Ibuprofen is a common hydrophobic drug with antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity. The oral ... more Ibuprofen is a common hydrophobic drug with antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity. The oral administration of ibuprofen is linked with gastric disturbances, which could be overcome by using a transdermal patch for site specific delivery. To bypass the gastro intestinal tack, it is required to use the transdermal route for drug delivery. The drug has poor solubility at acidic and physiological pH, which hinders the drug availability when used in dermal cream. For the sustained drug delivery, hydrogel was designed, containing Graphene oxide, chitosan and poly-acrylamide. The novel formulated hydrogel was characterized for physical properties using FTIR and SEM which confirms bonding pattern and dispersal of Graphene oxide layer on the top of hydrogel platform. The swelling properties were also studied at different pH values. The graphene oxide added hydrogels gels were able to facilitate the sustained release of Ibuprofen drug molecule, when avian skin was used as a model. Graphe...
International journal of biological macromolecules, Jan 5, 2017
The report presents the formulation of hydrogel based on biopolymers chitosan and guar gum after ... more The report presents the formulation of hydrogel based on biopolymers chitosan and guar gum after cross-linking for sustained release of a commonly used orally prescribed analgesic Paracetamol. The oral ingestion of Paracetamol is associated with complications of the gastric tract and liver metabolism that can be effectually avoided by using transdermal drug delivery systems. The formulated transdermal patch was characterized for physicochemical properties including swelling, bonding pattern (using FTIR Fourier Transform Infra-Red and Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM) and antimicrobial activity. Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity was examined in vitro using cell culture in HeLa cell lines. After characterizing the novel formulated hydrogel were employed for the preparation of drug encapsulated in alginate beads as a transdermal patch. After formulation of the transdermal patch, the drug release was studied using an avian skin model. The results followed zero order kinetics and Non-Fic...
Characterization of high molecular weight glutenin subunits is the fundamental approach for categ... more Characterization of high molecular weight glutenin subunits is the fundamental approach for categorizing genotypes with good bread making quality. Allelic variation at Glu-Dt1 locus is major determinant of bread wheat end use quality. In synthetic hexaploid wheats (SHWs), the D-genome encodes numerous allelic variants of high molecular weight glutenin subunits that require appropriate identification prior to their exploitation for wheat improvement. This study was conducted to identify allelic variation at Glu-Dt1 locus of 47 accessions of D-genome synthetic wheats derived from the crossing of durum cultivar “Decoy” with different accessions of Aegilops tauschii. Biochemical (SDS-PAGE) and molecular marker techniques were used to stringently characterize allelic differentiation. Nine different alleles at Glu-Dt1 locus were observed which formed 13 different subunit combinations. The frequency of inferior quality encoding allele, 1Dx2+1Dy12, was equivalent (21.27%) to the frequency o...
Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
The human body contains numerous microorganisms, the so-called microbiota that outnumbers human c... more The human body contains numerous microorganisms, the so-called microbiota that outnumbers human cells. The human nasal passage is one of the primary habitats for microflora as well as pathogenic agents. The nasal passage of the human nostrils leads to the nasopharynx and the upper back part of the throat. The microbial communities inhabiting the nasal passages of humans colonize soon after the birth and distinctly changes over the lifespan of an individual with high inter-individual variations. During a human lifetime, the bacterial colonization of the human nasal cavities and its variations are affected by various factors, including the development of the immunity, hormonal changes, and age. Other affecting factors include environmental variations, e.g., temperature, humidity, pollution, and airborne microbes [1]. In children, a very complex community of bacteria inhabit the nasal passages. Identification of composition and dynamics of these bacteria can provide more insights into the basis of respiratory diseases [2]. Many works have demonstrated that the structure of pediatric bacterial microbiota of the nose is affected by acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs). Some studies have also reported that bacterial flora of the nasal cavities plays a vital role in regulating various immune responses in humans [3]. The interaction between bacterial species in nasal passages and the host include mutualism, commensalism, and pathogenic associations [4]. The most common species of nasal microflora comprise Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus, Haemophilus influenzae, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, and Bacillus sp. [2, 3]. The members of the genus Staphylococcus are among the common bacteria inhabiting the nasal passages of children and S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. hominis are among the most prevalent species. These Gram-positive bacteria are catalase positive, non-motile, and facultative anaerobes. They cause acute to severe infections, such as serious skin infections, pimples, boils, carditis, meningitis, septicemia, arthritis, endocarditis, abscess, osteomyelitis, central venous catheter-associated bacteremia, pneumonia, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. These bacteria produce the enzyme coagulase and are characterized as pathogenic or relatively pathogenic bacteria [5]. Pathogenic strains of the genus Staphylococcus such as S. aureus are usually coagulase-positive. The coagulasenegative strains, e.g., S. epidermidis, are mostly less invasive. However, they are progressively considered pathogens Introduction: Staphylococcus is a genus of pathogenic bacteria, which asymptomatically colonizes the upper respiratory tract of the human. The incidence of invasive Staphylococcal infections and the disease burden are high among children in South Asia, including Pakistan. This study aims to determine the nasal colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus species isolated from preschool children in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A community-based study was conducted in two camps named Shah Di Khui and Jeevan Haana in Lahore city. A total of 100 nasal samples, were collected from preschool children from lower-middle-class families during January to March 2018. Species identification was performed using the coagulase test, catalase test, and Gram staining. Also, a 370 bp fragment of the tuf gene was targetted using specific primers for the genus Staphylococcus. Antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates was defined by an antibiotic susceptibility test using a series of antibiotic discs. Results: The results of this study indicated the presence of Staphylococcus species, mainly Staphylococcus aureus in more than 85% of the children. PCR amplification of tuf gene confirmed the identity of the S. aureus isolates from the nasal cultures. Many showed resistance to more than two broad-spectrum antibiotics. Conclusion: The prevalence of nasal colonization of S. aureus was more than 85% among preschool children. Most of the isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics.
Ibuprofen is a common hydrophobic drug with antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity. The oral ... more Ibuprofen is a common hydrophobic drug with antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity. The oral administration of ibuprofen is linked with gastric disturbances, which could be overcome by using a transdermal patch for site specific delivery. To bypass the gastro intestinal tack, it is required to use the transdermal route for drug delivery. The drug has poor solubility at acidic and physiological pH, which hinders the drug availability when used in dermal cream. For the sustained drug delivery, hydrogel was designed, containing Graphene oxide, chitosan and poly-acrylamide. The novel formulated hydrogel was characterized for physical properties using FTIR and SEM which confirms bonding pattern and dispersal of Graphene oxide layer on the top of hydrogel platform. The swelling properties were also studied at different pH values. The graphene oxide added hydrogels gels were able to facilitate the sustained release of Ibuprofen drug molecule, when avian skin was used as a model. Graphe...
International journal of biological macromolecules, Jan 5, 2017
The report presents the formulation of hydrogel based on biopolymers chitosan and guar gum after ... more The report presents the formulation of hydrogel based on biopolymers chitosan and guar gum after cross-linking for sustained release of a commonly used orally prescribed analgesic Paracetamol. The oral ingestion of Paracetamol is associated with complications of the gastric tract and liver metabolism that can be effectually avoided by using transdermal drug delivery systems. The formulated transdermal patch was characterized for physicochemical properties including swelling, bonding pattern (using FTIR Fourier Transform Infra-Red and Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM) and antimicrobial activity. Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity was examined in vitro using cell culture in HeLa cell lines. After characterizing the novel formulated hydrogel were employed for the preparation of drug encapsulated in alginate beads as a transdermal patch. After formulation of the transdermal patch, the drug release was studied using an avian skin model. The results followed zero order kinetics and Non-Fic...
Characterization of high molecular weight glutenin subunits is the fundamental approach for categ... more Characterization of high molecular weight glutenin subunits is the fundamental approach for categorizing genotypes with good bread making quality. Allelic variation at Glu-Dt1 locus is major determinant of bread wheat end use quality. In synthetic hexaploid wheats (SHWs), the D-genome encodes numerous allelic variants of high molecular weight glutenin subunits that require appropriate identification prior to their exploitation for wheat improvement. This study was conducted to identify allelic variation at Glu-Dt1 locus of 47 accessions of D-genome synthetic wheats derived from the crossing of durum cultivar “Decoy” with different accessions of Aegilops tauschii. Biochemical (SDS-PAGE) and molecular marker techniques were used to stringently characterize allelic differentiation. Nine different alleles at Glu-Dt1 locus were observed which formed 13 different subunit combinations. The frequency of inferior quality encoding allele, 1Dx2+1Dy12, was equivalent (21.27%) to the frequency o...
Journal of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
The human body contains numerous microorganisms, the so-called microbiota that outnumbers human c... more The human body contains numerous microorganisms, the so-called microbiota that outnumbers human cells. The human nasal passage is one of the primary habitats for microflora as well as pathogenic agents. The nasal passage of the human nostrils leads to the nasopharynx and the upper back part of the throat. The microbial communities inhabiting the nasal passages of humans colonize soon after the birth and distinctly changes over the lifespan of an individual with high inter-individual variations. During a human lifetime, the bacterial colonization of the human nasal cavities and its variations are affected by various factors, including the development of the immunity, hormonal changes, and age. Other affecting factors include environmental variations, e.g., temperature, humidity, pollution, and airborne microbes [1]. In children, a very complex community of bacteria inhabit the nasal passages. Identification of composition and dynamics of these bacteria can provide more insights into the basis of respiratory diseases [2]. Many works have demonstrated that the structure of pediatric bacterial microbiota of the nose is affected by acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs). Some studies have also reported that bacterial flora of the nasal cavities plays a vital role in regulating various immune responses in humans [3]. The interaction between bacterial species in nasal passages and the host include mutualism, commensalism, and pathogenic associations [4]. The most common species of nasal microflora comprise Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus, Haemophilus influenzae, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, and Bacillus sp. [2, 3]. The members of the genus Staphylococcus are among the common bacteria inhabiting the nasal passages of children and S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. hominis are among the most prevalent species. These Gram-positive bacteria are catalase positive, non-motile, and facultative anaerobes. They cause acute to severe infections, such as serious skin infections, pimples, boils, carditis, meningitis, septicemia, arthritis, endocarditis, abscess, osteomyelitis, central venous catheter-associated bacteremia, pneumonia, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. These bacteria produce the enzyme coagulase and are characterized as pathogenic or relatively pathogenic bacteria [5]. Pathogenic strains of the genus Staphylococcus such as S. aureus are usually coagulase-positive. The coagulasenegative strains, e.g., S. epidermidis, are mostly less invasive. However, they are progressively considered pathogens Introduction: Staphylococcus is a genus of pathogenic bacteria, which asymptomatically colonizes the upper respiratory tract of the human. The incidence of invasive Staphylococcal infections and the disease burden are high among children in South Asia, including Pakistan. This study aims to determine the nasal colonization and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus species isolated from preschool children in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A community-based study was conducted in two camps named Shah Di Khui and Jeevan Haana in Lahore city. A total of 100 nasal samples, were collected from preschool children from lower-middle-class families during January to March 2018. Species identification was performed using the coagulase test, catalase test, and Gram staining. Also, a 370 bp fragment of the tuf gene was targetted using specific primers for the genus Staphylococcus. Antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates was defined by an antibiotic susceptibility test using a series of antibiotic discs. Results: The results of this study indicated the presence of Staphylococcus species, mainly Staphylococcus aureus in more than 85% of the children. PCR amplification of tuf gene confirmed the identity of the S. aureus isolates from the nasal cultures. Many showed resistance to more than two broad-spectrum antibiotics. Conclusion: The prevalence of nasal colonization of S. aureus was more than 85% among preschool children. Most of the isolates were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics.
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