Page 1. BAKTERI AEROB SEBAGAI BIOREMEDIATOR LIMBAH ORGANIK YANG MENGHASILKAN GAS HIDROGEN Ayuk Ra... more Page 1. BAKTERI AEROB SEBAGAI BIOREMEDIATOR LIMBAH ORGANIK YANG MENGHASILKAN GAS HIDROGEN Ayuk Rahmawati*), Maya Shovitri 1 ), Nengah Dwianita Kuswytasari 1 ) ... Berdasarkan puncak kromatografi gas, gas yang terdeteksi hanya O2 dan N2. ...
Aims: Tryptamine is an amine compound derived from tryptophan by decarboxylation process. This co... more Aims: Tryptamine is an amine compound derived from tryptophan by decarboxylation process. This compound can be found in fermented food and beverages, and in human gut and skin as well. This study aims to investigate the effect of tryptamine, on Gram-negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methodology and results: In this study, we used E. coli, S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa due to their relatively observable quorum sensing-regulated phenotype, such as motility, prodigiosin and pyocyanin sequentially. Our results showed that tryptamine started to inhibit the growth and prodigiosin production of S. marcescens at concentration 250 μg/mL, while it inhibits the growth and pyocyanin production of P. aeruginosa at concentration 250 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL, respectively. Tryptamine inhibits both the growth and motility of E. coli at concentration 100 μg/mL. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: These results suggest that tryptamine is able to inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa at relatively high concentration, thus decreases the quorum sensing-regulated phenotypes. It implies that the growth and quorum sensing of Gram-negative bacteria most likely will not be affected by the low concentration of tryptamine that present in the gut.
Organic waste is everywhere due to human activities. For bacteria, organic waste is nutrient for ... more Organic waste is everywhere due to human activities. For bacteria, organic waste is nutrient for gaining energy since they produce extra cellular enzymes, i.e. amylase, cellulase and protease. This study was aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria from water sample that were able to degrade organic waste. Bacterial isolate was obtained based on usual microbial method for isolation and purification. Bacterial biochemical characterization was followed the dichotomy method of Bergey’s manual of bacterial determination. Amylolytic, cellulolytic and proteolytic assay of the bacterial isolate was measured based on a clear zone surrounding bacterial colony growth on a particular selective medium of Starch Agar, Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose and Skim Milk Agar, respectively. Ability to degrade organic compound of each isolate was detected based on a total suspended solid (TSS) and total dissolved solid (TDS) value. This study was successfully isolate and characterized 11 bacterial isolates which were tended to affiliated to Bacillus (C2, C3, C5, C6, C8 and C9) and Corynebacterium (C1, C4, C14 and C15); and Pseudomonas (C11). Further results indicated that the isolates had a potential ability to degrade organic waste. They were obviously produced extracellular amylase, cellulase and protease based on detected clear zone surrounding the growing colony. Since the index activity of cellulase and protease were higher, it seemly that cellulase and protease were more produced and secreted into the particular selective medium. After each isolate independently incubated in a septic tank water medium containing close reactor for 31 days, isolate Gram negative Pseudomonas reduced TSS value from 403 mg/L to 233 mg/L, TDS from 90 in 10 3 mg/L to 18 in 10 3 mg/L, while the cell was growing from 1.95x10 11 CFU/ml to 1.25x10 14 CFU/ml. The isolate Gram positive Bacillus give a similar result; TSS value from 504 mg/L to 205 mg/L, TDS from 82 in 10 3 mg/L to 24 in 10 3 mg/L, and the cell was increasing from 2.56 x10 11 CFU/ml to 1.05 x10 14 CFU/ml. As our isolates were indigenous and many Corynebacterium, Bacillus and Pseudomonas had been reported as organic decomposer, other continuous studies are prospectus to perform, for instance molecular identification to find out whether our indigenous isolates are different strains of the same reported genus, or further investigation to optimize their ability producing extra cellular commercial enzymes.
The Kalimas River, Surabaya was contaminated 0.105 ppm mercury. This value was higher than the go... more The Kalimas River, Surabaya was contaminated 0.105 ppm mercury. This value was higher than the government acceptable number. It meant the considerable action was needed to clean the river. One of those actions could be potential done by bioremediation using mercury resistant bacteria. Our previous study was successfully isolated and biochemically characterized 3 bacterial isolates, coded S1Hg, SS19Hg and DA11Hg. They tended to affiliate to Bacillus strand. This further study was aimed the characterized their molecular fingerprinting after AluI digestion for accomplishing their biochemical characters. The molecular result showed that even they were Bacillus, but each had different fingerprinting pattern. This may indicate that they were different Bacillus strain.
Aims: Tryptamine is an amine compound derived from tryptophan by decarboxylation process. This co... more Aims: Tryptamine is an amine compound derived from tryptophan by decarboxylation process. This compound can be found in fermented food and beverages, and in human gut and skin as well. This study aims to investigate the effect of tryptamine, on Gram-negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methodology and results: In this study, we used E. coli, S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa due to their relatively observable quorum sensing-regulated phenotype, such as motility, prodigiosin and pyocyanin sequentially. Our results showed that tryptamine started to inhibit the growth and prodigiosin production of S. marcescens at concentration 250 μg/mL, while it inhibits the growth and pyocyanin production of P. aeruginosa at concentration 250 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL, respectively. Tryptamine inhibits both the growth and motility of E. coli at concentration 100 μg/mL. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: These results suggest that tryptamine is able to inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa at relatively high concentration, thus decreases the quorum sensing-regulated phenotypes. It implies that the growth and quorum sensing of Gram-negative bacteria most likely will not be affected by the low concentration of tryptamine that present in the gut.
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 2021
Carbonatogenic bacteria can precipitate CaCO3 in the form of calcite, aragonite, or vaterite. Cal... more Carbonatogenic bacteria can precipitate CaCO3 in the form of calcite, aragonite, or vaterite. Calcite has the potential to be applied for strengthening concrete structures. This research aims to explore several new bacterial strains that can precipitate calcium carbonate leading to produce calcite and could be useful for strengthening concrete structures. Soil and stalactite samples were taken from a well-known limestone quarry in East Java, Indonesia. The isolated bacteria species were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequences. CaCO3 crystal properties were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Six novels isolated CaCO3 precipitating bacterial strains; Bacillus huizhouensis JA1; B. galactosidilyticus JB3; B. niacini AK4, B. lentus SU1, Lysinibacillus macroides JB2, and Sporosarcina soli JA4 were successfully isolated and have the potential to enhance concrete strength. All isolates were able to produce CaCO3 in calcite form except B. galactosidilyticus JB3. The experimental concrete with the addition of bacterial cells showed higher compressive strength and maximum load compared to control concrete and met the requirements for building construction so that it could be applied for building structure materials.
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 2019
Ureolytic bacteria isolated from limestone are capable to produce urease enzyme which can breaks ... more Ureolytic bacteria isolated from limestone are capable to produce urease enzyme which can breaks down urea into carbonate (CO3 2), has been utilized for various building material bioremediation and restoration. In this present study, we figured out the diversity and genetic relationship of α sub-unit ureC gene among six ureolytic bacteria (JA1, JB2, JB3, JA4, AK4, and SU1) which were isolated from limestone area in East Java province. PCR was conducted to detect the gene which encoded active site of urease, ureC. Followed by sequences translation using BLAST-X (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) based on the name and function of formed proteins and then aligned to the conserved domain database. Furthermore, the functions and characters of formed proteins were described. Based on PCR results, all isolates showed 340 bp DNA band which indicate the presence of ureC gene. The results of BLAST-X, JB2 isolates showed 100% similarity with the α sub-unit ureC gene from Lysinibacillus sphaericus B1-CDA (WP_054549252.1). Whereas, JA1 isolates showed 88% similarity (lowest) with the α sub-unit ureC gene from Bacillus cihuensis FJAT-14515 (WP_028391929.1). The present study reveals that ureC phylogeny can be used in order to investigate ureolytic bacteria species which isolated from calcareous area in East Java province.
Alkaline phosphatase is a widely used enzyme in research and industry. Yeast is one of a microbia... more Alkaline phosphatase is a widely used enzyme in research and industry. Yeast is one of a microbial group that has the potency to produce alkaline phosphatase. This study aims to screen yeast from mangrove in Surabaya's East Coast that produce f alkaline phosphatase and to optimize the production of these enzymes.Screening test includes the measurement of phosphate solubilization index and concentration of soluble phosphate. Yeast with potential of phosphate solubilization will be used to measured the enzyme activity and also further optimizedfor extracellular alkaline phosphatase production.Optimization was done by determining the incubation time and a variety of combinations of phosphate source and temperature. The incubation time was adjustedto 7 days. Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 and KH 2 PO 4 as the phosphate sourceand incubation temperature were adjusted to 29° C, 45° C, and 55° C. The results showed that isolates with the highest phosphate solubilization index were W1.1 and G3.2 (1.18 for W1.1 and1.15 for G3.2). Yeast with the ability to solubilize phosphate was assumed to be Candidagenus.W1.1 andG3.2 produced soluble phosphate in a concentration of 0.50 ppm and 0.77 ppm at the 7th day respectively. Candida G3.2 has higher enzyme activity than Candida W1.1. Candida G3.2 has optimal production for 3 days incubation time with a combination of temperature 29 °C and Ca 3 (PO4) 2 as the phosphate source which caused 97.8 U/mL enzyme activity.
Lipase is an enzyme that is often used in industry and become a commercial enzyme. One group of m... more Lipase is an enzyme that is often used in industry and become a commercial enzyme. One group of microorganisms capable of producing lipase is a yeast. This study aims to screen yeast from Wonorejo mangrove that potential to produce lipase and to optimize the production of these enzymes. Screening test include the measurement of lipolytic index and value of fatty acid. Yeast with the best value of fatty acid will be continued to the measurement of lipase activity. It is affected by several environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, and incubation time. This research was conducted to observe the optimization variation on environmental factors combination to produce lipase. Lipase activity was tested by using p-Nitrophenyl Palmitate (pNPP). Absorbency was measured by spectrofotometer on wavelength of 410 nm. Measurement of the enzyme activity was done by interpolating the absorbance values on the p-nitrophenol standard curve then calculated by the formula. All data were analyzed by using descriptive quantitative method. The results show that the highest lypolityc index was 2.08. The highest value of fatty acid was 0.49 that was reached on 168 hours of incubation. Candida W3.8 expressed the highest lypolylitic potential. The optimum environment to produce lipase by Candida W 3.8 was on 120 hours of incubation time, in temperature range of 27 C-45 C and pH range of 4,5-7.
Organic waste is everywhere due to human activities. For bacteria, organic waste is nutrient for ... more Organic waste is everywhere due to human activities. For bacteria, organic waste is nutrient for gaining energy since they produce extra cellular enzymes, i.e. amylase, cellulase and protease. This study was aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria from water sample that were able to degrade organic waste. Bacterial isolate was obtained based on usual microbial method for isolation and purification. Bacterial biochemical characterization was followed the dichotomy method of Bergey’s manual of bacterial determination. Amylolytic, cellulolytic and proteolytic assay of the bacterial isolate was measured based on a clear zone surrounding bacterial colony growth on a particular selective medium of Starch Agar, Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose and Skim Milk Agar, respectively. Ability to degrade organic compound of each isolate was detected based on a total suspended solid (TSS) and total dissolved solid (TDS) value. This study was successfully isolate and characterized 11 bacterial isolates which were tended to affiliated to Bacillus (C2, C3, C5, C6, C8 and C9) and Corynebacterium (C1, C4, C14 and C15); and Pseudomonas (C11). Further results indicated that the isolates had a potential ability to degrade organic waste. They were obviously produced extracellular amylase, cellulase and protease based on detected clear zone surrounding the growing colony. Since the index activity of cellulase and protease were higher, it seemly that cellulase and protease were more produced and secreted into the particular selective medium. After each isolate independently incubated in a septic tank water medium containing close reactor for 31 days, isolate Gram negative Pseudomonas reduced TSS value from 403 mg/L to 233 mg/L, TDS from 90 in 10 3 mg/L to 18 in 10 3 mg/L, while the cell was growing from 1.95x10 11 CFU/ml to 1.25x10 14 CFU/ml. The isolate Gram positive Bacillus give a similar result; TSS value from 504 mg/L to 205 mg/L, TDS from 82 in 10 3 mg/L to 24 in 10 3 mg/L, and the cell was increasing from 2.56 x10 11 CFU/ml to 1.05 x10 14 CFU/ml. As our isolates were indigenous and many Corynebacterium, Bacillus and Pseudomonas had been reported as organic decomposer, other continuous studies are prospectus to perform, for instance molecular identification to find out whether our indigenous isolates are different strains of the same reported genus, or further investigation to optimize their ability producing extra cellular commercial enzymes.
Merkuri merupakan logam berat berbentuk cair, berwarna putih perak dan mudah menguap pada suhu ru... more Merkuri merupakan logam berat berbentuk cair, berwarna putih perak dan mudah menguap pada suhu ruangan. Merkuri ada di lingkungan karena proses alami dan kegiatan manusia. Merkuri bersifat racun apabila dalam bentuk ion Hg2+ karena dapat berikatan dengan gugus thiol suatu enzim sehingga menghambat kerja enzim tersebut. Beberapa bakteri memiliki kemampuan resisten terhadap merkuri, karena bakteri tersebut mensistesis enzim merkuri reduktase yang mengkatalis reduksi Hg2+ menjadi Hg0. Hilir Kali Mas Surabaya terdeteksi telah tercemar merkuri sebesar 6.38 ppm, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi bakteri resisten merkuri dari sedimen dan air sungai tersebut. Isolasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan medium Nutrient Agar (NA) yang mengandung 10‰ NaCl dan 10 ppm HgCl2. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh 24 isolat bakteri resisten merkuri. Berdasarkan 13 karakter biokimia yang diujikan, isolat tersebut cenderung masuk ke dalam 9 genus berbeda, yaitu Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Escherichia, Providencia, Erwinia, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Neisseria, Azotobacter.
The Kalimas River, Surabaya was contaminated 0.105 ppm mercury. This value was higher than the go... more The Kalimas River, Surabaya was contaminated 0.105 ppm mercury. This value was higher than the government acceptable number. It meant the considerable action was needed to clean the river. One of those actions could be potential done by bioremediation using mercury resistant bacteria. Our previous study was successfully isolated and biochemically characterized 3 bacterial isolates, coded S1Hg, SS19Hg and DA11Hg. They tended to affiliate to Bacillus strand. This further study was aimed the characterized their molecular fingerprinting after AluI digestion for accomplishing their biochemical characters. The molecular result showed that even they were Bacillus, but each had different fingerprinting pattern. This may indicate that they were different Bacillus strain.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan koeksistensi antara dua isolat bakteri resiste... more Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan koeksistensi antara dua isolat bakteri resisten merkuri dengan kode HgA3, HgS6 dan HgS13 dari Kali Mas Surabaya dengan metode cakram kertas dan metode perhitungan populasi sel. Tanpa cekaman HgCl 2 , metode cakram kertas menunjukkan bahwa isolat bakteri resisten merkuri HgA3 dan HgS13 (kombinasi I) serta HgS13 dan HgS6 (kombinasi II) tidak berkoeksistensi pada 24 jam masa inkubasi karena terbentuknya zona bening di sekeliling cakram kertas. Sebaliknya isolat HgS6 dan HgA3 (kombinasi III) menunjukkan hubungan koeksistensi, karena tidak terbentuk zona bening dan terlihat pertumbuhan bakteri di sekeliling cakram kertas. Parameter metode perhitungan populasi sel adalah populasi awal dan akhir masa inkubasi. Hasil dari metode perhitungan populasi menunjukkan bahwa dua isolat bakteri resisten merkuri pada ketiga kombinasi tidak berkoeksistensi setelah 24 jam masa inkubasi karena rasio populasi akhirnya tidak seimbang jika dibandingkan rasio populasi awalnya. Dengan cekaman 10 ppm HgCl 2 , metode perhitungan populasi sel menunjukkan bahwa kedua isolat bakteri pada kombinasi I (HgA3-HgS13), kombinasi II (HgS13-HgS6) dan kombinasi III (HgS6-HgA3) tidak berkoeksistensi karena rasio populasi awal dan akhir anggota kombinasi setelah 24 jam masa inkubasi tidak seimbang yaitu HgA3:
Fosfat merupakan unsur kedua yang penting setelah nitrogen. Ketersediaan fosfat anorganik dalam t... more Fosfat merupakan unsur kedua yang penting setelah nitrogen. Ketersediaan fosfat anorganik dalam tanah rendah, karena berikatan dengan Fe, Al dan Ca membentuk senyawa organik, sehingga fosfat tidak dapat diserap oleh tanaman. Rhizobakteria merupakan bakteri yang hidup di daerah rhizosfer tanah. Beberapa anggota rhizobakteria memiliki kemampuan untuk melarutkan fosfat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan bakteri rhizosfer yang mampu melarutkan fosfat dengan menggunakan metode deteksi kualitatif. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan isolat murni yang telah dipurifikasi dari hasil isolasi tanah rhizosfer. Terdapat lima isolat yang mampu hidup bersinergis dan isolat P1, P2, P8 dan P9 berpotensi sebagai pelarut fosfat.
Salah satu potensi Pulau Poteran Sumenep adalah bidang pertanian. Beberapa desa di Kecamatan Tala... more Salah satu potensi Pulau Poteran Sumenep adalah bidang pertanian. Beberapa desa di Kecamatan Talango tanaman holtikultura ditanam di lahan kering dan kurang subur. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah rendahnya P-tersedia padahal dilaporkan P total tanah Madura adalah sedang hingga tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat (BPF) tanah di Desa Talango dan Poteran agar diketahui keanekaragaman dan efisiensi pelarut fosfat bakteri tersebut. Isolasi bakteri dilakukan dengan metode pengenceran bertingkat dan metode sebar pada medium NA. Isolat murni diamati secara deskriptif makroskopis (bentuk, tepi, elevasi, dan warna koloni), mikroskopis (morfologi sel dan pewarnaan) dan karakter biokimia berdasarkan panduan Bergey’s Manual of Determinative serta diukur efisiensi pelarut fosfat dengan medium Pikovskaya. Berdasarkan hasil isolasi dan karakterisasi didapatkan 2 isolat berbeda yang kecenderungan masuk ke dalam dua genus Edwardsiella dan Corynebacterium. Efisiensi pelar...
Polietilen merupakan polimer penyusun plastik yang sulit didegradasi secara alami, dan berpotensi... more Polietilen merupakan polimer penyusun plastik yang sulit didegradasi secara alami, dan berpotensi menjadi limbah lingkungan. Jamur dapat menjadi alternatif dalam mendegradasi plastik. Jamur Aspergillus terreus diketahui memiliki kemampuan dalam mendegradasi plastik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pH 5 dan 6 serta suhu 25 0 C dan 35 0 C terhadap degradasi plastik oleh jamur A. terreus (LM 1021) selama 20 hari pada Minimal Salt Medium (MSM) dengan potongan plastik. Parameter yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah berat kering biomassa, persentase degradasi (ED) dan analisis fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Hasil dari penelitian setelah 20 hari inkubasi menunjukkan bahwa biomassa tertinggi didapat pada pH 5 suhu 25 0 C yang mencapai 65 mg. Sedangkan nilai ED mencapai 3,25% pada pH 6 suhu 25 0 C. Analisis FTIR menunjukkan telah terjadi perubahan persentase transmisi peak untuk gugus CH, CH2, dan C=C yang merupakan indikasi adanya perubahan gugus fungsional atau molekul kimia.
Polietilen sulit didegradasi karena tersusun atas monomer alkana yang memiliki ikatan C-C dan C-R... more Polietilen sulit didegradasi karena tersusun atas monomer alkana yang memiliki ikatan C-C dan C-R yang bersifat stabil. Jamur Aspergillus terreus diketahui menghasilkan Alkana hidroksilas (AH), salah satu enzim yang terlibat dalam degradasi polietilen. Enzim AH membutuhkan kofaktor berupa ion Fe 2+ . Tujuan dari penelitian ini, untuk mengetahui pengaruh 1 ppm ion Fe 2+ dan variasi pH terhadap aktivitas enzim AH jamur A. terreus dalam mendegradasi plastik. Penelitian ini menggunakan medium MSM dengan 1 ppm ion Fe 2+ dan variasi pH. Parameter yang diamati adalah aktivitas enzim AH dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan 1 ppm ion Fe 2+ dan variasi pH berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas AH. Hasil tertinggi aktivitas AH dicapai pada konsentrasi ion Fe 2+ 1 ppm dan pH 7, yaitu sebesar 10,6909 U/mL.
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui viabilitas Bacillus S1 terhadap paparan HgCl2 2,5 mg/L ... more Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui viabilitas Bacillus S1 terhadap paparan HgCl2 2,5 mg/L selama 36 jam dan aktivitas enzim amilase, protease, selulase dan lipase. Penentuan viabilitas dilakukan dengan menghitung CFU Bacillus S1 yang ditumbuhkan pada medium NA setelah terpapar HgCl2 2,5 mg/L dengan metode pour plate, sedangkan aktivitas enzim ditentukan dengan menumbuhkan Bacillus S1 pada medium spesifik dan diamati zona bening yang terbentuk di sekitar koloni. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa viabilitas Bacillus S1 terhadap paparan HgCl2 2,5 mg/L mengalami penurunan dalam kurun waktu 36 jam dari 4,7 × 108 CFU/ml menjadi 0,6 × 108 CFU/ml. Bacillus S1 mampu menghasilkan enzim amilase, protease dan selulase.
Tangki septik adalah tempat yang digunakan untuk membuang dan mengumpulkan kotoran atau tinja man... more Tangki septik adalah tempat yang digunakan untuk membuang dan mengumpulkan kotoran atau tinja manusia yang secara alami akan mengalami proses biodegradasi. Didalam tangki septik terdapat berbagai macam mikroba yang dapat mendegradasi kotoran atau tinja manusia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan dan mengkarakterisasi isolat bakteri aerob dari tangki septik. Proses isolasi bakteri diawali dengan pengenceran bertingkat dan didentifikasi berdasarkan sistem Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology . Hasil didapatkan 3 isolat bakteri aerob yang mengarah pada genus Bacillus , Pseudomonas, dan Azotobacter . Pseudomonas merupakan gram negatif basil, Bacillus merupakan gram positif basil dan Azotobacter merupakan gram negatif kokus.
Abstrak — Limbah organik merupakan limbah yang paling besar mencemari lingkungan. Penelitian ini ... more Abstrak — Limbah organik merupakan limbah yang paling besar mencemari lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan mikroorganisme alami tangki septik sebagai inokulum dalam mendegradasi bahan organik yang terdapat pada limbah pasar. Limbah yang telah ditambah dengan pupuk NPK 0,1% dan urea 10% diinkubasi selama 5 hari, dan diuji nilai BOD, COD, TSS, TDS dan pH. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mikroorganisme alami tangki septik mampu mendegradasi bahan organik dalam limbah pasar. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh perubahan parameter BOD dari 1830 mg/l menjadi 600 mg/l, COD dari 1640 mg/l menjadi 226,7 mg/l, TSS dari 0,85 mg/l menjadi 0,19 mg/l, TDS dari 3,76 mg/l menjadi 4,587 mg/l dan pH dari 2 menjadi 9.
Page 1. BAKTERI AEROB SEBAGAI BIOREMEDIATOR LIMBAH ORGANIK YANG MENGHASILKAN GAS HIDROGEN Ayuk Ra... more Page 1. BAKTERI AEROB SEBAGAI BIOREMEDIATOR LIMBAH ORGANIK YANG MENGHASILKAN GAS HIDROGEN Ayuk Rahmawati*), Maya Shovitri 1 ), Nengah Dwianita Kuswytasari 1 ) ... Berdasarkan puncak kromatografi gas, gas yang terdeteksi hanya O2 dan N2. ...
Aims: Tryptamine is an amine compound derived from tryptophan by decarboxylation process. This co... more Aims: Tryptamine is an amine compound derived from tryptophan by decarboxylation process. This compound can be found in fermented food and beverages, and in human gut and skin as well. This study aims to investigate the effect of tryptamine, on Gram-negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methodology and results: In this study, we used E. coli, S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa due to their relatively observable quorum sensing-regulated phenotype, such as motility, prodigiosin and pyocyanin sequentially. Our results showed that tryptamine started to inhibit the growth and prodigiosin production of S. marcescens at concentration 250 μg/mL, while it inhibits the growth and pyocyanin production of P. aeruginosa at concentration 250 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL, respectively. Tryptamine inhibits both the growth and motility of E. coli at concentration 100 μg/mL. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: These results suggest that tryptamine is able to inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa at relatively high concentration, thus decreases the quorum sensing-regulated phenotypes. It implies that the growth and quorum sensing of Gram-negative bacteria most likely will not be affected by the low concentration of tryptamine that present in the gut.
Organic waste is everywhere due to human activities. For bacteria, organic waste is nutrient for ... more Organic waste is everywhere due to human activities. For bacteria, organic waste is nutrient for gaining energy since they produce extra cellular enzymes, i.e. amylase, cellulase and protease. This study was aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria from water sample that were able to degrade organic waste. Bacterial isolate was obtained based on usual microbial method for isolation and purification. Bacterial biochemical characterization was followed the dichotomy method of Bergey’s manual of bacterial determination. Amylolytic, cellulolytic and proteolytic assay of the bacterial isolate was measured based on a clear zone surrounding bacterial colony growth on a particular selective medium of Starch Agar, Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose and Skim Milk Agar, respectively. Ability to degrade organic compound of each isolate was detected based on a total suspended solid (TSS) and total dissolved solid (TDS) value. This study was successfully isolate and characterized 11 bacterial isolates which were tended to affiliated to Bacillus (C2, C3, C5, C6, C8 and C9) and Corynebacterium (C1, C4, C14 and C15); and Pseudomonas (C11). Further results indicated that the isolates had a potential ability to degrade organic waste. They were obviously produced extracellular amylase, cellulase and protease based on detected clear zone surrounding the growing colony. Since the index activity of cellulase and protease were higher, it seemly that cellulase and protease were more produced and secreted into the particular selective medium. After each isolate independently incubated in a septic tank water medium containing close reactor for 31 days, isolate Gram negative Pseudomonas reduced TSS value from 403 mg/L to 233 mg/L, TDS from 90 in 10 3 mg/L to 18 in 10 3 mg/L, while the cell was growing from 1.95x10 11 CFU/ml to 1.25x10 14 CFU/ml. The isolate Gram positive Bacillus give a similar result; TSS value from 504 mg/L to 205 mg/L, TDS from 82 in 10 3 mg/L to 24 in 10 3 mg/L, and the cell was increasing from 2.56 x10 11 CFU/ml to 1.05 x10 14 CFU/ml. As our isolates were indigenous and many Corynebacterium, Bacillus and Pseudomonas had been reported as organic decomposer, other continuous studies are prospectus to perform, for instance molecular identification to find out whether our indigenous isolates are different strains of the same reported genus, or further investigation to optimize their ability producing extra cellular commercial enzymes.
The Kalimas River, Surabaya was contaminated 0.105 ppm mercury. This value was higher than the go... more The Kalimas River, Surabaya was contaminated 0.105 ppm mercury. This value was higher than the government acceptable number. It meant the considerable action was needed to clean the river. One of those actions could be potential done by bioremediation using mercury resistant bacteria. Our previous study was successfully isolated and biochemically characterized 3 bacterial isolates, coded S1Hg, SS19Hg and DA11Hg. They tended to affiliate to Bacillus strand. This further study was aimed the characterized their molecular fingerprinting after AluI digestion for accomplishing their biochemical characters. The molecular result showed that even they were Bacillus, but each had different fingerprinting pattern. This may indicate that they were different Bacillus strain.
Aims: Tryptamine is an amine compound derived from tryptophan by decarboxylation process. This co... more Aims: Tryptamine is an amine compound derived from tryptophan by decarboxylation process. This compound can be found in fermented food and beverages, and in human gut and skin as well. This study aims to investigate the effect of tryptamine, on Gram-negative bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methodology and results: In this study, we used E. coli, S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa due to their relatively observable quorum sensing-regulated phenotype, such as motility, prodigiosin and pyocyanin sequentially. Our results showed that tryptamine started to inhibit the growth and prodigiosin production of S. marcescens at concentration 250 μg/mL, while it inhibits the growth and pyocyanin production of P. aeruginosa at concentration 250 μg/mL and 500 μg/mL, respectively. Tryptamine inhibits both the growth and motility of E. coli at concentration 100 μg/mL. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: These results suggest that tryptamine is able to inhibit the growth of E. coli, S. marcescens and P. aeruginosa at relatively high concentration, thus decreases the quorum sensing-regulated phenotypes. It implies that the growth and quorum sensing of Gram-negative bacteria most likely will not be affected by the low concentration of tryptamine that present in the gut.
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 2021
Carbonatogenic bacteria can precipitate CaCO3 in the form of calcite, aragonite, or vaterite. Cal... more Carbonatogenic bacteria can precipitate CaCO3 in the form of calcite, aragonite, or vaterite. Calcite has the potential to be applied for strengthening concrete structures. This research aims to explore several new bacterial strains that can precipitate calcium carbonate leading to produce calcite and could be useful for strengthening concrete structures. Soil and stalactite samples were taken from a well-known limestone quarry in East Java, Indonesia. The isolated bacteria species were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequences. CaCO3 crystal properties were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Six novels isolated CaCO3 precipitating bacterial strains; Bacillus huizhouensis JA1; B. galactosidilyticus JB3; B. niacini AK4, B. lentus SU1, Lysinibacillus macroides JB2, and Sporosarcina soli JA4 were successfully isolated and have the potential to enhance concrete strength. All isolates were able to produce CaCO3 in calcite form except B. galactosidilyticus JB3. The experimental concrete with the addition of bacterial cells showed higher compressive strength and maximum load compared to control concrete and met the requirements for building construction so that it could be applied for building structure materials.
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 2019
Ureolytic bacteria isolated from limestone are capable to produce urease enzyme which can breaks ... more Ureolytic bacteria isolated from limestone are capable to produce urease enzyme which can breaks down urea into carbonate (CO3 2), has been utilized for various building material bioremediation and restoration. In this present study, we figured out the diversity and genetic relationship of α sub-unit ureC gene among six ureolytic bacteria (JA1, JB2, JB3, JA4, AK4, and SU1) which were isolated from limestone area in East Java province. PCR was conducted to detect the gene which encoded active site of urease, ureC. Followed by sequences translation using BLAST-X (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) based on the name and function of formed proteins and then aligned to the conserved domain database. Furthermore, the functions and characters of formed proteins were described. Based on PCR results, all isolates showed 340 bp DNA band which indicate the presence of ureC gene. The results of BLAST-X, JB2 isolates showed 100% similarity with the α sub-unit ureC gene from Lysinibacillus sphaericus B1-CDA (WP_054549252.1). Whereas, JA1 isolates showed 88% similarity (lowest) with the α sub-unit ureC gene from Bacillus cihuensis FJAT-14515 (WP_028391929.1). The present study reveals that ureC phylogeny can be used in order to investigate ureolytic bacteria species which isolated from calcareous area in East Java province.
Alkaline phosphatase is a widely used enzyme in research and industry. Yeast is one of a microbia... more Alkaline phosphatase is a widely used enzyme in research and industry. Yeast is one of a microbial group that has the potency to produce alkaline phosphatase. This study aims to screen yeast from mangrove in Surabaya's East Coast that produce f alkaline phosphatase and to optimize the production of these enzymes.Screening test includes the measurement of phosphate solubilization index and concentration of soluble phosphate. Yeast with potential of phosphate solubilization will be used to measured the enzyme activity and also further optimizedfor extracellular alkaline phosphatase production.Optimization was done by determining the incubation time and a variety of combinations of phosphate source and temperature. The incubation time was adjustedto 7 days. Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 and KH 2 PO 4 as the phosphate sourceand incubation temperature were adjusted to 29° C, 45° C, and 55° C. The results showed that isolates with the highest phosphate solubilization index were W1.1 and G3.2 (1.18 for W1.1 and1.15 for G3.2). Yeast with the ability to solubilize phosphate was assumed to be Candidagenus.W1.1 andG3.2 produced soluble phosphate in a concentration of 0.50 ppm and 0.77 ppm at the 7th day respectively. Candida G3.2 has higher enzyme activity than Candida W1.1. Candida G3.2 has optimal production for 3 days incubation time with a combination of temperature 29 °C and Ca 3 (PO4) 2 as the phosphate source which caused 97.8 U/mL enzyme activity.
Lipase is an enzyme that is often used in industry and become a commercial enzyme. One group of m... more Lipase is an enzyme that is often used in industry and become a commercial enzyme. One group of microorganisms capable of producing lipase is a yeast. This study aims to screen yeast from Wonorejo mangrove that potential to produce lipase and to optimize the production of these enzymes. Screening test include the measurement of lipolytic index and value of fatty acid. Yeast with the best value of fatty acid will be continued to the measurement of lipase activity. It is affected by several environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, and incubation time. This research was conducted to observe the optimization variation on environmental factors combination to produce lipase. Lipase activity was tested by using p-Nitrophenyl Palmitate (pNPP). Absorbency was measured by spectrofotometer on wavelength of 410 nm. Measurement of the enzyme activity was done by interpolating the absorbance values on the p-nitrophenol standard curve then calculated by the formula. All data were analyzed by using descriptive quantitative method. The results show that the highest lypolityc index was 2.08. The highest value of fatty acid was 0.49 that was reached on 168 hours of incubation. Candida W3.8 expressed the highest lypolylitic potential. The optimum environment to produce lipase by Candida W 3.8 was on 120 hours of incubation time, in temperature range of 27 C-45 C and pH range of 4,5-7.
Organic waste is everywhere due to human activities. For bacteria, organic waste is nutrient for ... more Organic waste is everywhere due to human activities. For bacteria, organic waste is nutrient for gaining energy since they produce extra cellular enzymes, i.e. amylase, cellulase and protease. This study was aimed to isolate and characterize bacteria from water sample that were able to degrade organic waste. Bacterial isolate was obtained based on usual microbial method for isolation and purification. Bacterial biochemical characterization was followed the dichotomy method of Bergey’s manual of bacterial determination. Amylolytic, cellulolytic and proteolytic assay of the bacterial isolate was measured based on a clear zone surrounding bacterial colony growth on a particular selective medium of Starch Agar, Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose and Skim Milk Agar, respectively. Ability to degrade organic compound of each isolate was detected based on a total suspended solid (TSS) and total dissolved solid (TDS) value. This study was successfully isolate and characterized 11 bacterial isolates which were tended to affiliated to Bacillus (C2, C3, C5, C6, C8 and C9) and Corynebacterium (C1, C4, C14 and C15); and Pseudomonas (C11). Further results indicated that the isolates had a potential ability to degrade organic waste. They were obviously produced extracellular amylase, cellulase and protease based on detected clear zone surrounding the growing colony. Since the index activity of cellulase and protease were higher, it seemly that cellulase and protease were more produced and secreted into the particular selective medium. After each isolate independently incubated in a septic tank water medium containing close reactor for 31 days, isolate Gram negative Pseudomonas reduced TSS value from 403 mg/L to 233 mg/L, TDS from 90 in 10 3 mg/L to 18 in 10 3 mg/L, while the cell was growing from 1.95x10 11 CFU/ml to 1.25x10 14 CFU/ml. The isolate Gram positive Bacillus give a similar result; TSS value from 504 mg/L to 205 mg/L, TDS from 82 in 10 3 mg/L to 24 in 10 3 mg/L, and the cell was increasing from 2.56 x10 11 CFU/ml to 1.05 x10 14 CFU/ml. As our isolates were indigenous and many Corynebacterium, Bacillus and Pseudomonas had been reported as organic decomposer, other continuous studies are prospectus to perform, for instance molecular identification to find out whether our indigenous isolates are different strains of the same reported genus, or further investigation to optimize their ability producing extra cellular commercial enzymes.
Merkuri merupakan logam berat berbentuk cair, berwarna putih perak dan mudah menguap pada suhu ru... more Merkuri merupakan logam berat berbentuk cair, berwarna putih perak dan mudah menguap pada suhu ruangan. Merkuri ada di lingkungan karena proses alami dan kegiatan manusia. Merkuri bersifat racun apabila dalam bentuk ion Hg2+ karena dapat berikatan dengan gugus thiol suatu enzim sehingga menghambat kerja enzim tersebut. Beberapa bakteri memiliki kemampuan resisten terhadap merkuri, karena bakteri tersebut mensistesis enzim merkuri reduktase yang mengkatalis reduksi Hg2+ menjadi Hg0. Hilir Kali Mas Surabaya terdeteksi telah tercemar merkuri sebesar 6.38 ppm, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi bakteri resisten merkuri dari sedimen dan air sungai tersebut. Isolasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan medium Nutrient Agar (NA) yang mengandung 10‰ NaCl dan 10 ppm HgCl2. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh 24 isolat bakteri resisten merkuri. Berdasarkan 13 karakter biokimia yang diujikan, isolat tersebut cenderung masuk ke dalam 9 genus berbeda, yaitu Bacillus, Mycobacterium, Escherichia, Providencia, Erwinia, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Neisseria, Azotobacter.
The Kalimas River, Surabaya was contaminated 0.105 ppm mercury. This value was higher than the go... more The Kalimas River, Surabaya was contaminated 0.105 ppm mercury. This value was higher than the government acceptable number. It meant the considerable action was needed to clean the river. One of those actions could be potential done by bioremediation using mercury resistant bacteria. Our previous study was successfully isolated and biochemically characterized 3 bacterial isolates, coded S1Hg, SS19Hg and DA11Hg. They tended to affiliate to Bacillus strand. This further study was aimed the characterized their molecular fingerprinting after AluI digestion for accomplishing their biochemical characters. The molecular result showed that even they were Bacillus, but each had different fingerprinting pattern. This may indicate that they were different Bacillus strain.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan koeksistensi antara dua isolat bakteri resiste... more Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan koeksistensi antara dua isolat bakteri resisten merkuri dengan kode HgA3, HgS6 dan HgS13 dari Kali Mas Surabaya dengan metode cakram kertas dan metode perhitungan populasi sel. Tanpa cekaman HgCl 2 , metode cakram kertas menunjukkan bahwa isolat bakteri resisten merkuri HgA3 dan HgS13 (kombinasi I) serta HgS13 dan HgS6 (kombinasi II) tidak berkoeksistensi pada 24 jam masa inkubasi karena terbentuknya zona bening di sekeliling cakram kertas. Sebaliknya isolat HgS6 dan HgA3 (kombinasi III) menunjukkan hubungan koeksistensi, karena tidak terbentuk zona bening dan terlihat pertumbuhan bakteri di sekeliling cakram kertas. Parameter metode perhitungan populasi sel adalah populasi awal dan akhir masa inkubasi. Hasil dari metode perhitungan populasi menunjukkan bahwa dua isolat bakteri resisten merkuri pada ketiga kombinasi tidak berkoeksistensi setelah 24 jam masa inkubasi karena rasio populasi akhirnya tidak seimbang jika dibandingkan rasio populasi awalnya. Dengan cekaman 10 ppm HgCl 2 , metode perhitungan populasi sel menunjukkan bahwa kedua isolat bakteri pada kombinasi I (HgA3-HgS13), kombinasi II (HgS13-HgS6) dan kombinasi III (HgS6-HgA3) tidak berkoeksistensi karena rasio populasi awal dan akhir anggota kombinasi setelah 24 jam masa inkubasi tidak seimbang yaitu HgA3:
Fosfat merupakan unsur kedua yang penting setelah nitrogen. Ketersediaan fosfat anorganik dalam t... more Fosfat merupakan unsur kedua yang penting setelah nitrogen. Ketersediaan fosfat anorganik dalam tanah rendah, karena berikatan dengan Fe, Al dan Ca membentuk senyawa organik, sehingga fosfat tidak dapat diserap oleh tanaman. Rhizobakteria merupakan bakteri yang hidup di daerah rhizosfer tanah. Beberapa anggota rhizobakteria memiliki kemampuan untuk melarutkan fosfat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan bakteri rhizosfer yang mampu melarutkan fosfat dengan menggunakan metode deteksi kualitatif. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan isolat murni yang telah dipurifikasi dari hasil isolasi tanah rhizosfer. Terdapat lima isolat yang mampu hidup bersinergis dan isolat P1, P2, P8 dan P9 berpotensi sebagai pelarut fosfat.
Salah satu potensi Pulau Poteran Sumenep adalah bidang pertanian. Beberapa desa di Kecamatan Tala... more Salah satu potensi Pulau Poteran Sumenep adalah bidang pertanian. Beberapa desa di Kecamatan Talango tanaman holtikultura ditanam di lahan kering dan kurang subur. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah rendahnya P-tersedia padahal dilaporkan P total tanah Madura adalah sedang hingga tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat (BPF) tanah di Desa Talango dan Poteran agar diketahui keanekaragaman dan efisiensi pelarut fosfat bakteri tersebut. Isolasi bakteri dilakukan dengan metode pengenceran bertingkat dan metode sebar pada medium NA. Isolat murni diamati secara deskriptif makroskopis (bentuk, tepi, elevasi, dan warna koloni), mikroskopis (morfologi sel dan pewarnaan) dan karakter biokimia berdasarkan panduan Bergey’s Manual of Determinative serta diukur efisiensi pelarut fosfat dengan medium Pikovskaya. Berdasarkan hasil isolasi dan karakterisasi didapatkan 2 isolat berbeda yang kecenderungan masuk ke dalam dua genus Edwardsiella dan Corynebacterium. Efisiensi pelar...
Polietilen merupakan polimer penyusun plastik yang sulit didegradasi secara alami, dan berpotensi... more Polietilen merupakan polimer penyusun plastik yang sulit didegradasi secara alami, dan berpotensi menjadi limbah lingkungan. Jamur dapat menjadi alternatif dalam mendegradasi plastik. Jamur Aspergillus terreus diketahui memiliki kemampuan dalam mendegradasi plastik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pH 5 dan 6 serta suhu 25 0 C dan 35 0 C terhadap degradasi plastik oleh jamur A. terreus (LM 1021) selama 20 hari pada Minimal Salt Medium (MSM) dengan potongan plastik. Parameter yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah berat kering biomassa, persentase degradasi (ED) dan analisis fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Hasil dari penelitian setelah 20 hari inkubasi menunjukkan bahwa biomassa tertinggi didapat pada pH 5 suhu 25 0 C yang mencapai 65 mg. Sedangkan nilai ED mencapai 3,25% pada pH 6 suhu 25 0 C. Analisis FTIR menunjukkan telah terjadi perubahan persentase transmisi peak untuk gugus CH, CH2, dan C=C yang merupakan indikasi adanya perubahan gugus fungsional atau molekul kimia.
Polietilen sulit didegradasi karena tersusun atas monomer alkana yang memiliki ikatan C-C dan C-R... more Polietilen sulit didegradasi karena tersusun atas monomer alkana yang memiliki ikatan C-C dan C-R yang bersifat stabil. Jamur Aspergillus terreus diketahui menghasilkan Alkana hidroksilas (AH), salah satu enzim yang terlibat dalam degradasi polietilen. Enzim AH membutuhkan kofaktor berupa ion Fe 2+ . Tujuan dari penelitian ini, untuk mengetahui pengaruh 1 ppm ion Fe 2+ dan variasi pH terhadap aktivitas enzim AH jamur A. terreus dalam mendegradasi plastik. Penelitian ini menggunakan medium MSM dengan 1 ppm ion Fe 2+ dan variasi pH. Parameter yang diamati adalah aktivitas enzim AH dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan 1 ppm ion Fe 2+ dan variasi pH berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas AH. Hasil tertinggi aktivitas AH dicapai pada konsentrasi ion Fe 2+ 1 ppm dan pH 7, yaitu sebesar 10,6909 U/mL.
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui viabilitas Bacillus S1 terhadap paparan HgCl2 2,5 mg/L ... more Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui viabilitas Bacillus S1 terhadap paparan HgCl2 2,5 mg/L selama 36 jam dan aktivitas enzim amilase, protease, selulase dan lipase. Penentuan viabilitas dilakukan dengan menghitung CFU Bacillus S1 yang ditumbuhkan pada medium NA setelah terpapar HgCl2 2,5 mg/L dengan metode pour plate, sedangkan aktivitas enzim ditentukan dengan menumbuhkan Bacillus S1 pada medium spesifik dan diamati zona bening yang terbentuk di sekitar koloni. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa viabilitas Bacillus S1 terhadap paparan HgCl2 2,5 mg/L mengalami penurunan dalam kurun waktu 36 jam dari 4,7 × 108 CFU/ml menjadi 0,6 × 108 CFU/ml. Bacillus S1 mampu menghasilkan enzim amilase, protease dan selulase.
Tangki septik adalah tempat yang digunakan untuk membuang dan mengumpulkan kotoran atau tinja man... more Tangki septik adalah tempat yang digunakan untuk membuang dan mengumpulkan kotoran atau tinja manusia yang secara alami akan mengalami proses biodegradasi. Didalam tangki septik terdapat berbagai macam mikroba yang dapat mendegradasi kotoran atau tinja manusia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan dan mengkarakterisasi isolat bakteri aerob dari tangki septik. Proses isolasi bakteri diawali dengan pengenceran bertingkat dan didentifikasi berdasarkan sistem Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology . Hasil didapatkan 3 isolat bakteri aerob yang mengarah pada genus Bacillus , Pseudomonas, dan Azotobacter . Pseudomonas merupakan gram negatif basil, Bacillus merupakan gram positif basil dan Azotobacter merupakan gram negatif kokus.
Abstrak — Limbah organik merupakan limbah yang paling besar mencemari lingkungan. Penelitian ini ... more Abstrak — Limbah organik merupakan limbah yang paling besar mencemari lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan mikroorganisme alami tangki septik sebagai inokulum dalam mendegradasi bahan organik yang terdapat pada limbah pasar. Limbah yang telah ditambah dengan pupuk NPK 0,1% dan urea 10% diinkubasi selama 5 hari, dan diuji nilai BOD, COD, TSS, TDS dan pH. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mikroorganisme alami tangki septik mampu mendegradasi bahan organik dalam limbah pasar. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh perubahan parameter BOD dari 1830 mg/l menjadi 600 mg/l, COD dari 1640 mg/l menjadi 226,7 mg/l, TSS dari 0,85 mg/l menjadi 0,19 mg/l, TDS dari 3,76 mg/l menjadi 4,587 mg/l dan pH dari 2 menjadi 9.
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