the proposed driving technique by a MATLAB implementation. This paper includes SNR analysis for various scenarios, to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. The analysis reveals that the proposed method performs reliably under significant amount of noise for all corner cases.
SUMMARYBackgroundWe evaluated the use of baricitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK) 1/2 inhibitor, for the... more SUMMARYBackgroundWe evaluated the use of baricitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK) 1/2 inhibitor, for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital because of COVID-19.MethodsThis randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing multiple possible treatments in patients hospitalised for COVID-19. Eligible and consenting patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone (usual care group) or usual care plus baricitinib 4 mg once daily by mouth for 10 days or until discharge if sooner (baricitinib group). The primary outcome was 28-day mortality assessed in the intention-to-treat population. A meta-analysis was conducted that included the results from the RECOVERY trial and all previous randomised controlled trials of baricitinib or other JAK inhibitor in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. The RECOVERY trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) andclinicaltrials.gov(NCT04381936).FindingsBetween...
To realize a large-scale Spiking Neural Network (SNN) on hardware for mobile applications, area a... more To realize a large-scale Spiking Neural Network (SNN) on hardware for mobile applications, area and power optimized electronic circuit design is critical. In this work, an area and power optimized hardware implementation of a large-scale SNN for real time IoT applications is presented. The analog Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) implementation incorporates neuron and synaptic circuits optimized for area and power consumption. The asynchronous neuronal circuits implemented benefit from higher energy efficiency and higher sensitivity. The proposed synapse circuit based on Binary Exponential Charge Injector (BECI) saves area and power consumption, and provides design scalability for higher resolutions. The SNN model implemented is optimized for 9 × 9 pixel input image and minimum bit-width weights that can satisfy target accuracy, occupies less area and power consumption. Moreover, the spiking neural network is replicated in full digital implementation for area and power ...
2020 International SoC Design Conference (ISOCC), 2020
Spiking neural networks performs efficient learning and recognition tasks by mimicking the neural... more Spiking neural networks performs efficient learning and recognition tasks by mimicking the neural biology of human brain. To realize a large-scale network on chip for mobile applications an area and power optimized electronic neuron along with synapse is essential. In this paper we present an analog CMOS based implementation of neuron and synapse circuits realized using 180nm process. The neurons integrate input currents from the synapse inputs and generate a spike output event based on the membrane potential. The proposed circuits have been optimized for area and power consumption and therefore can be used as key components to form a large spiking neural network.
2021 18th International SoC Design Conference (ISOCC), 2021
Convolutional Neural Networks benefit from higher accuracy at the cost of higher hardware require... more Convolutional Neural Networks benefit from higher accuracy at the cost of higher hardware requirements and power consumption. The multiply and accumulate unit ((MAC), which perform the convolution operation inside a CNN, consumes a significant amount of power consumption. In this work we propose a mixed-signal approach for implementing analog MAC unit that can replace the digital MAC units in CNNs. The Analog MAC unit architecture is constituted from binary weighted current steering DAC circuit and capacitors. A digital parallel interfaced is designed to provide input image and filter values to the MAC unit. To realize an input layer for the CNN a low power ADC is then employed at the output to convert the final value back to digital value. When a 3×3 convolution is performed the analog MAC unit offers area and power consumption benefits.
2021 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2021
Spiking Neural Networks having biological plausible architecture are considered to be more suitab... more Spiking Neural Networks having biological plausible architecture are considered to be more suitable for energy efficient hardware implementation. When it comes to realize the hardware implementation of a large-scale Neural network for mobile applications, area and power consumption constraints become more critical. Optimizing Spiking neural network, constituting of neuron and synapse circuits, for area and power is essential. In this paper we present a more optimized version of Synapse and neuron circuits. We propose an analog CMOS implementation of a current multiplier charge injector-based Synapse and neuron circuit. The synapse circuit modulates the input spike rates by a trained weight value and injects an equivalent current. The neuron circuit integrates the injected synaptic current and evokes an output digital spike event. The circuit implementation is done using 65nm process design kit. The proposed circuit implementation exhibits all the temporal characteristics of Spiking neural networks. The circuit implementation has been optimized for area and power consumption and therefore can be easily constituted into a large-scale spiking neural network. Furthermore, the compact circuit implementation can benefit from the high resolution with very less increase in area and power.
The food demand is increasing hastily, that is inducing continuous pressure on agriculture sector... more The food demand is increasing hastily, that is inducing continuous pressure on agriculture sector and industries to fulfill rising dietary needs. To meet with increasing demand, the food production must be elevated up to 70% until the year 2050. On the other hand, changing climate is disturbing crop production around the World. Crops grown under field conditions are affected by more than one abiotic stress. It is continuous task and challenge for agronomists to make crops environment hardy to obtain maximum yield. It is considered that different agronomic managements, if done appropriately, could be beneficial for increasing crop production. The optimal provision of plant nutrients can assist the crops to fight in better way with environmental stress like drought; it can help them to continue their normal metabolism even under hostile abiotic circumstances. The regions that have reduced availability of water for crop production, a balanced nutrient management can assist crops to giv...
The idea of living streets has recently evolved and is currently being considered in urban planni... more The idea of living streets has recently evolved and is currently being considered in urban planning and development for cities. The main purpose of the living streets concept is to provide safe access for all types of traffic, thus focusing on the overall sustainability of a city. This study investigates the characteristics of urban arteries in Peshawar’s central business district (CBD) from the perspective of the living streets concept to form a basis for policy measures that can be adopted to improve the CBD. The study hypothesizes that the living street infrastructure in the CBD does not accommodate the needs of various users (shoppers, residents, employees and those visiting for recreation). A field survey, including an observational survey and questionnaire, was conducted to identify and analyse basic public infrastructure in the CBD. Issues such as noise, air pollution, litter, a lack of appropriate public transit and pedestrian infrastructure, and poor traffic management were...
Exhaustive crops such as cotton require potassium (K) in copious amounts as compared to other cro... more Exhaustive crops such as cotton require potassium (K) in copious amounts as compared to other crops. High yielding cultivars in cotton-wheat cropping system, have further increased its demand in cotton growing areas of Pakistan. As cotton is grown in arid and semiarid areas, therefore often prone to water deficiency. The reproductive growth particularly flowering and boll setting are highly sensitive to low soil water potentials, where enough K supply can play a vital role. In this two-year field studies, three cultivars (early, mid and late maturing) were cultivated at two K fertilizer levels 100, 200 kg K ha−1 along with control with no K fertilizer application at two irrigation levels. In first irrigation level, water was applied as per full irrigation schedule, while in water deficit irrigation water was applied at deficit irrigation schedule started after flowering till harvesting. It has been revealed that K application has impact on boll setting as well as seed cotton yield, ...
Phosphorus fractions and microbial parameters in soil 4.3 EXPERIMENT NO. 3 EFFECT OF ORGANIC AMEN... more Phosphorus fractions and microbial parameters in soil 4.3 EXPERIMENT NO. 3 EFFECT OF ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS DYNAMICS, PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY AND ITS UPTAKE BY WHEAT PLANTS 4.3.1 Results 4.3.1.1 Basic soil properties 4.3.1.2 Microbial biomass carbon, biomass nitrogen and biomass phosphorus 4.3.1.3 Enzyme activity x 4.3.1.4 Phosphorus availability 4.3.1.5 Plant growth parameters 4.3.2 DISCUSSION 4.3.2.1 Microbial biomass in response to organic amendments in soil under wheat crop 4.3.2.2 Soil enzymes in response to organic amendments 4.3.2.3 Phosphorus availability in response to organic amendments under wheat crop 4.3.2.4 Plant growth parameters in response to organic amendments 4.3.2.5 Effect of organic amendments on chemical composition and nutrients uptake by plants 4.3.2.5.1 Macronutrients 4.3.2.5.2 Micronutrients 4.4 EXPERIMENT NO. 4 ADDITION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC P SOURCES TO SOIL-EFFECTS ON P POOLS AND MICROORGANISMS 4.4.1 Results 4.4.1.1 Basic soil properties 4.4.1.2 Composition of organic amendments and nutrient addition rates 4.4.1.3 Soil pH 4.4.1.4 Cumulative respiration 4.4.1.5 Available P 4.4.1.6 Microbial biomass indices 4.4.1.7 Microbial community structure 4.4.1.8 Phosphorus pools 4.
The use of resonant CMOS frequency dividers with direct injection in frequency synthesizers has i... more The use of resonant CMOS frequency dividers with direct injection in frequency synthesizers has increased in recent years due to their lower power consumption compared to conventional digital prescalers. The theoretical and experimental aspects of these dividers have received great attention. This masters thesis work is a continuation of earlier work, based on the fundamentals of Injection-Locked Frequency Dividers (ILFD's). The LC CMOS ILFD with direct injection is wellknown for its divide-by-2 capability. However, it does not divide well by odd numbers. The goal of this master thesis work is to modify the LC CMOS ILFD with direct injection so that it can divide equally well by odd and even integers. In this master thesis report, an introduction to the basic concepts behind Injection-Locked frequency dividers is first presented. Some of the previous work and the background of a reference LC CMOS ILFD design are studied. The author, studied the reference design, and the experimental setup used for characterizing it's locking behavior. The algorithm used to characterize the locking behavior of this ILFD are explored to reproduce the results for divide-by-even numbers for the existing ILFD topology. Using a Spice model these results are also reproduced in simulations. Over the years, numerous ILFD circuit topologies have been proposed, most of which have been optimized for division by even numbers, especially divide-by-2. It has been more difficult to realize division by odd numbers, such as divide-by-3. This master thesis work develops a simple modification to an LC CMOS injection locked frequency divider (ILFD) with direct injection, which gives it a wide locking range both in the "divide-by-odd number" mode and in the conventional "divideby-even number" regime, thereby opening up applications which require frequency division by an odd number. The work presents the circuit architecture, SPICE simulations and experimental validation. Nyckelord Keywords Injection-Locked Frequency divider (ILFD), Phase Locked Loop(PLL), Frequency divider (FD) Secondly, I would like to pay my deepest gratitude to my respected supervisor Prof. Michael Peter Kennedy for providing me with the opportunity to work on this project. I feel very blessed to work under his dynamic and encouraging supervision. He is a man of responsibility, divergent knowledge, sharp thinking ability, producing multiple solutions and having excellent leading skills. His guidelines and knowledge not only helped me with this project but will also remain as a useful asset for my future life, educational and professional career. Further more, I would like to thank my examiner Prof.Atila Alvandpour and my University, Linköping University, for providing me with the opportunity to do my master thesis as an ERASMUS exchange student and also for helping me out in all administrative issues. I would also like to thank University College Cork Ireland and Tyndall National Institute for providing me with this valuable opportunity to study in Ireland. Lastly, I would like to thank my classmate M.A.Awan and two UCC students Huiyuan Xing and Xi Wu for their initial guidelines and support for this project.
The paper underlines a new and unconventional approach in the estimation of long and medium range... more The paper underlines a new and unconventional approach in the estimation of long and medium range Tarbela inflow volume. Most outstanding feature of this approach is the indirect assessment of the melted snow pack using only Meteorological Parameters. More than 90% of the Tarbela inflow volume is caused by the melt water yield of the soft and hard snow pack deposited by the westerly waves affecting the catchment during the winter season from Oct to March. Such meteorological Parameters as are related to westerly waves have been Picked up and statistically tested to bear acceptable correlation with the predictants which are seasoned and monthly inflow volumes. Three predictors with variable names RA, Dir and WW representing the sum of Astore, Gupis, Skardu, Chilas and Gilgit winter rains, Winter rainfall of Dir and the Number of cloudy days(during winter) were finally selected for use in deriving the relationship for the total snowmelt volume as Similarly a number of relationships for computing the inflow volumes for the months of June, July, Aug and Sept have been obtained using the various predictors related to the respective monthly inflow volumes. Additionally a normal ratio method has also been worked out to compute the monthly volumes based upon the normal ratio of predicted total seasonal inflow volume.
The use of resonant CMOS frequency dividers with direct injection in frequency synthesizers has i... more The use of resonant CMOS frequency dividers with direct injection in frequency synthesizers has increased in recent years due to their lower power consumption compared to conventional digital prescalers. The theoretical and experimental aspects of these dividers have received great attention. This masters thesis work is a continuation of earlier work, based on the fundamentals of Injection-Locked Frequency Dividers (ILFD's). The LC CMOS ILFD with direct injection is wellknown for its divide-by-2 capability. However, it does not divide well by odd numbers. The goal of this master thesis work is to modify the LC CMOS ILFD with direct injection so that it can divide equally well by odd and even integers. In this master thesis report, an introduction to the basic concepts behind Injection-Locked frequency dividers is first presented. Some of the previous work and the background of a reference LC CMOS ILFD design are studied. The author, studied the reference design, and the experimental setup used for characterizing it's locking behavior. The algorithm used to characterize the locking behavior of this ILFD are explored to reproduce the results for divide-by-even numbers for the existing ILFD topology. Using a Spice model these results are also reproduced in simulations. Over the years, numerous ILFD circuit topologies have been proposed, most of which have been optimized for division by even numbers, especially divide-by-2. It has been more difficult to realize division by odd numbers, such as divide-by-3. This master thesis work develops a simple modification to an LC CMOS injection locked frequency divider (ILFD) with direct injection, which gives it a wide locking range both in the "divide-by-odd number" mode and in the conventional "divideby-even number" regime, thereby opening up applications which require frequency division by an odd number. The work presents the circuit architecture, SPICE simulations and experimental validation. Nyckelord Keywords Injection-Locked Frequency divider (ILFD), Phase Locked Loop(PLL), Frequency divider (FD) Secondly, I would like to pay my deepest gratitude to my respected supervisor Prof. Michael Peter Kennedy for providing me with the opportunity to work on this project. I feel very blessed to work under his dynamic and encouraging supervision. He is a man of responsibility, divergent knowledge, sharp thinking ability, producing multiple solutions and having excellent leading skills. His guidelines and knowledge not only helped me with this project but will also remain as a useful asset for my future life, educational and professional career. Further more, I would like to thank my examiner Prof.Atila Alvandpour and my University, Linköping University, for providing me with the opportunity to do my master thesis as an ERASMUS exchange student and also for helping me out in all administrative issues. I would also like to thank University College Cork Ireland and Tyndall National Institute for providing me with this valuable opportunity to study in Ireland. Lastly, I would like to thank my classmate M.A.Awan and two UCC students Huiyuan Xing and Xi Wu for their initial guidelines and support for this project.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Flood forecasting in a transboundary river basin is challenging due to insufficient data sharing ... more Flood forecasting in a transboundary river basin is challenging due to insufficient data sharing between countries in the upper and lower reaches of a basin. A solution is the use of satellite-observed rainfall and numerical weather prediction (NWP) for hydrological forecasting. We applied this method to the transboundary sparsely gauged Chenab River basin in Pakistan and India to reproduce the exceptionally high flood in 2014. We employed global NWPs by three weather centers to consider forecast uncertainty and downscaled them using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to prepare precipitation inputs. For hydrological simulations, we used a kinematic wave model, the Integrated Flood Analysis System (IFAS), for the upper-reach basin with high mountains and steep slopes, and we used a diffusive-wave rainfall-runoff-inundation (RRI) model for low altitudes and mild slopes. In our forecasting experiment, the precipitation by the global NWP was not able to predict flood peaks consistently. However, the downscaled rainfall by regional NWP showed good performance in predicting flood waves quantitatively, and a multimodel approach provided added value in issuing reliable warning as early as 6 days in advance. A confident streamflow forecasting near the border of the countries also led to reliable inundation forecasting by the RRI model in the lower-reach basin.
This paper presents a compact analog system-on-chip (SoC) implementation of a spiking neural netw... more This paper presents a compact analog system-on-chip (SoC) implementation of a spiking neural network (SNN) for low-power Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The low-power implementation of an SNN SoC requires the optimization of not only the SNN model but also the architecture and circuit designs. In this work, the SNN has been constituted from the analog neuron and synaptic circuits, which are designed to optimize both the chip area and power consumption. The proposed synapse circuit is based on a current multiplier charge injector (CMCI) circuit, which can significantly reduce power consumption and chip area compared with the previous work while allowing for design scalability for higher resolutions. The proposed neuron circuit employs an asynchronous structure, which makes it highly sensitive to input synaptic currents and enables it to achieve higher energy efficiency. To compare the performance of the proposed SoC in its area and power consumption, we implemented a digital S...
In patients hospitalised for COVID-19 with clinical hypoxia who required either no oxygen or simp... more In patients hospitalised for COVID-19 with clinical hypoxia who required either no oxygen or simple oxygen only, higher dose corticosteroids significantly increased the risk of death compared with usual care, which included low-dose corticosteroids. The RECOVERY trial continues to assess the effects of higher dose corticosteroids in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 who require non-invasive ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Large interactive touch screen displays are witnessing widespread acceptance among users, while a... more Large interactive touch screen displays are witnessing widespread acceptance among users, while approaching hundreds of Tx/Rx channels and reducing useable bandwidth. This presents several challenges and renders conventional touch detection methods ineffective. For smaller displays, employing concurrent Tx driving methods like Frequency Division Concurrent Driving (FDCD) or Coded Division Concurrent Driving (CDCD) improves SNR and substantially enhances report rate. In larger Touch Screen Panels (TSPs), however, it becomes difficult to drive the entire panel concurrently with either orthogonal frequencies or codes. In this work, a hybrid concurrent driving technique, which combines both FDCD and CDCD, is proposed and evaluated. The proposed driving technique aims to achieve better efficiency in terms of utilizing limited frequency bandwidth and improving the SNR. This work realizes the proposed driving technique by a MATLAB implementation. This paper includes SNR analysis for various scenarios, to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. The analysis reveals that the proposed method performs reliably under significant amount of noise for all corner cases.
SUMMARYBackgroundWe evaluated the use of baricitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK) 1/2 inhibitor, for the... more SUMMARYBackgroundWe evaluated the use of baricitinib, a Janus kinase (JAK) 1/2 inhibitor, for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital because of COVID-19.MethodsThis randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy [RECOVERY]), is assessing multiple possible treatments in patients hospitalised for COVID-19. Eligible and consenting patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone (usual care group) or usual care plus baricitinib 4 mg once daily by mouth for 10 days or until discharge if sooner (baricitinib group). The primary outcome was 28-day mortality assessed in the intention-to-treat population. A meta-analysis was conducted that included the results from the RECOVERY trial and all previous randomised controlled trials of baricitinib or other JAK inhibitor in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. The RECOVERY trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) andclinicaltrials.gov(NCT04381936).FindingsBetween...
To realize a large-scale Spiking Neural Network (SNN) on hardware for mobile applications, area a... more To realize a large-scale Spiking Neural Network (SNN) on hardware for mobile applications, area and power optimized electronic circuit design is critical. In this work, an area and power optimized hardware implementation of a large-scale SNN for real time IoT applications is presented. The analog Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) implementation incorporates neuron and synaptic circuits optimized for area and power consumption. The asynchronous neuronal circuits implemented benefit from higher energy efficiency and higher sensitivity. The proposed synapse circuit based on Binary Exponential Charge Injector (BECI) saves area and power consumption, and provides design scalability for higher resolutions. The SNN model implemented is optimized for 9 × 9 pixel input image and minimum bit-width weights that can satisfy target accuracy, occupies less area and power consumption. Moreover, the spiking neural network is replicated in full digital implementation for area and power ...
2020 International SoC Design Conference (ISOCC), 2020
Spiking neural networks performs efficient learning and recognition tasks by mimicking the neural... more Spiking neural networks performs efficient learning and recognition tasks by mimicking the neural biology of human brain. To realize a large-scale network on chip for mobile applications an area and power optimized electronic neuron along with synapse is essential. In this paper we present an analog CMOS based implementation of neuron and synapse circuits realized using 180nm process. The neurons integrate input currents from the synapse inputs and generate a spike output event based on the membrane potential. The proposed circuits have been optimized for area and power consumption and therefore can be used as key components to form a large spiking neural network.
2021 18th International SoC Design Conference (ISOCC), 2021
Convolutional Neural Networks benefit from higher accuracy at the cost of higher hardware require... more Convolutional Neural Networks benefit from higher accuracy at the cost of higher hardware requirements and power consumption. The multiply and accumulate unit ((MAC), which perform the convolution operation inside a CNN, consumes a significant amount of power consumption. In this work we propose a mixed-signal approach for implementing analog MAC unit that can replace the digital MAC units in CNNs. The Analog MAC unit architecture is constituted from binary weighted current steering DAC circuit and capacitors. A digital parallel interfaced is designed to provide input image and filter values to the MAC unit. To realize an input layer for the CNN a low power ADC is then employed at the output to convert the final value back to digital value. When a 3×3 convolution is performed the analog MAC unit offers area and power consumption benefits.
2021 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2021
Spiking Neural Networks having biological plausible architecture are considered to be more suitab... more Spiking Neural Networks having biological plausible architecture are considered to be more suitable for energy efficient hardware implementation. When it comes to realize the hardware implementation of a large-scale Neural network for mobile applications, area and power consumption constraints become more critical. Optimizing Spiking neural network, constituting of neuron and synapse circuits, for area and power is essential. In this paper we present a more optimized version of Synapse and neuron circuits. We propose an analog CMOS implementation of a current multiplier charge injector-based Synapse and neuron circuit. The synapse circuit modulates the input spike rates by a trained weight value and injects an equivalent current. The neuron circuit integrates the injected synaptic current and evokes an output digital spike event. The circuit implementation is done using 65nm process design kit. The proposed circuit implementation exhibits all the temporal characteristics of Spiking neural networks. The circuit implementation has been optimized for area and power consumption and therefore can be easily constituted into a large-scale spiking neural network. Furthermore, the compact circuit implementation can benefit from the high resolution with very less increase in area and power.
The food demand is increasing hastily, that is inducing continuous pressure on agriculture sector... more The food demand is increasing hastily, that is inducing continuous pressure on agriculture sector and industries to fulfill rising dietary needs. To meet with increasing demand, the food production must be elevated up to 70% until the year 2050. On the other hand, changing climate is disturbing crop production around the World. Crops grown under field conditions are affected by more than one abiotic stress. It is continuous task and challenge for agronomists to make crops environment hardy to obtain maximum yield. It is considered that different agronomic managements, if done appropriately, could be beneficial for increasing crop production. The optimal provision of plant nutrients can assist the crops to fight in better way with environmental stress like drought; it can help them to continue their normal metabolism even under hostile abiotic circumstances. The regions that have reduced availability of water for crop production, a balanced nutrient management can assist crops to giv...
The idea of living streets has recently evolved and is currently being considered in urban planni... more The idea of living streets has recently evolved and is currently being considered in urban planning and development for cities. The main purpose of the living streets concept is to provide safe access for all types of traffic, thus focusing on the overall sustainability of a city. This study investigates the characteristics of urban arteries in Peshawar’s central business district (CBD) from the perspective of the living streets concept to form a basis for policy measures that can be adopted to improve the CBD. The study hypothesizes that the living street infrastructure in the CBD does not accommodate the needs of various users (shoppers, residents, employees and those visiting for recreation). A field survey, including an observational survey and questionnaire, was conducted to identify and analyse basic public infrastructure in the CBD. Issues such as noise, air pollution, litter, a lack of appropriate public transit and pedestrian infrastructure, and poor traffic management were...
Exhaustive crops such as cotton require potassium (K) in copious amounts as compared to other cro... more Exhaustive crops such as cotton require potassium (K) in copious amounts as compared to other crops. High yielding cultivars in cotton-wheat cropping system, have further increased its demand in cotton growing areas of Pakistan. As cotton is grown in arid and semiarid areas, therefore often prone to water deficiency. The reproductive growth particularly flowering and boll setting are highly sensitive to low soil water potentials, where enough K supply can play a vital role. In this two-year field studies, three cultivars (early, mid and late maturing) were cultivated at two K fertilizer levels 100, 200 kg K ha−1 along with control with no K fertilizer application at two irrigation levels. In first irrigation level, water was applied as per full irrigation schedule, while in water deficit irrigation water was applied at deficit irrigation schedule started after flowering till harvesting. It has been revealed that K application has impact on boll setting as well as seed cotton yield, ...
Phosphorus fractions and microbial parameters in soil 4.3 EXPERIMENT NO. 3 EFFECT OF ORGANIC AMEN... more Phosphorus fractions and microbial parameters in soil 4.3 EXPERIMENT NO. 3 EFFECT OF ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS DYNAMICS, PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY AND ITS UPTAKE BY WHEAT PLANTS 4.3.1 Results 4.3.1.1 Basic soil properties 4.3.1.2 Microbial biomass carbon, biomass nitrogen and biomass phosphorus 4.3.1.3 Enzyme activity x 4.3.1.4 Phosphorus availability 4.3.1.5 Plant growth parameters 4.3.2 DISCUSSION 4.3.2.1 Microbial biomass in response to organic amendments in soil under wheat crop 4.3.2.2 Soil enzymes in response to organic amendments 4.3.2.3 Phosphorus availability in response to organic amendments under wheat crop 4.3.2.4 Plant growth parameters in response to organic amendments 4.3.2.5 Effect of organic amendments on chemical composition and nutrients uptake by plants 4.3.2.5.1 Macronutrients 4.3.2.5.2 Micronutrients 4.4 EXPERIMENT NO. 4 ADDITION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC P SOURCES TO SOIL-EFFECTS ON P POOLS AND MICROORGANISMS 4.4.1 Results 4.4.1.1 Basic soil properties 4.4.1.2 Composition of organic amendments and nutrient addition rates 4.4.1.3 Soil pH 4.4.1.4 Cumulative respiration 4.4.1.5 Available P 4.4.1.6 Microbial biomass indices 4.4.1.7 Microbial community structure 4.4.1.8 Phosphorus pools 4.
The use of resonant CMOS frequency dividers with direct injection in frequency synthesizers has i... more The use of resonant CMOS frequency dividers with direct injection in frequency synthesizers has increased in recent years due to their lower power consumption compared to conventional digital prescalers. The theoretical and experimental aspects of these dividers have received great attention. This masters thesis work is a continuation of earlier work, based on the fundamentals of Injection-Locked Frequency Dividers (ILFD's). The LC CMOS ILFD with direct injection is wellknown for its divide-by-2 capability. However, it does not divide well by odd numbers. The goal of this master thesis work is to modify the LC CMOS ILFD with direct injection so that it can divide equally well by odd and even integers. In this master thesis report, an introduction to the basic concepts behind Injection-Locked frequency dividers is first presented. Some of the previous work and the background of a reference LC CMOS ILFD design are studied. The author, studied the reference design, and the experimental setup used for characterizing it's locking behavior. The algorithm used to characterize the locking behavior of this ILFD are explored to reproduce the results for divide-by-even numbers for the existing ILFD topology. Using a Spice model these results are also reproduced in simulations. Over the years, numerous ILFD circuit topologies have been proposed, most of which have been optimized for division by even numbers, especially divide-by-2. It has been more difficult to realize division by odd numbers, such as divide-by-3. This master thesis work develops a simple modification to an LC CMOS injection locked frequency divider (ILFD) with direct injection, which gives it a wide locking range both in the "divide-by-odd number" mode and in the conventional "divideby-even number" regime, thereby opening up applications which require frequency division by an odd number. The work presents the circuit architecture, SPICE simulations and experimental validation. Nyckelord Keywords Injection-Locked Frequency divider (ILFD), Phase Locked Loop(PLL), Frequency divider (FD) Secondly, I would like to pay my deepest gratitude to my respected supervisor Prof. Michael Peter Kennedy for providing me with the opportunity to work on this project. I feel very blessed to work under his dynamic and encouraging supervision. He is a man of responsibility, divergent knowledge, sharp thinking ability, producing multiple solutions and having excellent leading skills. His guidelines and knowledge not only helped me with this project but will also remain as a useful asset for my future life, educational and professional career. Further more, I would like to thank my examiner Prof.Atila Alvandpour and my University, Linköping University, for providing me with the opportunity to do my master thesis as an ERASMUS exchange student and also for helping me out in all administrative issues. I would also like to thank University College Cork Ireland and Tyndall National Institute for providing me with this valuable opportunity to study in Ireland. Lastly, I would like to thank my classmate M.A.Awan and two UCC students Huiyuan Xing and Xi Wu for their initial guidelines and support for this project.
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