Nanoparticles have become an important area of research in the field of targeted drug delivery as... more Nanoparticles have become an important area of research in the field of targeted drug delivery as they have the ability to deliver the drug to targeted area with sustained period of time with limited side effects in the non targeted areas [1]. Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) are drawing lot of interest and attention as a new platform for biomedical applications, than any other metallic Nanoparticles due to their biocompatibility and non-cytotoxicity [2-3]. In clinical applications, the advantage of AuNPs is that they can be readily conjugated to many bio molecules like amino acids, proteins/ enzymes, DNA [4-6] and other molecular species without altering the biological activity of the conjugated species. Functionalized AuNPs has opened the door wide to biomedical applications such as colorimetric assays of amoxicillin [7], creatinin [8], melanin [9], bio-sensing [10] and drug delivery [11]. Recently, we have reported a method for spontaneous ultra fast synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Punica granatum for cancer targeted drug delivery [12]. Green synthesis of pullulan stabilized gold nanoparticles for cancer targeted drug delivery for the treatment of liver cancer has also been reported by us [13]. Until now, varieties of methods or techniques have been reported for the preparation of AuNPs [14-16]. One of the most commonly used methods is the chemical reduction of gold salts by various reducing agents, such as sodium borohydride, sodium citrate, form amide [17-18]. Sodium borohydride is toxic to human. As citric acid reduced AuNPs are not stable in physiological conditions, synthesis of AuNPs needs protective or stabilizing agents such as thiols, surfactants and polymers, which can attach to the surface of AuNPs, and thus preventing the agglomeration [19-22]. Green chemistry based synthesis of gold Nanoparticles could tackle the above problem and could be used for targeted drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and stability in physiological conditions. Oral controlled drug delivery systems based on natural hydrophilic polysaccharides are highly appreciable due to their economic feasibility, controlled drug release and regulatory acceptance. Guar Gum (GG) is a high molecular weight (2, 20000 Daltons) hydro-colloidal polysaccharide derived from the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus. The gum consists of linear chains of (1→4)-β-Dmannopyranosyl units with α-D-galactopyranosyl units attached by (1→6) linkages [23]. The pH of 1% (w/v) aqueous dispersion varies from 5 to 7 and is stable over a wide pH range. The viscosity of GG dispersion is same in both acidic and alkaline media. In pharmaceuticals, guar gum is used as a binder and disintegrant in solid dosage forms [24]. GG is generally considered as a potential candidate for colon-specific drug delivery application due to its drug release retarding property and susceptibility to microbial degradation in the large intestine [25-26]. Gamma scintiographic studies on GG matrix tablets in human models showed that they are appropriate carriers for colon region [27]. Carboxymethyl gaur gum stabilized
We have developed L-glutamic acid (LG) loaded chitosan (CS) hydrogels to treat diabetic wounds. A... more We have developed L-glutamic acid (LG) loaded chitosan (CS) hydrogels to treat diabetic wounds. Although literature reports wound healing effects of poly(glutamic acid)-based materials, there are no studies on the potential of L-glutamic acid in treating diabetic wounds. As LG is a direct precursor for proline synthesis, which is crucial for collagen synthesis, we have prepared CS + LG hydrogels to accelerate diabetic wound healing. Physiochemical properties of the CS + LG hydrogels showed good swelling, thermal stability, smooth surface morphology, and controlled biodegradation. The addition of LG to CS hydrogels did not alter their biocompatibility significantly. CS + LG hydrogel treatment showed rapid wound contraction compared to control and chitosan hydrogel. Period of epithelialization is significantly reduced in CS + LG hydrogel treated wounds (16 days) compared to CS hydrogel (20 days), and control (26 days). Collagen synthesis and crosslinking are also significantly improved in CS + LG hydrogel treated diabetic rats. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry results revealed that the CS + LG hydrogel dressing accelerated vascularization and macrophage recruitment to enhance diabetic wound healing. These results demonstrate that incorporation of LG can improve collagen deposition, and vascularization, and aid in faster tissue regeneration. Therefore, CS + LG hydrogels could be an effective wound dressing used to treat diabetic wounds. Globally, diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major health concerns with increasing prevalence. DM is a common chronic endocrine disorder that primarily results in hyperglycemia due to the absence or insufficiency and resistance to insulin 1, 2. Wounds in diabetic patients are slow to heal and persist for a few months under proper wound care and management. Wound healing is a multifaceted and overlapping process that follows a systematic sequence. There are three main stages involved in the process of wound healing: inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Inflammation follows hemostasis (blood clotting) and can last for up to 6 days 3. During the proliferative phase, new blood vessels are formed by angiogenesis, collagen is synthesized and deposited. This further leads to the formation of granulation tissue, epithelialization, and wound contraction 4. Tissue remodeling phase starts at the end to replace the granulation tissue with a scar tissue, which takes approximately 3 to 6 weeks 3. In the case of diabetic wounds, the inflammation phase is prolonged and the proliferative phase fails to begin. This leads to chronic unhealed wounds 5. Thus, diabetic wound healing is a serious challenge in clinical practice 4. Pathophysiology of impaired diabetic wound healing is still unclear. It is presumed that delayed healing is due to the persistence of prolonged inflammation, and an inadequate angiogenic response 6. Wound dressing materials are used as a protective barrier against pathogens during the wound healing process. These materials should be biocompatible. They should also help in cell attachment, proliferation, migration, and differentiation 3, 7 .
Carbohydrate polymers have been used to make wound dressings since many years. Pullulan is a carb... more Carbohydrate polymers have been used to make wound dressings since many years. Pullulan is a carbohydrate polymer, found abundant in nature, produced by various strains of Aureobasidium. In this study, pullulan hydrogel (10%) has been used to test its healing efficacy on suture-less wounds in rats. Male Wistar rats weighing between 150 and 200 g body weights were used for this study. The animals were divided into 3 groups, each group comprising of six animals and a 3 cm full thickness incision was made on the dorsum of the rats. To group I rats, 500 μl of the hydrogel was applied on the wounds followed by finger clamping for 2 min. Group II (positive control) rats were applied with povidone-iodine and group III rats (control) were left untreated. The drug was given once a day until the wounds healed completely. The healing rate was assessed by observing the number of days required for complete healing. The incision wounds of hydrogel treated rats healed within 6 days whereas the wounds of positive control and control rats had taken 11 days and 15 days respectively, for complete healing. The animals were sacrificed and wound breaking strength of the incisions was measured. A two fold increase in the tensile strength was observed in the pullulan hydrogel treated wounds when compared to the control and positive control wounds. The tensile strength of pullulan hydrogel treated wounds was found to be (3.63 MPa) when compared to control (1.17 MPa) and positive control (1.34 MPa) rats. Shrinkage temperature was also remarkably augmented (more than 25%) when compared to control. Histopathological evaluations showed enhanced proliferation of fibroblasts and faster epithelialization of wounds in pullulan hydrogel treated rats. The increased rate of healing in pullulan hydrogel treated wounds might be due to its energy giving and anti-oxidant properties.
The porous composite scaffolds (PHBV/HA) consisting of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalera... more The porous composite scaffolds (PHBV/HA) consisting of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were fabricated using a hot-press machine and salt-leaching. Collagen (type I) was then immobilized on the surface of the porous PHBV/HA composite scaffolds to improve tissue compatibility. The structure and morphology of the collagen-immobilized composite scaffolds (PHBV/HA/Col) were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The potential of the porous PHBV/HA/Col composite scaffolds for use as a bone scaffold was assessed by an experiment with osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) in terms of cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. The results showed that the PHBV/HA/Col composite scaffolds possess better cell adhesion and significantly higher proliferation and differentiation than the PHBV/HA composite scaffolds and the PHBV scaffolds. These res...
The recalcitrant organics matters present in the tannery soak water and generation of CO2 by the ... more The recalcitrant organics matters present in the tannery soak water and generation of CO2 by the conventional grid-power, becomes a major problem to meet pollution control board norms in Tamil Nadu. Treatment of tannery soak water has become significant with the declining water resources. An eco-friendly electrochemical oxidation on tannery soak water was investigated using solar PV stand-alone systems (SPV) to supply constant power to eliminate the conventional grid-power. Electro-oxidation cell with cylindrical graphite electrode was used for this process and the treatment was found to be effective and almost all organic part were completely removed. The influence of the significant parameters of electro-oxidation such as pH, treatment time, salt concentration and current density on the removal of organic load was studied using graphite electrodes. A high concentration of sodium chloride about 40 g/L in this system makes the process effectively and improved the overall performance...
Annona squamosa is known for its antioxidant, antidiabetic and wound healing activity. We examine... more Annona squamosa is known for its antioxidant, antidiabetic and wound healing activity. We examined the efficacy of A. squamosa on the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants during wound repair in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. An excision wound was made on the back of rat and 200 µL (100 mg/kg b.wt) of A. squamosa extract was applied topically once daily for the treated wounds. The control wounds were left untreated. The wound tissues formed were removed on day 4, 8, 12 and 16 of post wounding. Levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were estimated in control and treated wound tissues. Enzymatic antioxidants like Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase and Glutathione-S-transferase were significantly (p<0.05) increased in A. squamosa treated animals especially on day 8. Diabetes is characterized by deficiency of nitric oxide (NO) at the wound site, which is an essential key factor in diabetic wound management. NO was also high in A. squamosa treated wound tissues. Nonenzymatic antioxidants like ascorbic acid, vitamin-E and reduced glutathione were also significantly (p<0.05) increased on day 4 and 8 in treated animals. A. squamosa promotes increased levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in wound tissues for better wound repair mechanism in normal and diabetic rats.
... Kanagaraj, J., John Sundar, V., Muralidharan, C. and S. Sadulla (2005). ... Proceedings of th... more ... Kanagaraj, J., John Sundar, V., Muralidharan, C. and S. Sadulla (2005). ... Proceedings of the 31st Leather Research Industry Get-Together, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, India, 150 p. Preethi, V., Rathinasamy, V., Kannan, N., Chandrababu and PK Sehgal (2006). ...
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Psyllium husk based silk 3D scaffolds were developed via freeze drying method without adding any ... more Psyllium husk based silk 3D scaffolds were developed via freeze drying method without adding any bioactive substances to enhance tissue repair during cutaneous wound healing in rats.
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2021
ABSTRACT In the present study, ferulic acid (fa), a polyphenol, was employed to prepare stable go... more ABSTRACT In the present study, ferulic acid (fa), a polyphenol, was employed to prepare stable gold nanoparticles. It acted as a reducing agent when mixed with hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) hydrate at ambient temperature. Subsequently, fa also turned as a stabilizing agent and yielded spherical gold nanoparticles (fa-AuNPs). The synthesized gold nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized using UV/Visible spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, High resolution transmission electron microscopy, Dynamic light scattering and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy studies. Then, the synthesized fa-AuNPs were tested in human skin cancer cells (A431) and normal kertotinocytes (HaCaT cells). The fa-AuNPs produced cytotoxicity in A431 cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. The angiogenetic efficacy of the fa-AuNPs was substantiated by the results of CAM assay. The programmed cell death occurred via apoptosis as indicated by the sub G1 population. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species and caspase-3 activity resulted in reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Hence, this study corroborated that fa-AuNPs successfully stimulated autophagy in A431 cells through mitochondria based pathways and thus may be considered as a potential agent to treat skin cancer.
Treatment of chronic non-healing wounds in diabetes is still a major clinical challenge. Here, we... more Treatment of chronic non-healing wounds in diabetes is still a major clinical challenge. Here, we have developed reduced graphene oxide (rGO) loaded isabgol nanocomposite scaffolds (Isab + rGO) to treat normal and diabetic wounds. rGO was synthesized by rapid reduction of graphene oxide (GO) under focused solar radiation. Then, rGO was uniformly dispersed into isabgol solution to prepare Isab + rGO nanocomposite scaffolds. These scaffolds were characterized using various physiochemical techniques. Isab + rGO nanocomposite scaffolds showed suitable cell viability, proliferation, and attachment. In vivo experiments were performed using Wistar rats to study the wound healing efficacy of these scaffolds in normal and diabetic rats. Results revealed that rGO stimulated collagen synthesis, collagen crosslinking, wound contraction, and reduced the wound re-epithelialization time significantly compared to control. Histology and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that Isab + rGO scaffold t...
We have developed a novel hydrogel composed of konjac glucomannan (KGM), human hair proteins (KER... more We have developed a novel hydrogel composed of konjac glucomannan (KGM), human hair proteins (KER), and an ethanolic extract of Avena sativa (OAT) and evaluated its potential as a dressing material for diabetic wounds. KGM is an excellent biocompatible gelling agent that stimulates fibroblast proliferation and immunomodulation. Human hair proteins (KER) are biocompatible, biodegradable, and possess abundant cell adhesion sites. KER also promotes fibroblast attachment and proliferation, keratinocyte migration, and collagen expression, which can accelerate wound healing. OAT consists of oat β-glucans and several anti-inflammatory and antioxidant moieties that can reduce prolonged inflammation in chronic wounds. SEM images confirm the highly porous architecture of the scaffolds. When immersed in PBS, KGM+KER+OAT hydrogels absorb 7.5 times their dry weight. These hydrogels display a measured rate of degradation in lysozyme. KGM+KER+OAT hydrogels showed no significant cytotoxicity agains...
The effects of topical administration of an alcohol extract of the leaves of an evergreen plant, ... more The effects of topical administration of an alcohol extract of the leaves of an evergreen plant, Terminalia chebula, on the healing of rat dermal wounds, in vivo, was assessed. T. chebula treated wounds healed much faster as indicated by improved rates of contraction and a decreased period of epithelialization. Biochemical studies revealed a significant increase in total protein, DNA and collagen contents in the granulation tissues of treated wounds. The levels of hexosamine and uronic acid in these tissues, also increased upto day 8 post-wounding. Reduced lipid peroxide levels in treated wounds, as well as ESR measurement of antioxidant activity by DPPH radical quenching, suggested that T. chebula possessed antioxidant activities. The tensile strength of tissues from extract-treated incision wounds increased by about 40%. In addition, T. chebula possessed antimicrobial activity and was active largely against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella. These results strongly document the beneficial effects of T. chebula in the acceleration of the healing process.
Physiological chemistry and physics and medical NMR
Spin lattice relaxation times of water protons have been reported to correlate with the water con... more Spin lattice relaxation times of water protons have been reported to correlate with the water contents of malignant as well as benign tissues. In order to investigate whether such a correlation exists in keloid and hypertrophic scars, T1 values of keloid and hypertrophic scars were measured using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and compared with that of normal skin. A linear correlation of the T1 values of the scars with their age was observed. Even though both the scars exhibited higher T1 values in the early stages of lesion, a faster return to the steady state level was observed in hypertrophic scars compared to keloids. It is suggested that the measurement of T1 values could serve to differentiate the two abnormal wound healing situations.
Nanoparticles have become an important area of research in the field of targeted drug delivery as... more Nanoparticles have become an important area of research in the field of targeted drug delivery as they have the ability to deliver the drug to targeted area with sustained period of time with limited side effects in the non targeted areas [1]. Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) are drawing lot of interest and attention as a new platform for biomedical applications, than any other metallic Nanoparticles due to their biocompatibility and non-cytotoxicity [2-3]. In clinical applications, the advantage of AuNPs is that they can be readily conjugated to many bio molecules like amino acids, proteins/ enzymes, DNA [4-6] and other molecular species without altering the biological activity of the conjugated species. Functionalized AuNPs has opened the door wide to biomedical applications such as colorimetric assays of amoxicillin [7], creatinin [8], melanin [9], bio-sensing [10] and drug delivery [11]. Recently, we have reported a method for spontaneous ultra fast synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Punica granatum for cancer targeted drug delivery [12]. Green synthesis of pullulan stabilized gold nanoparticles for cancer targeted drug delivery for the treatment of liver cancer has also been reported by us [13]. Until now, varieties of methods or techniques have been reported for the preparation of AuNPs [14-16]. One of the most commonly used methods is the chemical reduction of gold salts by various reducing agents, such as sodium borohydride, sodium citrate, form amide [17-18]. Sodium borohydride is toxic to human. As citric acid reduced AuNPs are not stable in physiological conditions, synthesis of AuNPs needs protective or stabilizing agents such as thiols, surfactants and polymers, which can attach to the surface of AuNPs, and thus preventing the agglomeration [19-22]. Green chemistry based synthesis of gold Nanoparticles could tackle the above problem and could be used for targeted drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and stability in physiological conditions. Oral controlled drug delivery systems based on natural hydrophilic polysaccharides are highly appreciable due to their economic feasibility, controlled drug release and regulatory acceptance. Guar Gum (GG) is a high molecular weight (2, 20000 Daltons) hydro-colloidal polysaccharide derived from the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus. The gum consists of linear chains of (1→4)-β-Dmannopyranosyl units with α-D-galactopyranosyl units attached by (1→6) linkages [23]. The pH of 1% (w/v) aqueous dispersion varies from 5 to 7 and is stable over a wide pH range. The viscosity of GG dispersion is same in both acidic and alkaline media. In pharmaceuticals, guar gum is used as a binder and disintegrant in solid dosage forms [24]. GG is generally considered as a potential candidate for colon-specific drug delivery application due to its drug release retarding property and susceptibility to microbial degradation in the large intestine [25-26]. Gamma scintiographic studies on GG matrix tablets in human models showed that they are appropriate carriers for colon region [27]. Carboxymethyl gaur gum stabilized
We have developed L-glutamic acid (LG) loaded chitosan (CS) hydrogels to treat diabetic wounds. A... more We have developed L-glutamic acid (LG) loaded chitosan (CS) hydrogels to treat diabetic wounds. Although literature reports wound healing effects of poly(glutamic acid)-based materials, there are no studies on the potential of L-glutamic acid in treating diabetic wounds. As LG is a direct precursor for proline synthesis, which is crucial for collagen synthesis, we have prepared CS + LG hydrogels to accelerate diabetic wound healing. Physiochemical properties of the CS + LG hydrogels showed good swelling, thermal stability, smooth surface morphology, and controlled biodegradation. The addition of LG to CS hydrogels did not alter their biocompatibility significantly. CS + LG hydrogel treatment showed rapid wound contraction compared to control and chitosan hydrogel. Period of epithelialization is significantly reduced in CS + LG hydrogel treated wounds (16 days) compared to CS hydrogel (20 days), and control (26 days). Collagen synthesis and crosslinking are also significantly improved in CS + LG hydrogel treated diabetic rats. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry results revealed that the CS + LG hydrogel dressing accelerated vascularization and macrophage recruitment to enhance diabetic wound healing. These results demonstrate that incorporation of LG can improve collagen deposition, and vascularization, and aid in faster tissue regeneration. Therefore, CS + LG hydrogels could be an effective wound dressing used to treat diabetic wounds. Globally, diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major health concerns with increasing prevalence. DM is a common chronic endocrine disorder that primarily results in hyperglycemia due to the absence or insufficiency and resistance to insulin 1, 2. Wounds in diabetic patients are slow to heal and persist for a few months under proper wound care and management. Wound healing is a multifaceted and overlapping process that follows a systematic sequence. There are three main stages involved in the process of wound healing: inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Inflammation follows hemostasis (blood clotting) and can last for up to 6 days 3. During the proliferative phase, new blood vessels are formed by angiogenesis, collagen is synthesized and deposited. This further leads to the formation of granulation tissue, epithelialization, and wound contraction 4. Tissue remodeling phase starts at the end to replace the granulation tissue with a scar tissue, which takes approximately 3 to 6 weeks 3. In the case of diabetic wounds, the inflammation phase is prolonged and the proliferative phase fails to begin. This leads to chronic unhealed wounds 5. Thus, diabetic wound healing is a serious challenge in clinical practice 4. Pathophysiology of impaired diabetic wound healing is still unclear. It is presumed that delayed healing is due to the persistence of prolonged inflammation, and an inadequate angiogenic response 6. Wound dressing materials are used as a protective barrier against pathogens during the wound healing process. These materials should be biocompatible. They should also help in cell attachment, proliferation, migration, and differentiation 3, 7 .
Carbohydrate polymers have been used to make wound dressings since many years. Pullulan is a carb... more Carbohydrate polymers have been used to make wound dressings since many years. Pullulan is a carbohydrate polymer, found abundant in nature, produced by various strains of Aureobasidium. In this study, pullulan hydrogel (10%) has been used to test its healing efficacy on suture-less wounds in rats. Male Wistar rats weighing between 150 and 200 g body weights were used for this study. The animals were divided into 3 groups, each group comprising of six animals and a 3 cm full thickness incision was made on the dorsum of the rats. To group I rats, 500 μl of the hydrogel was applied on the wounds followed by finger clamping for 2 min. Group II (positive control) rats were applied with povidone-iodine and group III rats (control) were left untreated. The drug was given once a day until the wounds healed completely. The healing rate was assessed by observing the number of days required for complete healing. The incision wounds of hydrogel treated rats healed within 6 days whereas the wounds of positive control and control rats had taken 11 days and 15 days respectively, for complete healing. The animals were sacrificed and wound breaking strength of the incisions was measured. A two fold increase in the tensile strength was observed in the pullulan hydrogel treated wounds when compared to the control and positive control wounds. The tensile strength of pullulan hydrogel treated wounds was found to be (3.63 MPa) when compared to control (1.17 MPa) and positive control (1.34 MPa) rats. Shrinkage temperature was also remarkably augmented (more than 25%) when compared to control. Histopathological evaluations showed enhanced proliferation of fibroblasts and faster epithelialization of wounds in pullulan hydrogel treated rats. The increased rate of healing in pullulan hydrogel treated wounds might be due to its energy giving and anti-oxidant properties.
The porous composite scaffolds (PHBV/HA) consisting of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalera... more The porous composite scaffolds (PHBV/HA) consisting of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were fabricated using a hot-press machine and salt-leaching. Collagen (type I) was then immobilized on the surface of the porous PHBV/HA composite scaffolds to improve tissue compatibility. The structure and morphology of the collagen-immobilized composite scaffolds (PHBV/HA/Col) were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The potential of the porous PHBV/HA/Col composite scaffolds for use as a bone scaffold was assessed by an experiment with osteoblast cells (MC3T3-E1) in terms of cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. The results showed that the PHBV/HA/Col composite scaffolds possess better cell adhesion and significantly higher proliferation and differentiation than the PHBV/HA composite scaffolds and the PHBV scaffolds. These res...
The recalcitrant organics matters present in the tannery soak water and generation of CO2 by the ... more The recalcitrant organics matters present in the tannery soak water and generation of CO2 by the conventional grid-power, becomes a major problem to meet pollution control board norms in Tamil Nadu. Treatment of tannery soak water has become significant with the declining water resources. An eco-friendly electrochemical oxidation on tannery soak water was investigated using solar PV stand-alone systems (SPV) to supply constant power to eliminate the conventional grid-power. Electro-oxidation cell with cylindrical graphite electrode was used for this process and the treatment was found to be effective and almost all organic part were completely removed. The influence of the significant parameters of electro-oxidation such as pH, treatment time, salt concentration and current density on the removal of organic load was studied using graphite electrodes. A high concentration of sodium chloride about 40 g/L in this system makes the process effectively and improved the overall performance...
Annona squamosa is known for its antioxidant, antidiabetic and wound healing activity. We examine... more Annona squamosa is known for its antioxidant, antidiabetic and wound healing activity. We examined the efficacy of A. squamosa on the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants during wound repair in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. An excision wound was made on the back of rat and 200 µL (100 mg/kg b.wt) of A. squamosa extract was applied topically once daily for the treated wounds. The control wounds were left untreated. The wound tissues formed were removed on day 4, 8, 12 and 16 of post wounding. Levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were estimated in control and treated wound tissues. Enzymatic antioxidants like Catalase, Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase and Glutathione-S-transferase were significantly (p<0.05) increased in A. squamosa treated animals especially on day 8. Diabetes is characterized by deficiency of nitric oxide (NO) at the wound site, which is an essential key factor in diabetic wound management. NO was also high in A. squamosa treated wound tissues. Nonenzymatic antioxidants like ascorbic acid, vitamin-E and reduced glutathione were also significantly (p<0.05) increased on day 4 and 8 in treated animals. A. squamosa promotes increased levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in wound tissues for better wound repair mechanism in normal and diabetic rats.
... Kanagaraj, J., John Sundar, V., Muralidharan, C. and S. Sadulla (2005). ... Proceedings of th... more ... Kanagaraj, J., John Sundar, V., Muralidharan, C. and S. Sadulla (2005). ... Proceedings of the 31st Leather Research Industry Get-Together, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, India, 150 p. Preethi, V., Rathinasamy, V., Kannan, N., Chandrababu and PK Sehgal (2006). ...
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Psyllium husk based silk 3D scaffolds were developed via freeze drying method without adding any ... more Psyllium husk based silk 3D scaffolds were developed via freeze drying method without adding any bioactive substances to enhance tissue repair during cutaneous wound healing in rats.
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2021
ABSTRACT In the present study, ferulic acid (fa), a polyphenol, was employed to prepare stable go... more ABSTRACT In the present study, ferulic acid (fa), a polyphenol, was employed to prepare stable gold nanoparticles. It acted as a reducing agent when mixed with hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) hydrate at ambient temperature. Subsequently, fa also turned as a stabilizing agent and yielded spherical gold nanoparticles (fa-AuNPs). The synthesized gold nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized using UV/Visible spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, High resolution transmission electron microscopy, Dynamic light scattering and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy studies. Then, the synthesized fa-AuNPs were tested in human skin cancer cells (A431) and normal kertotinocytes (HaCaT cells). The fa-AuNPs produced cytotoxicity in A431 cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. The angiogenetic efficacy of the fa-AuNPs was substantiated by the results of CAM assay. The programmed cell death occurred via apoptosis as indicated by the sub G1 population. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species and caspase-3 activity resulted in reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. Hence, this study corroborated that fa-AuNPs successfully stimulated autophagy in A431 cells through mitochondria based pathways and thus may be considered as a potential agent to treat skin cancer.
Treatment of chronic non-healing wounds in diabetes is still a major clinical challenge. Here, we... more Treatment of chronic non-healing wounds in diabetes is still a major clinical challenge. Here, we have developed reduced graphene oxide (rGO) loaded isabgol nanocomposite scaffolds (Isab + rGO) to treat normal and diabetic wounds. rGO was synthesized by rapid reduction of graphene oxide (GO) under focused solar radiation. Then, rGO was uniformly dispersed into isabgol solution to prepare Isab + rGO nanocomposite scaffolds. These scaffolds were characterized using various physiochemical techniques. Isab + rGO nanocomposite scaffolds showed suitable cell viability, proliferation, and attachment. In vivo experiments were performed using Wistar rats to study the wound healing efficacy of these scaffolds in normal and diabetic rats. Results revealed that rGO stimulated collagen synthesis, collagen crosslinking, wound contraction, and reduced the wound re-epithelialization time significantly compared to control. Histology and immunohistochemistry analyses showed that Isab + rGO scaffold t...
We have developed a novel hydrogel composed of konjac glucomannan (KGM), human hair proteins (KER... more We have developed a novel hydrogel composed of konjac glucomannan (KGM), human hair proteins (KER), and an ethanolic extract of Avena sativa (OAT) and evaluated its potential as a dressing material for diabetic wounds. KGM is an excellent biocompatible gelling agent that stimulates fibroblast proliferation and immunomodulation. Human hair proteins (KER) are biocompatible, biodegradable, and possess abundant cell adhesion sites. KER also promotes fibroblast attachment and proliferation, keratinocyte migration, and collagen expression, which can accelerate wound healing. OAT consists of oat β-glucans and several anti-inflammatory and antioxidant moieties that can reduce prolonged inflammation in chronic wounds. SEM images confirm the highly porous architecture of the scaffolds. When immersed in PBS, KGM+KER+OAT hydrogels absorb 7.5 times their dry weight. These hydrogels display a measured rate of degradation in lysozyme. KGM+KER+OAT hydrogels showed no significant cytotoxicity agains...
The effects of topical administration of an alcohol extract of the leaves of an evergreen plant, ... more The effects of topical administration of an alcohol extract of the leaves of an evergreen plant, Terminalia chebula, on the healing of rat dermal wounds, in vivo, was assessed. T. chebula treated wounds healed much faster as indicated by improved rates of contraction and a decreased period of epithelialization. Biochemical studies revealed a significant increase in total protein, DNA and collagen contents in the granulation tissues of treated wounds. The levels of hexosamine and uronic acid in these tissues, also increased upto day 8 post-wounding. Reduced lipid peroxide levels in treated wounds, as well as ESR measurement of antioxidant activity by DPPH radical quenching, suggested that T. chebula possessed antioxidant activities. The tensile strength of tissues from extract-treated incision wounds increased by about 40%. In addition, T. chebula possessed antimicrobial activity and was active largely against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella. These results strongly document the beneficial effects of T. chebula in the acceleration of the healing process.
Physiological chemistry and physics and medical NMR
Spin lattice relaxation times of water protons have been reported to correlate with the water con... more Spin lattice relaxation times of water protons have been reported to correlate with the water contents of malignant as well as benign tissues. In order to investigate whether such a correlation exists in keloid and hypertrophic scars, T1 values of keloid and hypertrophic scars were measured using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and compared with that of normal skin. A linear correlation of the T1 values of the scars with their age was observed. Even though both the scars exhibited higher T1 values in the early stages of lesion, a faster return to the steady state level was observed in hypertrophic scars compared to keloids. It is suggested that the measurement of T1 values could serve to differentiate the two abnormal wound healing situations.
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