The Poza de la Sal diapir is a closed circular depression with Cretaceous Mesozoic materials, for... more The Poza de la Sal diapir is a closed circular depression with Cretaceous Mesozoic materials, formed by gypsum, Keuper clays, and a large extension of salt in the center with intercalations of ophite. The low seismic activity of the area, the reduced permeability and porosity of the salt caverns, and the proximity to the Páramo de Poza wind park, make it a suitable place for the construction of a facility for underground storage of green hydrogen obtained from surplus wind power. The design of a cavern for hydrogen storage at a depth of 1000 m takes into account the differences in stresses, temperatures, and confining pressures involved in the salt deformation process. During the 8 months of the injection phase, 23.0 GWh can be stored in the form of hydrogen obtained from the wind energy surplus, to be used later in the extraction phase. The injection and extraction ratio must be developed under the conditions of geomechanical safety of the cavity, so as to minimize the risks to the...
Project management is one of the most relevant issues in the success of projects [1]. Decision-ma... more Project management is one of the most relevant issues in the success of projects [1]. Decision-making is a process of evaluation and selection from among different alternatives, based on a set of criteria, to achieve one or more objectives by selecting the best possible option.
The 30th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, Oct 11, 2020
Unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs are deposits that do not produce economically without the a... more Unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs are deposits that do not produce economically without the assistance of massive stimulation or the application of special recovery technologies. Hydraulic fracturing is a stimulation technique that aims to increase the well productivity by establishing highly conductive structures (fractures). This paper presents a sensitivity study to evaluate the influence of some variables of hydraulic fracturing on well productivity. In this work, a design of experiments (DOE) was performed based on the Latin Hypercube samplings. This study serves as a basis for the computational tool for the analysis of hydraulic fracturing of gas wells in unconventional fields. This tool is coupled in an optimization module based on evolutionary algorithms that aims to optimize well production from hydraulic fracturing parameters, minimizing also the cost.
He teaches several master's degree subjects (mining engineering, energy engineering, research, mo... more He teaches several master's degree subjects (mining engineering, energy engineering, research, modeling and risk analysis in the environment, oil and gas engineering, teacher training) and is oriented, in many cases, the planning and management of projects. For his research on the applications of surface geochemistry, he obtained the Extraordinary Doctorate Award and the Juan Artieda Award. He is an elected member of INHIGEO, a scientific association dependent on UNESCO. He has participated in research projects on environment, mining heritage, shale gas, and natural radioactivity and published more than 100 scientific articles and congress communications. Since he joined Universidad Politécnica de Madrid in 1990, Eduardo De Miguel Garcia has pursued three main research lines: geochemical prospecting, environmental geochemistry, and human health risk analysis. His research career began with the development of his PhD thesis in collaboration with the German Geological Survey (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, BGR) and the Norwegian Atmospheric Research Institute (Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning, NILU). He remains in close collaboration with prestigious international researchers in the field of urban geochemistry and human health risk assessment. He has led 9 research projects with a total funding of nearly 500000 € and has had fruitful collaborations with regional environmental authorities and private companies. His teaching activity (in the fields of geochemistry, soil pollution and environmental risk assessment) is not limited to Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, in which he is full professor, but he has also taught outside of Spain at
To write a book about the Management of innovative projects is a challenge, because innovation go... more To write a book about the Management of innovative projects is a challenge, because innovation goes beyond the usual, normal things, is not a standard behaviour and is difficult to propose techniques and methods to manage the creativity, but, in the same time, represents a very good initiative-to provide a specific guide for a project manager. At the moment, innovation is part of our everyday life and all the projects have innovative elements; these are the "details that make the difference" between a common, mediocre project and a good and efficient one. The management of the innovative projects needs a basic theoretical frame in which to find explanations of all fundamentals concepts. The chapter will present the main fundamentals concepts and prepare the reader for more complex approaches in the field of project management. The chapter will be structured as follows: definitions of innovation; explanation of the differences between innovation and invention; the typology of innovations; factors that influence and drive to innovation; a detailed comment about the models of innovation (five generations of innovation identified by prof. Roy Rothwell); introduction of the concepts of "open innovation" and "closed innovation", the effects of open innovation on economic growth, business and development.
Unconventional reservoirs have become an important resource for hydrocarbons. The production of t... more Unconventional reservoirs have become an important resource for hydrocarbons. The production of this type of reservoir is only feasible from massive stimulation. In this context, the study of hydraulic fracturing becomes important. The present work has the objective of evaluating the influence of reservoir parameters that are uncertain, in the optimization of hydraulic fracturing. The parameters that will be evaluated are: drainage radius, permeability, net-pay, temperature and pressure of the reservoir. The optimization model uses evolutionary algorithms to maximize the production of the fractured well and minimize the fracture cost.
This chapter reviews the use of seawater in the mining industry in Chile, especially from the per... more This chapter reviews the use of seawater in the mining industry in Chile, especially from the perspective of the current situation and the innovative proposals for its sustainable use. This chapter describes the current use of seawater, with and without desalting, in the mining sector in Chile, as well as its future projection. Descriptions are given for the current desalination systems, mining operations currently using seawater and new projects, current water distribution systems, seawater applications in hydrometallurgy and minerals concentration, their environmental impacts, and difficulties in adapting processes in case of use of seawater without desalination. This is complemented by a description of mining in Chile, its importance for Chile and its relationship to the global mining. Finally, problems and opportunities are identified. A second aspect considered in this chapter is the innovative solutions that are being investigated to solve some of the problems indicated above, including integrated seawater distribution systems, seawater biodesalination, partial desalination using carbon dioxide, adaptation of process to the use of seawater without desalination, and uses of discard brines from reverse osmosis plants.
The main objective of this chapter is to describe which analytical methodologies and procedures c... more The main objective of this chapter is to describe which analytical methodologies and procedures can be applied at the surface to monitor and verify the feasibility of geologically stored carbon dioxide.
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2009
Abslr3ct: Water "'as a key elelllcnl in Ihe Inca ivilization (t'. D 1438-1534 l. bOlh rol' their ... more Abslr3ct: Water "'as a key elelllcnl in Ihe Inca ivilization (t'. D 1438-1534 l. bOlh rol' their cmp, and m. pan 01' Ih~ir \'ision 01' Ihe <.:0,m05. ccording lo mylhs on lhc origin 01' Ihe InC<I!•. their civilizalion aro e frol11 the ea through one 01' ib ll1ain ll1~nife,tal;ons. Lake TiLicaca. Throughoul Ihe pcriocl 01' Inca oOl11inancc. a, in 'omc 01' ¡he culturc. Ihm preceded Ihem. waler "'a~a .acreo clcm~1l1. Thi, \'ision 01' Ihe CO$1110 can be regarOcd as a hydl'OgeologicHI 1l10del wilh sil11ilarilies W Ihe bdicfs in oree in Europc I'rol11 Ihe c1n,sical period until Ihe end 01' Ihe scvcl1lcelllh <.:elllury, Bec:'lIse-01' Iheir excellent intllili e lIndcrstanding uf "'aler. Ihe Jneas de"d• oped a cUl11plex ;n;galioll SYSlcm 10 ~htlllnel \Valer 10 Iheir agrieulluralland . Coinciding wilh the lJi,lribmion ol'waler. Ihe organized periodicallhanksgiving fesliv~I,. when farllling cOIl1IllUnilie, galhered \0 cekbralc Ihe bcginning 01' a ne\V agricllhur~1 cycle wilh song., dances and fcstivilic . However. Ihe cel1lralized ¡;Onlr I 01' wmer rC~(Jurc~inlroduceu in Ihe lwcnlielh ~en(ury led lO Ihe di"appear~nce uf many 01' Ihes' Iradilions and to Ihe replaCel11enl uf "" irrigaliOI1 syslem Ihal had pro ved acc"plable. by one Ihal was alicnlO ¡he cUSlom> and l1i 101' 01' Ihe coul1lry pcoplc. Thi led tO Ihe ~r"l connicl" over water cOlllrol. A, II 1' 1: ult. lhe vi ion 01' the cosmos based on water and roOled in "gricullural COllllllllllille-h~s been losl. 111e onglll }f lhe Inca cullure has nOI yel been di>col'cred. 1I has been 'ho\ 11 Ihm. of lhemall kingd 111' f nneo during lhe , econd Inlermediale Peliod in lhe Cuzco region. une 01' Ihcm \Vas eSlablishecl by force l' am,', Whal we cUlTemly know aboul lhe Inca Imperial period i" well documcnlcd in 16lh-cel1lury . panish chronicles but lhey do nol provide sullicielll intbnnation abouI how thm cthnic group \Vas formed and con 'olidaled ils powcr. Thc Incas' hiMory b full 01' leg nos Ihal have renched us lhrough oral lradilion. bU! arehaeologicnl cJa\;\ are vel')' ~c¡\fce. One sUl:h legend eoncerns lhe ance. lors uf Ihe lnC:1 lineage, hinco Capac and his wife Mama Ocllo. From Ihem 1I1llil Ihe lasl Incu, lahualpa. Ihe
Greenhouse Gases-Science and Technology, Oct 1, 2016
Carbon capture and storage is a viable option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Although captur... more Carbon capture and storage is a viable option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Although capture and geological storage of CO 2 are the major forms of research, CO 2 transportation should be also considered in the entire chain. There are still some issues that require a more accurate definition, especially in economic aspects. In this study, we explore concepts such as the uses of a storage structure for a single source with, for instance, an individual transportation line, and the use of a centralized model using a geological structure for several C02 emitters. This model has been applied in a given region of Spain, in order to determine the maximum distance between the sources and the potential areas for storing CO 2 , using a geographical information system to evaluate the data. Moreover, sensitive analysis was performed in order to orovide a better understandina of the economical implications of CO 2 transportation Table 1. Current CO 2 pipelines. The first long-distance CO 2 pipeline was in the 1970s. Main utilization of the natural & anthropogenic CO 2 is EOR activities. 10 ,13 PIPELINE Location Length Diameter Estimated Maximum Km inches 10 6 t/year Cortez USA 808 30 23
The present paper studies the indoor radon variations in two similar dwellings, one of them occup... more The present paper studies the indoor radon variations in two similar dwellings, one of them occupied and the other unoccupied, from the same residential building. In particular, the research study was carried out in two new dwellings in Madrid. Radon concentration and ambient parameters were measured three-hourly from 11 May to 12 December 2014. Solid state detectors, Radon Scout, were used for the radon monitoring. Simultaneously, two atmospheric variables were acquired from NOAA Air Research Laboratory. The results show that radon level is slightly higher in the unoccupied dwelling than in the other one. From the analysis developed in this study, it is found that a specific seasonal pattern exists in the indoor radon concentration. Besides, the anthropogenic influence is also analysed. Nearly periodical patterns could be observed in specific periods whether dwelling is occupied or not.
In this study, the contingent valuation method is used to appraise the value and market potential... more In this study, the contingent valuation method is used to appraise the value and market potential of mining heritage, serving as a means to evaluate these heritage assets for the society, for the purposes of entertainment, culture or recreation. The method has been applied to the specific case ofthe region ofExtremadura (Spain), an area with a prevalent mining tradition that dates back to prehistoric times, boasting countless mining-related remains of recognised value. Among those vestiges, 20 enclaves were selected for use in this study following research carried out by the Institute of Geology and Mining in Spain. A survey has been u sed to estimate the public willingness to pay for the conservation, restoration and protection of mining heritage assets that could be visited by both local people and others. Three payment values (7, 13 and 20 euros) were established to classify respondents' responses and thus estimate the degree of interest expressed in currency units, which were shown by the mining heritage of Extremadura as a possible destination for a tourist trip. While a high percentage (43%) ofrespondents did not know what the mining heritage is, after the introduction to the survey included in the surveys, it is concluded that most would be willing to pay an amount to visit it. The results reveal a market potential ofmore than €130 million without bearing in mind the indirect value generated by these resources, underscoring the high value that society attaches to these mining remains. Among other objectives, environmental economics analyses the manner in which the economy impacts the environment. The importance ofthe environment for the economy was studied by the most suitable means to regulate economic activity to achieve a balance among the objectives of environmental conservation, economic growth and other social goals, including, for example, economic development and intergenerational equality Munasinghe 1992). This discipline sets out to appraise assets that have no market, such as natural C8J Luis F. Mazadiego
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Jun 2, 2018
The applicability of radon ( 222 Rn) measurements to delineate non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL) c... more The applicability of radon ( 222 Rn) measurements to delineate non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL) contamination in subsoil is discussed ata site with lithological discontinuities through a blind test. Three alpha spectroscopy monitors were used to measure radon in soil air in a 25,000-m 2 area, following a regular sampling design with a 20-m 2 grid. Repeatability and reproducibility of the results were assessed by means of duplicate measurements in six sampling positions. Furthermore, three points not affected by oil spills were sampled to estimate radon background concentration in soil air. Data histograms, Q-Q plots, variograms, and cluster analysis allowed to recognize two data populations, associated with the possible path of a fault and a lithological discontinuity. Even though the concentration of radon in soil air was dominated by this discontinuity, the characterization of the background emanation in each lithological unit allowed to distinguish areas potentially affected by NAPL, thus justifying the application of radon emanometry as a screening technique for the delineation of NAPL plumes in sites with lithological discontinuities.
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Apr 1, 2016
CO 2 flux measurements at the soil-atmosphere interface are commonly carried out as part of site ... more CO 2 flux measurements at the soil-atmosphere interface are commonly carried out as part of site characterization in areas elected for CO 2 geological storage purposes. This approach represents an important monitoring tool to detect and quantify leakages during operational and post-operational stages related to the injection of anthropogenic CO 2. A large variety of techniques to measure diffuse CO 2 soil flux is available and one of the most widely used is the accumulation chamber method. With this method, the total output is statistically estimated after measuring the CO 2 flux in selected points of a certain area. Several statistical approaches can be applied and it is important to select the most representative and significant procedure. Consequently, in this paper six different methods were used to calculate the total CO 2 output, as follows: arithmetic mean, minimum variances unbiased estimator, bootstrap resample, partitioning of data into different populations with graphical and maximum likelihood procedures, and sequential Gaussian simulation. Eight campaigns were carried out in the Hontomín CO 2 Storage Technology Development Plant (Burgos, Spain) and in natural analogs of CO 2 storage (Campo de Calatrava, Spain and Mt. Amiata, Caprese Michelangelo and La Solfatara, Italy). Our results showed that sequential Gaussian simulation is the most precise method for evaluating the total CO 2 output and the respective confidence interval. Nevertheless, the estimation of the total CO 2 output with other statistical methodologies allowed to develop an application procedure for choosing the most reliable and realistic approach.
In innovative environments or departments, where employees must be motivated to produce new ideas... more In innovative environments or departments, where employees must be motivated to produce new ideas, products or processes, is critical to consider not only technical skills but soft skills such as communication, leadership, responsibility and teamworking. The result of an innovation team goes beyond the optimum performance that is asked of a standard team, since they usually set ambitious goals that allow to go beyond the current state of the art and this makes the operation of these teams especially delicate. As a result, general considerations about work teams are considered, focusing on the model of Tuckman's team development sequence and Belbin Theory. Last but no least, a section is dedicated to "what to pay attention to in groups" as a key issue. As a conclusion, the working group can be an effective management tool for companies to solve difficult and complex problems. In the case of innovative profiles, special attention must be paid to the motivations of these people, who are often different from others. The authors have identified all these aspects as key issues to research and they will dedicate the following academic courses to study in detail some specific roles and their implication in successful innovative projects.
In the process of designing and solving problems related to engineering, the ability to find inno... more In the process of designing and solving problems related to engineering, the ability to find innovative solutions is becoming more and more relevant. Following this principle, engineers should acquire transversal competences through courses such as Project Evaluation and Risk Management, in which they learn to solve current problems through innovation. The project evaluation supposes an approach to the real world, since an idea is evaluated in the different phases of the logical cycle of a project, culminating with its techno-economic analysis and investment. Following the analogy, engineers develop and evaluate their ideas and present them to a group of professors and professionals posing as investors. The results present a holistic approach to the evaluation of ideas and the capacity of a team to develop engineering projects. The study performs an assessment methodology for an open-innovation concept, and the investor's exercise may contribute to practical strategies to foster creative engineers.
The Poza de la Sal diapir is a closed circular depression with Cretaceous Mesozoic materials, for... more The Poza de la Sal diapir is a closed circular depression with Cretaceous Mesozoic materials, formed by gypsum, Keuper clays, and a large extension of salt in the center with intercalations of ophite. The low seismic activity of the area, the reduced permeability and porosity of the salt caverns, and the proximity to the Páramo de Poza wind park, make it a suitable place for the construction of a facility for underground storage of green hydrogen obtained from surplus wind power. The design of a cavern for hydrogen storage at a depth of 1000 m takes into account the differences in stresses, temperatures, and confining pressures involved in the salt deformation process. During the 8 months of the injection phase, 23.0 GWh can be stored in the form of hydrogen obtained from the wind energy surplus, to be used later in the extraction phase. The injection and extraction ratio must be developed under the conditions of geomechanical safety of the cavity, so as to minimize the risks to the...
Project management is one of the most relevant issues in the success of projects [1]. Decision-ma... more Project management is one of the most relevant issues in the success of projects [1]. Decision-making is a process of evaluation and selection from among different alternatives, based on a set of criteria, to achieve one or more objectives by selecting the best possible option.
The 30th International Ocean and Polar Engineering Conference, Oct 11, 2020
Unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs are deposits that do not produce economically without the a... more Unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs are deposits that do not produce economically without the assistance of massive stimulation or the application of special recovery technologies. Hydraulic fracturing is a stimulation technique that aims to increase the well productivity by establishing highly conductive structures (fractures). This paper presents a sensitivity study to evaluate the influence of some variables of hydraulic fracturing on well productivity. In this work, a design of experiments (DOE) was performed based on the Latin Hypercube samplings. This study serves as a basis for the computational tool for the analysis of hydraulic fracturing of gas wells in unconventional fields. This tool is coupled in an optimization module based on evolutionary algorithms that aims to optimize well production from hydraulic fracturing parameters, minimizing also the cost.
He teaches several master's degree subjects (mining engineering, energy engineering, research, mo... more He teaches several master's degree subjects (mining engineering, energy engineering, research, modeling and risk analysis in the environment, oil and gas engineering, teacher training) and is oriented, in many cases, the planning and management of projects. For his research on the applications of surface geochemistry, he obtained the Extraordinary Doctorate Award and the Juan Artieda Award. He is an elected member of INHIGEO, a scientific association dependent on UNESCO. He has participated in research projects on environment, mining heritage, shale gas, and natural radioactivity and published more than 100 scientific articles and congress communications. Since he joined Universidad Politécnica de Madrid in 1990, Eduardo De Miguel Garcia has pursued three main research lines: geochemical prospecting, environmental geochemistry, and human health risk analysis. His research career began with the development of his PhD thesis in collaboration with the German Geological Survey (Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, BGR) and the Norwegian Atmospheric Research Institute (Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning, NILU). He remains in close collaboration with prestigious international researchers in the field of urban geochemistry and human health risk assessment. He has led 9 research projects with a total funding of nearly 500000 € and has had fruitful collaborations with regional environmental authorities and private companies. His teaching activity (in the fields of geochemistry, soil pollution and environmental risk assessment) is not limited to Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, in which he is full professor, but he has also taught outside of Spain at
To write a book about the Management of innovative projects is a challenge, because innovation go... more To write a book about the Management of innovative projects is a challenge, because innovation goes beyond the usual, normal things, is not a standard behaviour and is difficult to propose techniques and methods to manage the creativity, but, in the same time, represents a very good initiative-to provide a specific guide for a project manager. At the moment, innovation is part of our everyday life and all the projects have innovative elements; these are the "details that make the difference" between a common, mediocre project and a good and efficient one. The management of the innovative projects needs a basic theoretical frame in which to find explanations of all fundamentals concepts. The chapter will present the main fundamentals concepts and prepare the reader for more complex approaches in the field of project management. The chapter will be structured as follows: definitions of innovation; explanation of the differences between innovation and invention; the typology of innovations; factors that influence and drive to innovation; a detailed comment about the models of innovation (five generations of innovation identified by prof. Roy Rothwell); introduction of the concepts of "open innovation" and "closed innovation", the effects of open innovation on economic growth, business and development.
Unconventional reservoirs have become an important resource for hydrocarbons. The production of t... more Unconventional reservoirs have become an important resource for hydrocarbons. The production of this type of reservoir is only feasible from massive stimulation. In this context, the study of hydraulic fracturing becomes important. The present work has the objective of evaluating the influence of reservoir parameters that are uncertain, in the optimization of hydraulic fracturing. The parameters that will be evaluated are: drainage radius, permeability, net-pay, temperature and pressure of the reservoir. The optimization model uses evolutionary algorithms to maximize the production of the fractured well and minimize the fracture cost.
This chapter reviews the use of seawater in the mining industry in Chile, especially from the per... more This chapter reviews the use of seawater in the mining industry in Chile, especially from the perspective of the current situation and the innovative proposals for its sustainable use. This chapter describes the current use of seawater, with and without desalting, in the mining sector in Chile, as well as its future projection. Descriptions are given for the current desalination systems, mining operations currently using seawater and new projects, current water distribution systems, seawater applications in hydrometallurgy and minerals concentration, their environmental impacts, and difficulties in adapting processes in case of use of seawater without desalination. This is complemented by a description of mining in Chile, its importance for Chile and its relationship to the global mining. Finally, problems and opportunities are identified. A second aspect considered in this chapter is the innovative solutions that are being investigated to solve some of the problems indicated above, including integrated seawater distribution systems, seawater biodesalination, partial desalination using carbon dioxide, adaptation of process to the use of seawater without desalination, and uses of discard brines from reverse osmosis plants.
The main objective of this chapter is to describe which analytical methodologies and procedures c... more The main objective of this chapter is to describe which analytical methodologies and procedures can be applied at the surface to monitor and verify the feasibility of geologically stored carbon dioxide.
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2009
Abslr3ct: Water "'as a key elelllcnl in Ihe Inca ivilization (t'. D 1438-1534 l. bOlh rol' their ... more Abslr3ct: Water "'as a key elelllcnl in Ihe Inca ivilization (t'. D 1438-1534 l. bOlh rol' their cmp, and m. pan 01' Ih~ir \'ision 01' Ihe <.:0,m05. ccording lo mylhs on lhc origin 01' Ihe InC<I!•. their civilizalion aro e frol11 the ea through one 01' ib ll1ain ll1~nife,tal;ons. Lake TiLicaca. Throughoul Ihe pcriocl 01' Inca oOl11inancc. a, in 'omc 01' ¡he culturc. Ihm preceded Ihem. waler "'a~a .acreo clcm~1l1. Thi, \'ision 01' Ihe CO$1110 can be regarOcd as a hydl'OgeologicHI 1l10del wilh sil11ilarilies W Ihe bdicfs in oree in Europc I'rol11 Ihe c1n,sical period until Ihe end 01' Ihe scvcl1lcelllh <.:elllury, Bec:'lIse-01' Iheir excellent intllili e lIndcrstanding uf "'aler. Ihe Jneas de"d• oped a cUl11plex ;n;galioll SYSlcm 10 ~htlllnel \Valer 10 Iheir agrieulluralland . Coinciding wilh the lJi,lribmion ol'waler. Ihe organized periodicallhanksgiving fesliv~I,. when farllling cOIl1IllUnilie, galhered \0 cekbralc Ihe bcginning 01' a ne\V agricllhur~1 cycle wilh song., dances and fcstivilic . However. Ihe cel1lralized ¡;Onlr I 01' wmer rC~(Jurc~inlroduceu in Ihe lwcnlielh ~en(ury led lO Ihe di"appear~nce uf many 01' Ihes' Iradilions and to Ihe replaCel11enl uf "" irrigaliOI1 syslem Ihal had pro ved acc"plable. by one Ihal was alicnlO ¡he cUSlom> and l1i 101' 01' Ihe coul1lry pcoplc. Thi led tO Ihe ~r"l connicl" over water cOlllrol. A, II 1' 1: ult. lhe vi ion 01' the cosmos based on water and roOled in "gricullural COllllllllllille-h~s been losl. 111e onglll }f lhe Inca cullure has nOI yel been di>col'cred. 1I has been 'ho\ 11 Ihm. of lhemall kingd 111' f nneo during lhe , econd Inlermediale Peliod in lhe Cuzco region. une 01' Ihcm \Vas eSlablishecl by force l' am,', Whal we cUlTemly know aboul lhe Inca Imperial period i" well documcnlcd in 16lh-cel1lury . panish chronicles but lhey do nol provide sullicielll intbnnation abouI how thm cthnic group \Vas formed and con 'olidaled ils powcr. Thc Incas' hiMory b full 01' leg nos Ihal have renched us lhrough oral lradilion. bU! arehaeologicnl cJa\;\ are vel')' ~c¡\fce. One sUl:h legend eoncerns lhe ance. lors uf Ihe lnC:1 lineage, hinco Capac and his wife Mama Ocllo. From Ihem 1I1llil Ihe lasl Incu, lahualpa. Ihe
Greenhouse Gases-Science and Technology, Oct 1, 2016
Carbon capture and storage is a viable option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Although captur... more Carbon capture and storage is a viable option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Although capture and geological storage of CO 2 are the major forms of research, CO 2 transportation should be also considered in the entire chain. There are still some issues that require a more accurate definition, especially in economic aspects. In this study, we explore concepts such as the uses of a storage structure for a single source with, for instance, an individual transportation line, and the use of a centralized model using a geological structure for several C02 emitters. This model has been applied in a given region of Spain, in order to determine the maximum distance between the sources and the potential areas for storing CO 2 , using a geographical information system to evaluate the data. Moreover, sensitive analysis was performed in order to orovide a better understandina of the economical implications of CO 2 transportation Table 1. Current CO 2 pipelines. The first long-distance CO 2 pipeline was in the 1970s. Main utilization of the natural & anthropogenic CO 2 is EOR activities. 10 ,13 PIPELINE Location Length Diameter Estimated Maximum Km inches 10 6 t/year Cortez USA 808 30 23
The present paper studies the indoor radon variations in two similar dwellings, one of them occup... more The present paper studies the indoor radon variations in two similar dwellings, one of them occupied and the other unoccupied, from the same residential building. In particular, the research study was carried out in two new dwellings in Madrid. Radon concentration and ambient parameters were measured three-hourly from 11 May to 12 December 2014. Solid state detectors, Radon Scout, were used for the radon monitoring. Simultaneously, two atmospheric variables were acquired from NOAA Air Research Laboratory. The results show that radon level is slightly higher in the unoccupied dwelling than in the other one. From the analysis developed in this study, it is found that a specific seasonal pattern exists in the indoor radon concentration. Besides, the anthropogenic influence is also analysed. Nearly periodical patterns could be observed in specific periods whether dwelling is occupied or not.
In this study, the contingent valuation method is used to appraise the value and market potential... more In this study, the contingent valuation method is used to appraise the value and market potential of mining heritage, serving as a means to evaluate these heritage assets for the society, for the purposes of entertainment, culture or recreation. The method has been applied to the specific case ofthe region ofExtremadura (Spain), an area with a prevalent mining tradition that dates back to prehistoric times, boasting countless mining-related remains of recognised value. Among those vestiges, 20 enclaves were selected for use in this study following research carried out by the Institute of Geology and Mining in Spain. A survey has been u sed to estimate the public willingness to pay for the conservation, restoration and protection of mining heritage assets that could be visited by both local people and others. Three payment values (7, 13 and 20 euros) were established to classify respondents' responses and thus estimate the degree of interest expressed in currency units, which were shown by the mining heritage of Extremadura as a possible destination for a tourist trip. While a high percentage (43%) ofrespondents did not know what the mining heritage is, after the introduction to the survey included in the surveys, it is concluded that most would be willing to pay an amount to visit it. The results reveal a market potential ofmore than €130 million without bearing in mind the indirect value generated by these resources, underscoring the high value that society attaches to these mining remains. Among other objectives, environmental economics analyses the manner in which the economy impacts the environment. The importance ofthe environment for the economy was studied by the most suitable means to regulate economic activity to achieve a balance among the objectives of environmental conservation, economic growth and other social goals, including, for example, economic development and intergenerational equality Munasinghe 1992). This discipline sets out to appraise assets that have no market, such as natural C8J Luis F. Mazadiego
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Jun 2, 2018
The applicability of radon ( 222 Rn) measurements to delineate non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL) c... more The applicability of radon ( 222 Rn) measurements to delineate non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL) contamination in subsoil is discussed ata site with lithological discontinuities through a blind test. Three alpha spectroscopy monitors were used to measure radon in soil air in a 25,000-m 2 area, following a regular sampling design with a 20-m 2 grid. Repeatability and reproducibility of the results were assessed by means of duplicate measurements in six sampling positions. Furthermore, three points not affected by oil spills were sampled to estimate radon background concentration in soil air. Data histograms, Q-Q plots, variograms, and cluster analysis allowed to recognize two data populations, associated with the possible path of a fault and a lithological discontinuity. Even though the concentration of radon in soil air was dominated by this discontinuity, the characterization of the background emanation in each lithological unit allowed to distinguish areas potentially affected by NAPL, thus justifying the application of radon emanometry as a screening technique for the delineation of NAPL plumes in sites with lithological discontinuities.
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Apr 1, 2016
CO 2 flux measurements at the soil-atmosphere interface are commonly carried out as part of site ... more CO 2 flux measurements at the soil-atmosphere interface are commonly carried out as part of site characterization in areas elected for CO 2 geological storage purposes. This approach represents an important monitoring tool to detect and quantify leakages during operational and post-operational stages related to the injection of anthropogenic CO 2. A large variety of techniques to measure diffuse CO 2 soil flux is available and one of the most widely used is the accumulation chamber method. With this method, the total output is statistically estimated after measuring the CO 2 flux in selected points of a certain area. Several statistical approaches can be applied and it is important to select the most representative and significant procedure. Consequently, in this paper six different methods were used to calculate the total CO 2 output, as follows: arithmetic mean, minimum variances unbiased estimator, bootstrap resample, partitioning of data into different populations with graphical and maximum likelihood procedures, and sequential Gaussian simulation. Eight campaigns were carried out in the Hontomín CO 2 Storage Technology Development Plant (Burgos, Spain) and in natural analogs of CO 2 storage (Campo de Calatrava, Spain and Mt. Amiata, Caprese Michelangelo and La Solfatara, Italy). Our results showed that sequential Gaussian simulation is the most precise method for evaluating the total CO 2 output and the respective confidence interval. Nevertheless, the estimation of the total CO 2 output with other statistical methodologies allowed to develop an application procedure for choosing the most reliable and realistic approach.
In innovative environments or departments, where employees must be motivated to produce new ideas... more In innovative environments or departments, where employees must be motivated to produce new ideas, products or processes, is critical to consider not only technical skills but soft skills such as communication, leadership, responsibility and teamworking. The result of an innovation team goes beyond the optimum performance that is asked of a standard team, since they usually set ambitious goals that allow to go beyond the current state of the art and this makes the operation of these teams especially delicate. As a result, general considerations about work teams are considered, focusing on the model of Tuckman's team development sequence and Belbin Theory. Last but no least, a section is dedicated to "what to pay attention to in groups" as a key issue. As a conclusion, the working group can be an effective management tool for companies to solve difficult and complex problems. In the case of innovative profiles, special attention must be paid to the motivations of these people, who are often different from others. The authors have identified all these aspects as key issues to research and they will dedicate the following academic courses to study in detail some specific roles and their implication in successful innovative projects.
In the process of designing and solving problems related to engineering, the ability to find inno... more In the process of designing and solving problems related to engineering, the ability to find innovative solutions is becoming more and more relevant. Following this principle, engineers should acquire transversal competences through courses such as Project Evaluation and Risk Management, in which they learn to solve current problems through innovation. The project evaluation supposes an approach to the real world, since an idea is evaluated in the different phases of the logical cycle of a project, culminating with its techno-economic analysis and investment. Following the analogy, engineers develop and evaluate their ideas and present them to a group of professors and professionals posing as investors. The results present a holistic approach to the evaluation of ideas and the capacity of a team to develop engineering projects. The study performs an assessment methodology for an open-innovation concept, and the investor's exercise may contribute to practical strategies to foster creative engineers.
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Papers by Luis Mazadiego