Papers by Muhammad Asim Malik
Electronics
With the help of machine learning, many tasks can be automated. The use of computers and mobile d... more With the help of machine learning, many tasks can be automated. The use of computers and mobile devices in “intelligent” buildings may make tasks such as controlling the indoor climate, monitoring security, and performing routine maintenance much easier. Intelligent buildings employ the Internet of Things to establish connections among the many components that make up the structure. As the notion of the Internet of Things (IoT) gains attraction, smart grids are being integrated into larger networks. The IoT is an integral part of smart grids since it enables beneficial services that improve the experience for everyone inside and individuals are protected because of tried-and-true life support systems. The reason for installing Internet of Things gadgets in smart structures is the primary focus of this investigation. In this context, the infrastructure behind IoT devices and their component units is of the highest concern.
JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2017
Economic evaluation (EE)/cost effectiveness analysis(CEA) of healthcare programmes is an emerging... more Economic evaluation (EE)/cost effectiveness analysis(CEA) of healthcare programmes is an emerging area, yet the resource base to apprehend EE/CEA is very limited in Pakistan. This paper attempts to fill this gap by providing a basic text in the field of EE with special reference to Pakistan. We used four dimensional criteria (available, relevant, complete and accurate) for reviewing the EE contents in the locally available textbooks and reading material on public health. We find CEA as core competency and skill of medical doctors in undergraduate medical curricula yet we could not find EE contents in the recommended textbooks. We find that economic evaluation entails two rules: both cost and effectiveness should be included in the analysis, and there must be a comparison of at least two drugs or medical intervention. We describe EE/CEA in this article and recommend that EE content should be included in the medical and public health curriculum in Pakistan.
In Pukhtoon society 'Malik' (the Tribal Chief) remained a key figure in all social and political ... more In Pukhtoon society 'Malik' (the Tribal Chief) remained a key figure in all social and political activities. His influence in society was so deep-rooted that his words in any matter were final and acceptable even for the warring parties, whenever he acted as an arbitrator. He remained a source of inspiration and command in society and every one gave due respect to his words. Malik on behalf of his clan/tribe, was a chief spokesman who used to deal with other tribes and the government and acted as the best source for enforcing loyalty for the government in war-ridden areas of FATA. The government in return paid handsome benefit for their allegiance. After 9/11, Pakistan became a frontline state in war on terrorism causing a great change internationally, and particularly in the Tribal areas. Due to the presence of US and NATO forces in Afghanistan, the tribal areas have become a safe haven for Al-Qaeda, Taliban and other foreign militant groups. This growing militancy has resulted in undercutting the Maliks influence and control in their respective areas and anarchic situation everywhere in Tribal areas. This paper will focus on Maliks role in Pukhtoon society in general and in tribal areas in particular and highlight the factors leading to their ineffectiveness and losing prestige in their respective areas. To review and promote the role and influence of Maliks in this war zone, it is necessary to analyze that how they can safeguard the government interest and handle the militancy in this region effectively.
Jurnal AlifLam: Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities
Ragam bacaan (qira’at) al-Qur’an sudah ada sejak diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad di Mekkah. Akan ... more Ragam bacaan (qira’at) al-Qur’an sudah ada sejak diturunkan kepada Nabi Muhammad di Mekkah. Akan tetapi qira’at ini mulai dipergunakan saat nabi sudah berada di Madinah. Saat menyampaikan wahyu yang telah diterimanya, nabi selalu menggunakan bacaan yang sesuai dengan kemampuan para sahabat yang hadir pada saat itu. Sehingga kemampuan sahabat dalam membaca al-Qur’an juga bervariasi, tergantung berapa macam bacaan (qira’at) yang telah ia dapatkan dari Rasulullah. Akibatnya, ragam qira’at yang berkembang di setiap daerah mengalami perbedaan. Sesudah Rasulullah wafat, para sahabat semakin giat menyebarluaskan al-Qur’an dengan mendirikan madrasah-madrasah di sekitar tempat mereka bermukim. Sehingga, tidak mengherankan apabila setelah generasi sahabat, muncul para ahli qira’at di kalangan tabi’in, salah satunya: Madzhab qira’at Ashim riwayat Hafsh yang merupakan qira’at atau bacaan yang di gunakan untuk membaca al-Qur’an di Nusantara
arXiv (Cornell University), Oct 29, 2021
Motivation: Multi-trait genome-wide association studies (GWAS) use multi-variate statistical meth... more Motivation: Multi-trait genome-wide association studies (GWAS) use multi-variate statistical methods to identify associations between genetic variants and multiple correlated traits simultaneously, and have higher statistical power than independent univariate analyses of traits. Reverse regression, where genotypes of genetic variants are regressed on multiple traits simultaneously, has emerged as a promising approach to perform multitrait GWAS in high-dimensional settings where the number of traits exceeds the number of samples. Results: We analyzed different machine learning methods (ridge regression, naive Bayes/independent univariate, random forests and support vector machines) for reverse regression in multi-trait GWAS, using genotypes, gene expression data and ground-truth transcriptional regulatory networks from the DREAM5 SysGen Challenge and from a cross between two yeast strains to evaluate methods. We found that genotype prediction performance, in terms of root mean squared error (RMSE), allowed to distinguish between genomic regions with high and low transcriptional activity. Moreover, model feature coefficients correlated with the strength of association between variants and individual traits, and were predictive of true trans-eQTL target genes, with complementary findings across methods.
European Neuropsychopharmacology
This paper examines the perspectives of marriage of mut'ah with a thematic approach. Elaborat... more This paper examines the perspectives of marriage of mut'ah with a thematic approach. Elaboration of these issues resulted an understanding of mut’ah is a marriage declared running for a certain time. Mut’ah marriage is also known as the al-nikah al-munqati’ (disconnected marriage) and the al-nikah al-muwaqqat (temporary marriage) which became one models of marriage in the early Islam. In the hadith context relating to mut’ah marriage, indicates that there is a conflict between the hadith allowed mut'ah and hadith forbided mut'ah that all are in valid quality. The author offers two methods of settlement apparently contradictory hadith about marriage of mut'ah namely al-jam'u methods and nasikh-mansukh methods that give different legal implications
en). Comparisons with other countries are based on figures expressed in terms of purchasing power... more en). Comparisons with other countries are based on figures expressed in terms of purchasing power parity. The country's income category is determined from the World Bank's classification for the same year (http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lending-groups). 3 Different countries use the terms 'national health insurance,' 'social health insurance' and 'social security' differently to describe different types of mandatory health insurance. In each country assessment in this series, the term applied is the one commonly in use in the country in question. Pakistan does not have a large mandatory health insurance scheme. What it calls Social Security is a very small scheme. Notes: * This includes government tax-funded health spending and mandatory Social Security spending on health **This includes external resources that flow through NGOs # Some external resources flow through government and some through NGOs. Indicators 5 and 6 therefore add up to 100% whereas indicator 7 in this Table is a separate indicator altogether. This is different from Figure 1 where donor funds are distinguished from tax-based financing.
JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2019
International Review of Management and Business Research, 2021
In the last decade, emergence of different technological platforms have drastically influenced an... more In the last decade, emergence of different technological platforms have drastically influenced and altered societies across the globe. Social commerce or S-commerce which is an off shoot of e-commerce has become part of everyday life among consumers. Mobile commerce also known as m-commerce is a major contributor towards S-commerce. The current research intends to investigate the compulsive buying behavior and conspicuous online consumption frameworks in the context of m-commerce. This study is targets the trends of m commerce within the context of developing country like Pakistan. The current research aims at highlighting how the antecedents involved in the frameworks of compulsive buying behavior and conspicuous online consumption translate into behaviors in the context of m-commerce. The significance of the study can be judged from the fact that, it will help contribute towards to body of knowledge concerning modern social consumptions patterns of the consumers triggered by the m...
International Journal for Equity in Health, 2012
Background: Out-of-pocket (OOP) payment on healthcare is dominant mode of financing in developing... more Background: Out-of-pocket (OOP) payment on healthcare is dominant mode of financing in developing countries. In Pakistan it is 67% of total expenditure on healthcare. Analysis of determinants of OOP health expenditure is a key aspect of equity in healthcare financing. It helps to formulate an effective health policy. Evidence on OOP in Pakistan is sparse. This paper attempts to fill this research gap. Methods: We estimated determinants of OOP payments on healthcare in Pakistan. We used data sets of Pakistan Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) and Pakistan Standard of Living Measurement (PSLM) Survey for the year 2004-05. We developed a multiple regression model for the determinants of OOP payments using methods of Ordinary Least Square (OLS). We mainly used social, economic, demographic and health variables in our analysis. Results: Median household OOP healthcare in the year 2004-05 was Pakistani Rupees (PKR) 2500 (US$ 41.99) in 2004-05. Household non-food expenditure was t...
BMJ (Clinical research ed.), Apr 11, 2017
Health Policy and Planning, 2017
Since 2001 substantial resources have been allocated to the reproductive, maternal, newborn and c... more Since 2001 substantial resources have been allocated to the reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health sector (RMNCH) in Pakistan. Many new programmes have been started and coverage of some existing programmes has been extended to un-served and rural areas. Despite these efforts the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5 were not achieved (2000-15). Maternal Mortality Ratio was reduced to 170 per 100 000 live births (target 100) by 2013 at an annual reduction rate of 3.6% (1990-2013). Against the target of 46 per 1000 live births, the Under Five Mortality Rate was reduced to 81 per 1000 live births by 2015 at an annual reduction rate of 2.1% (1990-2015). We evaluated the comparative expenditures for the RMNCH sector and analysed impact of public expenditures on the use of the public facilities for the RMNCH services. Expenditure on RMNCH increased by 181% (2000-10), reaching PKR 628.79 billion (US$9.67 billion). The Share of the RMNCH expenditure in the total health expenditure increased from 16 to 21% (2005-10). The share of official development assistance for the RMNCH increased from 36 to 51% (2003-10). Equity was modestly achieved with a greater proportion of the poor using public facilities for the childhood diarrhoea (Concentration Index À0.06 in 2001-02 to À 0.11 in 2010-11) and reduction in the proportion of the rich using the public health facilities for institutional births (Concentration Index 0.30 in 2001-02 to 0.25 in 2010-11). Overall the RMNCH disease control programmes focused on vertical primary health approach and targeted the district health system in the un-served areas. Our findings confirm that diseconomies of scale, donor dependence and supply side perspective could only result in a modest progress towards achieving the MDGs. We call for urgent attention of the policy makers for the integration of the vertical and the routine primary health care and reliance on indigenous sustainable healthcare financing. We also recommend acknowledging economic perspective on health policy and health programmes.
The journal of mental health policy and economics, Sep 1, 2016
The economic consequences of mental illnesses are much more than health consequences. In Low and ... more The economic consequences of mental illnesses are much more than health consequences. In Low and Middle Income Countries (LMIC) the economic impact of mental illnesses is rarely analyzed. This paper attempts to fill the gap in research on economics of mental health in LMIC. We provide economic burden of mental illness in Pakistan that can serve as an argument for reorienting health policy, resource allocation and priority settings. To estimate economic burden of mental illnesses in Pakistan. The study used prevalence based cost of illnesses approach using bottom-up costing methodology. We used Aga Khan University Hospital, Psychiatry department data set (N = 1882) on admission and ambulatory care for the year 2005-06. Healthcare cost data was obtained from finance department of the hospital. Productivity losses, caregiver and travel cost were estimated using socio-economic features of patients in the data set and data of national household survey. We used stratified random sampling ...
JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2014
JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2009
International Journal of Business and Management, 2011
Marketing should be called as the competitive edge of every business. Marketing practices are dif... more Marketing should be called as the competitive edge of every business. Marketing practices are differing from continent to continent, countries to countries, cities to cities and sector to sector in relation with social, cultural and economic backgrounds. The differentiation among space, time and effectiveness of marketing practices could be the distinction for any firm or business in particular environment. Different approaches of marketing planning and practices are used in different phases of the company's life. In Karachi, majority of small businesses and even some big corporate companies involved in peculiar marketing practices. In this study the Marketing benefits, its role and results are addressed in the context of Restaurant and Caterers business. The objective of the study is to determine the effects of existing marketing practices of restaurant and catering businesses on their performance and their commerce. The aim of this study is to analyze the vague marketing practices and its effect on restaurant and catering business and their performance in Karachi.
International Journal for Equity in Health, 2012
Background: Out-of-pocket (OOP) payment on healthcare is dominant mode of financing in developing... more Background: Out-of-pocket (OOP) payment on healthcare is dominant mode of financing in developing countries. In Pakistan it is 67% of total expenditure on healthcare. Analysis of determinants of OOP health expenditure is a key aspect of equity in healthcare financing. It helps to formulate an effective health policy. Evidence on OOP in Pakistan is sparse. This paper attempts to fill this research gap. Methods: We estimated determinants of OOP payments on healthcare in Pakistan. We used data sets of Pakistan Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) and Pakistan Standard of Living Measurement (PSLM) Survey for the year 2004-05. We developed a multiple regression model for the determinants of OOP payments using methods of Ordinary Least Square (OLS). We mainly used social, economic, demographic and health variables in our analysis. Results: Median household OOP healthcare in the year 2004-05 was Pakistani Rupees (PKR) 2500 (US$ 41.99) in 2004-05. Household non-food expenditure was the single highest significant predictor of household OOP health expenditure. Household features like literate head and spouse, at least one obstetric delivery in last three years, unsafe water, unhygienic toilet and household belonging to Khyber Pukhtonkhwa (KPK) province were significant positive predictors of OOP payments. Households with male head, bricks used in housing construction, household with at least one child and no elderly, and head of household in a white collar profession were negative predictors of OOP payments. Conclusion: Our analysis confirms earlier findings that economic status and number of old aged members are significant positive predictors of OOP payments. This association can direct government to enhance allocations to healthcare and to include program focusing on non-communicable diseases. Our findings suggest further research to explore beneficiaries of government healthcare programs and determinants of high OOP payments by household residing in KPK province than other province. The interaction between white collar profession and their economic status in predicting OOP payments is also an area for further research.
deal with the French, the US government pressurised the French to drop the deal. While they resis... more deal with the French, the US government pressurised the French to drop the deal. While they resisted initially, the French finally withdrew their offer. Pakistan however continued with its search for alternate methods for achieving this capability, through uranium enrichment. 10 The US government delayed lifting the decade-old embargo on lethal arms transfers until February 1975. When President Ford removed the restrictions, he was unable to renew the intimate pre-1965 security relationship. 11 Although the US Navy, transferred two destroyers to Pakistan under a long-term loan arrangement, this improvement in relations proved short-lived. The Carter administration withdrew the offer of 110 A-7 attack aircrafts that had remained on the table during the Ford administration. With its emphasis on promoting democracy and human rights, the Carter administration looked on India with favour and on Pakistan with concern. In July 1977, Jimmy Carter welcomed India's new Prime Minister Morarji Desai, to the White House. On January 1, 1978, Carter became the third U.S. President to pay an official visit to India. He did not stopover in Pakistan. 12 10 Ibid-pp-271. The Carter Administration also renewed efforts to force Pakistan to shelve its nuclear programme. President Zia's government, which had taken over from Bhutto, refused to tow the line. Resultantly the US Government suspended aid amounting to $ 50 million. The relations reached their lowest ebb, when an inflamed, crowd torched the US Embassy at Islamabad following an incident in Mecca.
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Papers by Muhammad Asim Malik