The articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the cat consist of the articular h... more The articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the cat consist of the articular head of the condylar process of the ramus of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Anatomic conformation of the TMJ articular surfaces can vary; however, this has not been studied in the cat. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the conformation of the medial region of the TMJ in mesocephalic adult cats as well as to determine the articular relationship by measurement of the degree of coverage of the mandibular fossa over the articular head. This was accomplished by assessing 60 TMJs from 30 mesocephalic adult cats by means of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The width and depth of the mandibular fossa, and the degree of coverage of the mandibular fossa were evaluated using parasagittal reconstructions of the medial aspect of the TMJ by two observers. No statistically significant difference was observed during the intra and interob...
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports, 2022
Case series summary Three cats affected by unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis underwent... more Case series summary Three cats affected by unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis underwent segmental mandibulectomy, while one cat with bilateral ankylosis underwent right temporomandibular joint gap arthroplasty and left segmental mandibulectomy. Minimal intraoperative complications were linked to the segmental mandibulectomies in the cases reported. All cats recovered their ability to open the mouth, and the vertical range of motion was unaltered during the postoperative period. Mandibular drift and dental malocclusion were the main postoperative complications related to the segmental mandibulectomies. Relevance and novel information Surgical excision of ankylotic tissue at the temporomandibular joint region may be technically challenging and associated with severe iatrogenic trauma of surrounding tissues. The results of this case series suggest that middle or caudal segmental mandibulectomy is a safe, feasible and effective surgical procedure to treat unilateral temporomandibular ankylosis in cats and could be considered as an alternative surgical technique to surgical excision of ankylotic tissue at the temporomandibular joint.
ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate lung overinflation at different airway inspiratory pressure... more ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate lung overinflation at different airway inspiratory pressure levels using computed tomography in cats undergoing general anesthesia.Study DesignProspective laboratory study.AnimalsA group of 17 healthy male cats, aged 1.9–4.5 years and weighing 3.5 ± 0.5 kg.MethodsSeventeen adult male cats were ventilated in pressure-controlled mode with airway pressure stepwise increased from 5 to 15 cmH2O in 2 cmH2O steps every 5 min and then stepwise decreased. The respiratory rate was set at 15 movements per min and end-expiratory pressure at zero (ZEEP). After 5 min in each inspiratory pressure step, a 4 s inspiratory pause was performed to obtain a thoracic juxta-diaphragmatic single slice helical CT image and to collect respiratory mechanics data and an arterial blood sample. Lung parenchyma aeration was defined as overinflated, normally-aerated, poorly-aerated, and non-aerated according to the CT attenuation number (−1,000 to −900 HU, −900 to −500 HU, −50...
Radiographic assessment of the temporomandibular joint in the domestic cat using conventional rad... more Radiographic assessment of the temporomandibular joint in the domestic cat using conventional radiographic views can be challenging due to superimposition of overlying structures and the complex anatomy of the skull. The use of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and cone beam computed tomography to assess the temporomandibular joint in the cat has increased, but these modalities are not always available in general veterinary practices. Conventional radiography is still commonly used for first line assessment of the temporomandibular joint. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine optimal angle of obliquity of lateroventral-laterodorsal and laterorostral-laterocaudal (nose up lateral oblique) oblique radiographic views in the assessment of the temporomandibular joints in five feline mesaticephalic dry skulls. Visibility of the mandibular head, mandibular fossa, retroarticular process, and temporomandibular joint space were evaluated and scored by two veterinar...
The intimate relationship between the mandibular canal (MC) and the first mandibular molar tooth ... more The intimate relationship between the mandibular canal (MC) and the first mandibular molar tooth presents challenges when performing dentoalveolar surgical procedures due to the probability of causing iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle. Superimposition between the MC and the first molar (M1) tooth roots is often observed on intraoral dental radiographs in small breed dogs. However, due to the radiograph's bidimensional nature, it is impossible to determine the buccal or lingual localization of the first molar roots with respect to the MC. Thus, this study's objective was to determine the localization of the first molar tooth's roots in relation to the position of the MC and their overlapping percentage with the canal in small-bodyweight dogs (<15 kg) using tomographic diagnostic images. For this, cone-beam computed tomography and high-definition computed tomography exams from 103 small breed dogs (under 15 kg) were retrospectively assessed...
A doenca periodontal e uma condicao inflamatoria dos tecidos periodontais e tem origem bacteriana... more A doenca periodontal e uma condicao inflamatoria dos tecidos periodontais e tem origem bacteriana (HARVEY E EMILY, 1993). As estruturas do periodonto que sao afetadas pela doenca periodontal sao o ligamento periodontal, osso alveolar, cemento e gengiva (GORREL et al, 2004). O inicio da doenca e determinado pelo acumulo de placa bacteriana e que, depois de algum tempo, se mineraliza e transforma-se em calculo dentario. O avanco da doenca periodontal leva a formacao de bolsas periodontais profundas, retracao gengival, perda de insercao do ligamento periodontal, reabsorcao ossea, ate a perda do dente (CORREA E VENTURINI, 1996). O diagnostico da doenca periodontal se da atraves de exame clinico da cavidade oral e radiografia intra-oral (HARVEY, 1985). A doenca periodontal se classifica em 4 fases: gengivite, periodontite leve, periodontite moderada e periodontite avancada (BELLOWS, 2004; HARVEY, 1985). Os sinais clinicos nao sao especificos, mas pode-se encontrar halitose, hiperplasia g...
Em racas braquiocefalicas e frequentemente observado,a estenose de narina podendo ocasionar impor... more Em racas braquiocefalicas e frequentemente observado,a estenose de narina podendo ocasionar importantes alteracoes secundaria,sendo que o fluxo aereo e para o interior da cavidade nasal ficando restrito e tornando-se necessario um esforco inspiratorio maior,causando dispneia leve a intensa. A estenose afeta qualquer sexo, e e mais comum em caes que em gatos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de estenose de narina em cao, atendida no Laboratorio de Odontologia Comparada (LOC) da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMVZ – USP).
A cadaveric study was performed to investigate the external mechanical forces required to fractur... more A cadaveric study was performed to investigate the external mechanical forces required to fracture maxillary fourth premolar teeth in domestic dogs and describe a clinically relevant model of chewing forces placed on functionally important teeth in which fracture patterns are consistent with those defined by the American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC). Twenty-four maxillary fourth premolar teeth were harvested from dog cadavers. Samples consisted of teeth with surrounding alveolar bone potted in polycarbonate cylinders filled with acrylic. The cylinders were held by an aluminum device at an angle of 60 • with respect to the ground. An axial compression test was performed, creating a force upon the occluso-palatal aspects of the main cusps of the crowns of the teeth. The highest compressive force prior to failure was considered the maximum force sustained by the teeth. Results showed the mean maximum force (± SD) sustained by the tested teeth at the point of fracture was 1,281 N (± 403 N) at a mean impact angle (± SD) of 59.7 • (± 5.2 •). The most common fracture type that occurred among all samples was a complicated crown fracture (n = 12), followed by an uncomplicated crown fracture (n = 6), complicated crown-root fracture (n = 5), and uncomplicated crown-root fracture (n = 1). There was no statistically significant correlation between dog breed, age, weight, impact angle, crown height or crown diameter, and the maximum force applied at the point of fracture. The only independent variable that remained significantly associated with maximum force was the crown height to diameter ratio (p = 0.005), suggesting that a decreased ratio increases tooth fracture resistance. The methodology described herein has been successful in creating a pattern of fracture of maxillary fourth premolar teeth consistent with that defined by the AVDC under angled compression at forces within the maximum chewing capability of the average domestic dog.
Peripheral odontogenic fibroma (POF) is an uncommon finding in the mouth of cats. Few cases have ... more Peripheral odontogenic fibroma (POF) is an uncommon finding in the mouth of cats. Few cases have been reported in the literature. The present report describes an adolescent, male-castrated domestic shorthair cat with POFs at the rostral upper and lower jaws that were treated via marginal excision including removal of underlying bone. Despite the high incidence of recurrence reported in the literature, recheck examinations up to 11 months postoperatively did not show regrowth of the gingival masses. Thus, marginal excision including removal of underlying bone appears to be a viable treatment option for POF in cats.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the domestic dog is a synovial joint with 2 articular surfac... more The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the domestic dog is a synovial joint with 2 articular surfaces, the mandibular fossa of the squamous portion of the temporal bone and the articular head of the condylar process of the mandible. Although different diagnostic imaging techniques have been used to study the TMJ in dogs, morphologic and morphometric studies based on computed tomography (CT) are scarce. The purpose of the present study was to describe the morphologic and morphometric features of the TMJ in domestic dogs using CT. Width and depth of the mandibular fossa and 2 different angles between the mandibular fossa and the condylar process were measured in 96 TMJs of 48 dogs of different breeds (Labrador retriever, German shepherd, cocker spaniel, boxer, English bulldog, pug, shih tzu, and Cavalier King Charles spaniel). Temporomandibular joint conformation differed between breeds. Mid- and small-sized dogs had mandibular fossae that were more shallow, less developed retroarticula...
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports, 2016
Case summary A 10-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was presented for assessment of ... more Case summary A 10-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was presented for assessment of a gingival mass surrounding the left maxillary third and fourth premolar teeth. The mass was surgically removed by means of a marginal rim excision, and the tissue was submitted for histological assessment. It was identified as a benign cementoblastoma (true cementoma). There was proliferation of mineralized eosinophilic material with multiple irregularly placed lacunae and reversal lines, reminiscent of cementum. The cat recovered uneventfully from the anesthesia, and there was no evidence of tumor recurrence 6 months after surgery. Relevance and novel information Cementoblastomas (true cementomas) in domestic animals are rare, with just a few reports in ruminants, monogastric herbivores and rodents. Cementoblastoma is considered a benign tumor that arises from the tooth root. The slow, expansive and constant growth that characterizes these masses may be accompanied by signs of oral dis...
For some surgical procedures in veterinary dentistry including exodontia, orthognathic surgery, o... more For some surgical procedures in veterinary dentistry including exodontia, orthognathic surgery, orthopedic surgery, oncologic surgery, and for the placement of dental implants, it is important to know the accurate location of the neurovascular structures within the mandibular canal. The aim of this research was to determine the course of the mandibular canal in the mandible and its relationship with other anatomical structures in brachycephalic dogs using computerized tomography. Mandibles from 10 brachycephalic cadaver dogs were evaluated. Measurements were taken in relation to the lingual, vestibular alveolar crest, and ventral surfaces. These measurements indicated that the mandibular canal descends slightly from the mandibular foramen to the molar area, decreasing the distance of the mandibular canal from the mandibular ventral border. The mandibular canal is slightly closer to the lingual surface than the vestibular surface except in the molar tooth region. The mandibular canal...
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 2014
SummarySkeletal malocclusions may be due to disturbances in the growth of the mandible or maxilla... more SummarySkeletal malocclusions may be due to disturbances in the growth of the mandible or maxilla. In most cases, discomfort is the result of tooth-to-tooth malocclusion or tooth-to-softtissue contact. Currently, in veterinary medicine, these problems are treated palliatively. In humans, orthognathic surgery is indicated to correct severe skeletal malocclusions, offering aesthetic and functional benefits to the patients. This research evaluated the effects of an intra-oral mandibular sagittal split osteotomy in 20 dog cadavers with skeletal malocclusion. After sagittal osteotomy and mandibular repositioning, the osteotomies were fixed with titanium mini-plates and 1.5 mm diameter screws or 1.5 mm bicortical screws. The statistical analysis revealed a significant occlusion difference in the treated cadavers (Wilcoxon test, p <0.05). In 19/20 cadavers there was correction of the angular osteotomy while the mandibular alveolar vessels and nerve were preserved during osteotomy and fi...
The articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the cat consist of the articular h... more The articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the cat consist of the articular head of the condylar process of the ramus of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Anatomic conformation of the TMJ articular surfaces can vary; however, this has not been studied in the cat. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the conformation of the medial region of the TMJ in mesocephalic adult cats as well as to determine the articular relationship by measurement of the degree of coverage of the mandibular fossa over the articular head. This was accomplished by assessing 60 TMJs from 30 mesocephalic adult cats by means of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The width and depth of the mandibular fossa, and the degree of coverage of the mandibular fossa were evaluated using parasagittal reconstructions of the medial aspect of the TMJ by two observers. No statistically significant difference was observed during the intra and interob...
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports, 2022
Case series summary Three cats affected by unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis underwent... more Case series summary Three cats affected by unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis underwent segmental mandibulectomy, while one cat with bilateral ankylosis underwent right temporomandibular joint gap arthroplasty and left segmental mandibulectomy. Minimal intraoperative complications were linked to the segmental mandibulectomies in the cases reported. All cats recovered their ability to open the mouth, and the vertical range of motion was unaltered during the postoperative period. Mandibular drift and dental malocclusion were the main postoperative complications related to the segmental mandibulectomies. Relevance and novel information Surgical excision of ankylotic tissue at the temporomandibular joint region may be technically challenging and associated with severe iatrogenic trauma of surrounding tissues. The results of this case series suggest that middle or caudal segmental mandibulectomy is a safe, feasible and effective surgical procedure to treat unilateral temporomandibular ankylosis in cats and could be considered as an alternative surgical technique to surgical excision of ankylotic tissue at the temporomandibular joint.
ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate lung overinflation at different airway inspiratory pressure... more ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate lung overinflation at different airway inspiratory pressure levels using computed tomography in cats undergoing general anesthesia.Study DesignProspective laboratory study.AnimalsA group of 17 healthy male cats, aged 1.9–4.5 years and weighing 3.5 ± 0.5 kg.MethodsSeventeen adult male cats were ventilated in pressure-controlled mode with airway pressure stepwise increased from 5 to 15 cmH2O in 2 cmH2O steps every 5 min and then stepwise decreased. The respiratory rate was set at 15 movements per min and end-expiratory pressure at zero (ZEEP). After 5 min in each inspiratory pressure step, a 4 s inspiratory pause was performed to obtain a thoracic juxta-diaphragmatic single slice helical CT image and to collect respiratory mechanics data and an arterial blood sample. Lung parenchyma aeration was defined as overinflated, normally-aerated, poorly-aerated, and non-aerated according to the CT attenuation number (−1,000 to −900 HU, −900 to −500 HU, −50...
Radiographic assessment of the temporomandibular joint in the domestic cat using conventional rad... more Radiographic assessment of the temporomandibular joint in the domestic cat using conventional radiographic views can be challenging due to superimposition of overlying structures and the complex anatomy of the skull. The use of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and cone beam computed tomography to assess the temporomandibular joint in the cat has increased, but these modalities are not always available in general veterinary practices. Conventional radiography is still commonly used for first line assessment of the temporomandibular joint. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine optimal angle of obliquity of lateroventral-laterodorsal and laterorostral-laterocaudal (nose up lateral oblique) oblique radiographic views in the assessment of the temporomandibular joints in five feline mesaticephalic dry skulls. Visibility of the mandibular head, mandibular fossa, retroarticular process, and temporomandibular joint space were evaluated and scored by two veterinar...
The intimate relationship between the mandibular canal (MC) and the first mandibular molar tooth ... more The intimate relationship between the mandibular canal (MC) and the first mandibular molar tooth presents challenges when performing dentoalveolar surgical procedures due to the probability of causing iatrogenic injury to the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle. Superimposition between the MC and the first molar (M1) tooth roots is often observed on intraoral dental radiographs in small breed dogs. However, due to the radiograph's bidimensional nature, it is impossible to determine the buccal or lingual localization of the first molar roots with respect to the MC. Thus, this study's objective was to determine the localization of the first molar tooth's roots in relation to the position of the MC and their overlapping percentage with the canal in small-bodyweight dogs (<15 kg) using tomographic diagnostic images. For this, cone-beam computed tomography and high-definition computed tomography exams from 103 small breed dogs (under 15 kg) were retrospectively assessed...
A doenca periodontal e uma condicao inflamatoria dos tecidos periodontais e tem origem bacteriana... more A doenca periodontal e uma condicao inflamatoria dos tecidos periodontais e tem origem bacteriana (HARVEY E EMILY, 1993). As estruturas do periodonto que sao afetadas pela doenca periodontal sao o ligamento periodontal, osso alveolar, cemento e gengiva (GORREL et al, 2004). O inicio da doenca e determinado pelo acumulo de placa bacteriana e que, depois de algum tempo, se mineraliza e transforma-se em calculo dentario. O avanco da doenca periodontal leva a formacao de bolsas periodontais profundas, retracao gengival, perda de insercao do ligamento periodontal, reabsorcao ossea, ate a perda do dente (CORREA E VENTURINI, 1996). O diagnostico da doenca periodontal se da atraves de exame clinico da cavidade oral e radiografia intra-oral (HARVEY, 1985). A doenca periodontal se classifica em 4 fases: gengivite, periodontite leve, periodontite moderada e periodontite avancada (BELLOWS, 2004; HARVEY, 1985). Os sinais clinicos nao sao especificos, mas pode-se encontrar halitose, hiperplasia g...
Em racas braquiocefalicas e frequentemente observado,a estenose de narina podendo ocasionar impor... more Em racas braquiocefalicas e frequentemente observado,a estenose de narina podendo ocasionar importantes alteracoes secundaria,sendo que o fluxo aereo e para o interior da cavidade nasal ficando restrito e tornando-se necessario um esforco inspiratorio maior,causando dispneia leve a intensa. A estenose afeta qualquer sexo, e e mais comum em caes que em gatos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de estenose de narina em cao, atendida no Laboratorio de Odontologia Comparada (LOC) da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia da Universidade de Sao Paulo (FMVZ – USP).
A cadaveric study was performed to investigate the external mechanical forces required to fractur... more A cadaveric study was performed to investigate the external mechanical forces required to fracture maxillary fourth premolar teeth in domestic dogs and describe a clinically relevant model of chewing forces placed on functionally important teeth in which fracture patterns are consistent with those defined by the American Veterinary Dental College (AVDC). Twenty-four maxillary fourth premolar teeth were harvested from dog cadavers. Samples consisted of teeth with surrounding alveolar bone potted in polycarbonate cylinders filled with acrylic. The cylinders were held by an aluminum device at an angle of 60 • with respect to the ground. An axial compression test was performed, creating a force upon the occluso-palatal aspects of the main cusps of the crowns of the teeth. The highest compressive force prior to failure was considered the maximum force sustained by the teeth. Results showed the mean maximum force (± SD) sustained by the tested teeth at the point of fracture was 1,281 N (± 403 N) at a mean impact angle (± SD) of 59.7 • (± 5.2 •). The most common fracture type that occurred among all samples was a complicated crown fracture (n = 12), followed by an uncomplicated crown fracture (n = 6), complicated crown-root fracture (n = 5), and uncomplicated crown-root fracture (n = 1). There was no statistically significant correlation between dog breed, age, weight, impact angle, crown height or crown diameter, and the maximum force applied at the point of fracture. The only independent variable that remained significantly associated with maximum force was the crown height to diameter ratio (p = 0.005), suggesting that a decreased ratio increases tooth fracture resistance. The methodology described herein has been successful in creating a pattern of fracture of maxillary fourth premolar teeth consistent with that defined by the AVDC under angled compression at forces within the maximum chewing capability of the average domestic dog.
Peripheral odontogenic fibroma (POF) is an uncommon finding in the mouth of cats. Few cases have ... more Peripheral odontogenic fibroma (POF) is an uncommon finding in the mouth of cats. Few cases have been reported in the literature. The present report describes an adolescent, male-castrated domestic shorthair cat with POFs at the rostral upper and lower jaws that were treated via marginal excision including removal of underlying bone. Despite the high incidence of recurrence reported in the literature, recheck examinations up to 11 months postoperatively did not show regrowth of the gingival masses. Thus, marginal excision including removal of underlying bone appears to be a viable treatment option for POF in cats.
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the domestic dog is a synovial joint with 2 articular surfac... more The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the domestic dog is a synovial joint with 2 articular surfaces, the mandibular fossa of the squamous portion of the temporal bone and the articular head of the condylar process of the mandible. Although different diagnostic imaging techniques have been used to study the TMJ in dogs, morphologic and morphometric studies based on computed tomography (CT) are scarce. The purpose of the present study was to describe the morphologic and morphometric features of the TMJ in domestic dogs using CT. Width and depth of the mandibular fossa and 2 different angles between the mandibular fossa and the condylar process were measured in 96 TMJs of 48 dogs of different breeds (Labrador retriever, German shepherd, cocker spaniel, boxer, English bulldog, pug, shih tzu, and Cavalier King Charles spaniel). Temporomandibular joint conformation differed between breeds. Mid- and small-sized dogs had mandibular fossae that were more shallow, less developed retroarticula...
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports, 2016
Case summary A 10-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was presented for assessment of ... more Case summary A 10-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was presented for assessment of a gingival mass surrounding the left maxillary third and fourth premolar teeth. The mass was surgically removed by means of a marginal rim excision, and the tissue was submitted for histological assessment. It was identified as a benign cementoblastoma (true cementoma). There was proliferation of mineralized eosinophilic material with multiple irregularly placed lacunae and reversal lines, reminiscent of cementum. The cat recovered uneventfully from the anesthesia, and there was no evidence of tumor recurrence 6 months after surgery. Relevance and novel information Cementoblastomas (true cementomas) in domestic animals are rare, with just a few reports in ruminants, monogastric herbivores and rodents. Cementoblastoma is considered a benign tumor that arises from the tooth root. The slow, expansive and constant growth that characterizes these masses may be accompanied by signs of oral dis...
For some surgical procedures in veterinary dentistry including exodontia, orthognathic surgery, o... more For some surgical procedures in veterinary dentistry including exodontia, orthognathic surgery, orthopedic surgery, oncologic surgery, and for the placement of dental implants, it is important to know the accurate location of the neurovascular structures within the mandibular canal. The aim of this research was to determine the course of the mandibular canal in the mandible and its relationship with other anatomical structures in brachycephalic dogs using computerized tomography. Mandibles from 10 brachycephalic cadaver dogs were evaluated. Measurements were taken in relation to the lingual, vestibular alveolar crest, and ventral surfaces. These measurements indicated that the mandibular canal descends slightly from the mandibular foramen to the molar area, decreasing the distance of the mandibular canal from the mandibular ventral border. The mandibular canal is slightly closer to the lingual surface than the vestibular surface except in the molar tooth region. The mandibular canal...
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 2014
SummarySkeletal malocclusions may be due to disturbances in the growth of the mandible or maxilla... more SummarySkeletal malocclusions may be due to disturbances in the growth of the mandible or maxilla. In most cases, discomfort is the result of tooth-to-tooth malocclusion or tooth-to-softtissue contact. Currently, in veterinary medicine, these problems are treated palliatively. In humans, orthognathic surgery is indicated to correct severe skeletal malocclusions, offering aesthetic and functional benefits to the patients. This research evaluated the effects of an intra-oral mandibular sagittal split osteotomy in 20 dog cadavers with skeletal malocclusion. After sagittal osteotomy and mandibular repositioning, the osteotomies were fixed with titanium mini-plates and 1.5 mm diameter screws or 1.5 mm bicortical screws. The statistical analysis revealed a significant occlusion difference in the treated cadavers (Wilcoxon test, p <0.05). In 19/20 cadavers there was correction of the angular osteotomy while the mandibular alveolar vessels and nerve were preserved during osteotomy and fi...
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