This paper proposes object-oriented extensions to the REFINE specification language which will fa... more This paper proposes object-oriented extensions to the REFINE specification language which will facilitate transformation of REFINE specifications into C++ programs. The advantages of this approach are: 1) existing REFINE specifications may be enhanced through interfaces with C++ applications, 2) an integration of object-oriented, logic and functional specification methodologies is achieved, and 3) object-orientation provides support for parallel execution in a natural manner which will allow REFINE specifications to be transformed into parallel programs where appropriate.
When computer-based aids do not support the human users' decision-making strategies or anticipate... more When computer-based aids do not support the human users' decision-making strategies or anticipate the organizational impacts of technological change, advances in information technology may degrade rather than enhance decision-making performance. Such failures suggest the design of human-computer cooperation for problem solving and decision-making must be driven by human cognitive and organizational process requirements rather than computer technology. Decision- and user-centered development techniques involve domain experts and end-users in the earliest phases of design to evolve an understanding of requirements through iterative prototyping. This paper presents a collaborative approach to cognitive systems engineering applied to developing a clinical aid to assist respiratory care in the surgical ICU.
Much of the research in decision support systems (DSS) focuses on 1) acquisition o f the informat... more Much of the research in decision support systems (DSS) focuses on 1) acquisition o f the information and expertise comprising the knowledge base and 2) the design of the algorithms used to make inferences about that information. Advances in hardware and software technology, coupled with a wide army o f implementable problem solving methodologies, have realized DSS and expert systems which successfully moved from research laboratories to field applications. n e interaction between the human user and the computer is a central issue in systems which are intended to assist in higher order cognitive tasks such as decision making. Due to information processing limitations, human decision makers use task simplification techniques which can lead to sub-optimal performance. Technological advances in interactive computing over the past two decades present the DSS designer with an extensive a m y o f tools and techniques for constructing the user interface, but often only vague suggestions for the best use of these resources. This paper presents the current research in new approaches for selecting and combining these resources within the context of the system requirements to maximize human cognitive strengths and mediate the effects of their limitations. It concludes with suggested directions for the cognitive systems engineering research to support interface design and guide the development o f future technologies.
Page 1. INTEGRATING MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION FOR JOINT THEATER COMMAND AND CONTROL Lee Scott Ehrhar... more Page 1. INTEGRATING MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION FOR JOINT THEATER COMMAND AND CONTROL Lee Scott Ehrhart Center for Multidisciplinary Information Systems Engneering (MISE) Drexel University, Philadelphq PA 19104 ...
Current methods for gathering and formaliz-ing software requirements do not adequately address de... more Current methods for gathering and formaliz-ing software requirements do not adequately address development of the user component in intelligent control systems. Research indi-cates full integration of this component is es-sential to the design of systems where theuser is key to system ...
This paper presents a survey of some of the tools and techniques currently used to evaluate human... more This paper presents a survey of some of the tools and techniques currently used to evaluate human performance and attempts to assess whether and how these tools and techniques may be used to support the evaluation of human-computer interaction in overall system performance. Following a brief review of the basic concepts involved in system-level analysis and a discussion of the role of analysis and evaluation in the system development life cycle (SDLC) for the design and acquisition of C2 systems, there is a discussion of the system models for command and control which provide the necessary framework for analysis and evaluation of performance and effectiveness. This is followed by a brief survey of the various analysis and evaluation methods that comprise the toolbox for studying HCI performance. Finally, these methods are related to the evaluation questions relevant at each stage of the SDLC and suggestions are made for matching methods to evaluation requirements.
Conference Proceedings., IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
The authors report on progress toward the design and development of prototype group decision supp... more The authors report on progress toward the design and development of prototype group decision support systems, with an emphasis on military operations. The research is predicated upon the importance of group problem-solving and the arrival of high-resolution large-screen displays. The research also builds upon research findings in cognitive science that pertain to the way users cognitively gather information, and make
Much of the research in decision support systems (DSS) focuses on 1) acquisition o f the informat... more Much of the research in decision support systems (DSS) focuses on 1) acquisition o f the information and expertise comprising the knowledge base and 2) the design of the algorithms used to make inferences about that information. Advances in hardware and software technology, coupled with a wide army o f implementable problem solving methodologies, have realized DSS and expert systems which successfully moved from research laboratories to field applications. n e interaction between the human user and the computer is a central issue in systems which are intended to assist in higher order cognitive tasks such as decision making. Due to information processing limitations, human decision makers use task simplification techniques which can lead to sub-optimal performance. Technological advances in interactive computing over the past two decades present the DSS designer with an extensive a m y o f tools and techniques for constructing the user interface, but often only vague suggestions for the best use of these resources. This paper presents the current research in new approaches for selecting and combining these resources within the context of the system requirements to maximize human cognitive strengths and mediate the effects of their limitations. It concludes with suggested directions for the cognitive systems engineering research to support interface design and guide the development o f future technologies.
The modern command center must support force-level data fusion (the integration and display of in... more The modern command center must support force-level data fusion (the integration and display of information from a range of sources) to meet the needs of contingency operations. The effectiveness of the information use depends upon improving the integration of information processing capabilities with the cognitively-demanding team planning and decision making tasks of the joint force senior command. The leveraging factors in information technology for command support are the ability to present the commander with the right information at the right time with the right level of detail. This paper investigates the “Data Wall” information presentation concept and its associated interface technologies with respect to their potential contributions to the critical requirements associated with joint theater command and control (C2) decision making. The paper further highlights the pivotal technological issues and emphasizes the importance of context-specific research to support successful des...
This paper explores sone stategies for alating tasks across the hunan and electronic components o... more This paper explores sone stategies for alating tasks across the hunan and electronic components of a pilot/computer system. What should pilots "do"? What should be left to semi-and fully-autonomous eectoi systems? It is argued here that the allocation strategy must be based on (a) the natue of tie tasks to be perfomed by the system, (b) the si l milieu in which the system wil opeate, and (c) ti powerof advanced analytical methods.
This paper proposes object-oriented extensions to the REFINE specification language which will fa... more This paper proposes object-oriented extensions to the REFINE specification language which will facilitate transformation of REFINE specifications into C++ programs. The advantages of this approach are: 1) existing REFINE specifications may be enhanced through interfaces with C++ applications, 2) an integration of object-oriented, logic and functional specification methodologies is achieved, and 3) object-orientation provides support for parallel execution in a natural manner which will allow REFINE specifications to be transformed into parallel programs where appropriate.
When computer-based aids do not support the human users' decision-making strategies or anticipate... more When computer-based aids do not support the human users' decision-making strategies or anticipate the organizational impacts of technological change, advances in information technology may degrade rather than enhance decision-making performance. Such failures suggest the design of human-computer cooperation for problem solving and decision-making must be driven by human cognitive and organizational process requirements rather than computer technology. Decision- and user-centered development techniques involve domain experts and end-users in the earliest phases of design to evolve an understanding of requirements through iterative prototyping. This paper presents a collaborative approach to cognitive systems engineering applied to developing a clinical aid to assist respiratory care in the surgical ICU.
Much of the research in decision support systems (DSS) focuses on 1) acquisition o f the informat... more Much of the research in decision support systems (DSS) focuses on 1) acquisition o f the information and expertise comprising the knowledge base and 2) the design of the algorithms used to make inferences about that information. Advances in hardware and software technology, coupled with a wide army o f implementable problem solving methodologies, have realized DSS and expert systems which successfully moved from research laboratories to field applications. n e interaction between the human user and the computer is a central issue in systems which are intended to assist in higher order cognitive tasks such as decision making. Due to information processing limitations, human decision makers use task simplification techniques which can lead to sub-optimal performance. Technological advances in interactive computing over the past two decades present the DSS designer with an extensive a m y o f tools and techniques for constructing the user interface, but often only vague suggestions for the best use of these resources. This paper presents the current research in new approaches for selecting and combining these resources within the context of the system requirements to maximize human cognitive strengths and mediate the effects of their limitations. It concludes with suggested directions for the cognitive systems engineering research to support interface design and guide the development o f future technologies.
Page 1. INTEGRATING MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION FOR JOINT THEATER COMMAND AND CONTROL Lee Scott Ehrhar... more Page 1. INTEGRATING MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION FOR JOINT THEATER COMMAND AND CONTROL Lee Scott Ehrhart Center for Multidisciplinary Information Systems Engneering (MISE) Drexel University, Philadelphq PA 19104 ...
Current methods for gathering and formaliz-ing software requirements do not adequately address de... more Current methods for gathering and formaliz-ing software requirements do not adequately address development of the user component in intelligent control systems. Research indi-cates full integration of this component is es-sential to the design of systems where theuser is key to system ...
This paper presents a survey of some of the tools and techniques currently used to evaluate human... more This paper presents a survey of some of the tools and techniques currently used to evaluate human performance and attempts to assess whether and how these tools and techniques may be used to support the evaluation of human-computer interaction in overall system performance. Following a brief review of the basic concepts involved in system-level analysis and a discussion of the role of analysis and evaluation in the system development life cycle (SDLC) for the design and acquisition of C2 systems, there is a discussion of the system models for command and control which provide the necessary framework for analysis and evaluation of performance and effectiveness. This is followed by a brief survey of the various analysis and evaluation methods that comprise the toolbox for studying HCI performance. Finally, these methods are related to the evaluation questions relevant at each stage of the SDLC and suggestions are made for matching methods to evaluation requirements.
Conference Proceedings., IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
The authors report on progress toward the design and development of prototype group decision supp... more The authors report on progress toward the design and development of prototype group decision support systems, with an emphasis on military operations. The research is predicated upon the importance of group problem-solving and the arrival of high-resolution large-screen displays. The research also builds upon research findings in cognitive science that pertain to the way users cognitively gather information, and make
Much of the research in decision support systems (DSS) focuses on 1) acquisition o f the informat... more Much of the research in decision support systems (DSS) focuses on 1) acquisition o f the information and expertise comprising the knowledge base and 2) the design of the algorithms used to make inferences about that information. Advances in hardware and software technology, coupled with a wide army o f implementable problem solving methodologies, have realized DSS and expert systems which successfully moved from research laboratories to field applications. n e interaction between the human user and the computer is a central issue in systems which are intended to assist in higher order cognitive tasks such as decision making. Due to information processing limitations, human decision makers use task simplification techniques which can lead to sub-optimal performance. Technological advances in interactive computing over the past two decades present the DSS designer with an extensive a m y o f tools and techniques for constructing the user interface, but often only vague suggestions for the best use of these resources. This paper presents the current research in new approaches for selecting and combining these resources within the context of the system requirements to maximize human cognitive strengths and mediate the effects of their limitations. It concludes with suggested directions for the cognitive systems engineering research to support interface design and guide the development o f future technologies.
The modern command center must support force-level data fusion (the integration and display of in... more The modern command center must support force-level data fusion (the integration and display of information from a range of sources) to meet the needs of contingency operations. The effectiveness of the information use depends upon improving the integration of information processing capabilities with the cognitively-demanding team planning and decision making tasks of the joint force senior command. The leveraging factors in information technology for command support are the ability to present the commander with the right information at the right time with the right level of detail. This paper investigates the “Data Wall” information presentation concept and its associated interface technologies with respect to their potential contributions to the critical requirements associated with joint theater command and control (C2) decision making. The paper further highlights the pivotal technological issues and emphasizes the importance of context-specific research to support successful des...
This paper explores sone stategies for alating tasks across the hunan and electronic components o... more This paper explores sone stategies for alating tasks across the hunan and electronic components of a pilot/computer system. What should pilots "do"? What should be left to semi-and fully-autonomous eectoi systems? It is argued here that the allocation strategy must be based on (a) the natue of tie tasks to be perfomed by the system, (b) the si l milieu in which the system wil opeate, and (c) ti powerof advanced analytical methods.
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