Despite their pronounced potential, unacceptable risk AI systems, such as facial recognition, hav... more Despite their pronounced potential, unacceptable risk AI systems, such as facial recognition, have been used as tools for, inter alia, digital surveillance, and policing. This usage raises concerns in relation to the protection of basic freedoms and liberties and upholding the rule of law. This article contributes to the legal discussion by investigating how the law must intervene, control, and regulate the use of unacceptable risk AI systems that concern biometric data from a human-rights and rule of law perspective. In doing so, the article first examines the collection of biometric data and the use of facial recognition technology. Second, it describes the nature of the obligation or duty of states to regulate in relation to new technologies. The article, lastly, assesses the legal implications resulting from the failure of states to regulate new technologies and investigates possible legal remedies. The article uses some relevant EU regulations as an illustrative example. KEYWORDS unacceptable risk AI systems, facial recognition technology, responsibility to protect, duty to regulate, human rights, biometric data, the rule of law, legal certainty Frontiers in Big Data frontiersin.org Qandeel. /fdata. .
Sustainable energy transitions are key to achieving climate justice for all. Carbon dioxide emiss... more Sustainable energy transitions are key to achieving climate justice for all. Carbon dioxide emissions' (CO 2) unequal distribution globally is one of the many issues preventing climate justice. Efforts to reduce global CO 2 impacts are vital for environmental justice efforts and a future free from climate change issues. Researchers have long been interested in how the rise of global governance initiatives, such as multilateral treaties, impact environmental outcomes across the world. However, little is known about how global governance concerning energy usage and technologies impacts CO 2 emissions across the world. Using two-way fixed effects regression analysis from 1996 to 2011, we test how 24 multilateral environmental treaties with an energy focus impact CO 2 emissions per capita, CO 2 emissions as a percentage of gross domestic product, and total CO 2 emissions for 162 nations. The multilateral energy treaties were collected from Ecolex. This analysis assesses how the legitimacy of global contracts may impact actual decreases in CO 2 emissions, resulting in climate justice outcomes. Additionally, this analysis considers how factors of institutional state governance, including control of corruption, rule of law, political stability, government effectiveness, and regulatory quality moderate the impact of multilateral energy environmental treaties and CO 2 emissions. We find that stocks of environmental treaty ratification are associated with decreases in all three types of CO 2 emissions. Renewable energy consumption, GDP per capita, and urban and total population are associated with increased CO2 emissions. We also find some support for the idea that treaties are associated with larger decreases in emissions in nations with higher levels of state governance. Understanding how state accountability, transparency, and legitimacy factor into the effectiveness of multilateral environmental treaties on reducing CO 2 emissions is essential to combating climate change issues.
The publication of this book as open access edition has been financially supported by the Swiss N... more The publication of this book as open access edition has been financially supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). The font used for typesetting has been licensed under a SIL Open Font License, v 1.1.
Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies
The Syrian war has caused catastrophic damage to the lives and livelihoods of millions of people.... more The Syrian war has caused catastrophic damage to the lives and livelihoods of millions of people. Chemical attacks in particular have been tremendously devastating to both humans and wildlife ecosystems. Building on previous research in international humanitarian law (ihl) and the protection of the environment, this article identifies the immediate and long-term impact that the use and storage of chemical weapons has on the environment as against the shortcomings in legal coverage for the same. This article further argues that existing ihl provisions addressing the consequences of environmental warfare are fragmented at best, even when applied to a current case that most would consider to be highly applicable to ihl.
Palestine refugees are excluded from the scope of the international refugee protection system. Th... more Palestine refugees are excluded from the scope of the international refugee protection system. The agency that is currently protecting them, UNRWA, is under threat. What would the end of UNRWA mean at the European level? This article explains the special situation of Palestinians, the history and role of UNRWA and the consequences that a dissolution of UNRWA would entail. It analyses the situation from an EU perspective, as the CJEU has already delivered several landmark judgments. The article concludes that an abolition of UNRWA would place Palestinians in a better position, as the European Union would be obliged to protect all those persons that currently fall under UNRWA’s mandate and are hence excluded from obtaining refugee status. This is a finding that seems to be totally ignored or at least underestimated by the International Community. Nevertheless, the dissolution of UNRWA might lead to an unprecedented deterioration of the situation of Palestinians living in UNRWA’s opera...
The publication of this book as open access edition has been financially supported by the Swiss N... more The publication of this book as open access edition has been financially supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). The font used for typesetting has been licensed under a SIL Open Font License, v 1.1.
Despite their pronounced potential, unacceptable risk AI systems, such as facial recognition, hav... more Despite their pronounced potential, unacceptable risk AI systems, such as facial recognition, have been used as tools for, inter alia, digital surveillance, and policing. This usage raises concerns in relation to the protection of basic freedoms and liberties and upholding the rule of law. This article contributes to the legal discussion by investigating how the law must intervene, control, and regulate the use of unacceptable risk AI systems that concern biometric data from a human-rights and rule of law perspective. In doing so, the article first examines the collection of biometric data and the use of facial recognition technology. Second, it describes the nature of the obligation or duty of states to regulate in relation to new technologies. The article, lastly, assesses the legal implications resulting from the failure of states to regulate new technologies and investigates possible legal remedies. The article uses some relevant EU regulations as an illustrative example. KEYWORDS unacceptable risk AI systems, facial recognition technology, responsibility to protect, duty to regulate, human rights, biometric data, the rule of law, legal certainty Frontiers in Big Data frontiersin.org Qandeel. /fdata. .
Sustainable energy transitions are key to achieving climate justice for all. Carbon dioxide emiss... more Sustainable energy transitions are key to achieving climate justice for all. Carbon dioxide emissions' (CO 2) unequal distribution globally is one of the many issues preventing climate justice. Efforts to reduce global CO 2 impacts are vital for environmental justice efforts and a future free from climate change issues. Researchers have long been interested in how the rise of global governance initiatives, such as multilateral treaties, impact environmental outcomes across the world. However, little is known about how global governance concerning energy usage and technologies impacts CO 2 emissions across the world. Using two-way fixed effects regression analysis from 1996 to 2011, we test how 24 multilateral environmental treaties with an energy focus impact CO 2 emissions per capita, CO 2 emissions as a percentage of gross domestic product, and total CO 2 emissions for 162 nations. The multilateral energy treaties were collected from Ecolex. This analysis assesses how the legitimacy of global contracts may impact actual decreases in CO 2 emissions, resulting in climate justice outcomes. Additionally, this analysis considers how factors of institutional state governance, including control of corruption, rule of law, political stability, government effectiveness, and regulatory quality moderate the impact of multilateral energy environmental treaties and CO 2 emissions. We find that stocks of environmental treaty ratification are associated with decreases in all three types of CO 2 emissions. Renewable energy consumption, GDP per capita, and urban and total population are associated with increased CO2 emissions. We also find some support for the idea that treaties are associated with larger decreases in emissions in nations with higher levels of state governance. Understanding how state accountability, transparency, and legitimacy factor into the effectiveness of multilateral environmental treaties on reducing CO 2 emissions is essential to combating climate change issues.
The publication of this book as open access edition has been financially supported by the Swiss N... more The publication of this book as open access edition has been financially supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). The font used for typesetting has been licensed under a SIL Open Font License, v 1.1.
Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies
The Syrian war has caused catastrophic damage to the lives and livelihoods of millions of people.... more The Syrian war has caused catastrophic damage to the lives and livelihoods of millions of people. Chemical attacks in particular have been tremendously devastating to both humans and wildlife ecosystems. Building on previous research in international humanitarian law (ihl) and the protection of the environment, this article identifies the immediate and long-term impact that the use and storage of chemical weapons has on the environment as against the shortcomings in legal coverage for the same. This article further argues that existing ihl provisions addressing the consequences of environmental warfare are fragmented at best, even when applied to a current case that most would consider to be highly applicable to ihl.
Palestine refugees are excluded from the scope of the international refugee protection system. Th... more Palestine refugees are excluded from the scope of the international refugee protection system. The agency that is currently protecting them, UNRWA, is under threat. What would the end of UNRWA mean at the European level? This article explains the special situation of Palestinians, the history and role of UNRWA and the consequences that a dissolution of UNRWA would entail. It analyses the situation from an EU perspective, as the CJEU has already delivered several landmark judgments. The article concludes that an abolition of UNRWA would place Palestinians in a better position, as the European Union would be obliged to protect all those persons that currently fall under UNRWA’s mandate and are hence excluded from obtaining refugee status. This is a finding that seems to be totally ignored or at least underestimated by the International Community. Nevertheless, the dissolution of UNRWA might lead to an unprecedented deterioration of the situation of Palestinians living in UNRWA’s opera...
The publication of this book as open access edition has been financially supported by the Swiss N... more The publication of this book as open access edition has been financially supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). The font used for typesetting has been licensed under a SIL Open Font License, v 1.1.
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