Latest Developments in Reality-Based 3D Surveying and Modelling
Multi-temporal three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions are fundamental for the preservation and ma... more Multi-temporal three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions are fundamental for the preservation and maintenance of all forms of tangible Cultural Heritage (CH) and often provide the basis for decisions related to interventions and promotion. Introducing the fourth dimension of time into 3D geometric modelling of real-world data allows the creation of a multi-temporal representation of a site to plan maintenance and promotion. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive approach for CH time-varying representations, to integrate heterogeneous information derived from a range of sources to help inform understanding of temporal aspects of change across different working scales and environments. Two landscape-scale study cases, Hadrian's Wall (UK) and Milan Roman Circus (Italy), are presented based on a methodological approach for CH time-varying representations proposed by the JPI-CH European Project Cultural Heritage Through Time (CHT 2). CHT 2 aims to provide a new set of tools and working methods to support the study of the evolution of CH sites.
Based on the use of automatic photogrammetry, different researchers made evident that the level o... more Based on the use of automatic photogrammetry, different researchers made evident that the level of overlap between adjacent photographs directly affects the uncertainty of the 3D dense cloud originated by the Structure from Motion/Image Matching (SfM/IM) process. The purpose of this study was to investigate if, in the case of a convergent shooting typical of close-range photogrammetry, an optimal lateral displacement of the camera for minimizing the 3D data uncertainty could be identified. We examined five different test objects made of rock, differing in terms of stone type and visual appearance. First, an accurate reference data set was generated by acquiring each object with an active range device, based on pattern projection (σz = 18 µm). Then, each object was 3D-captured with photogrammetry, using a set of images taken radially, with the camera pointing to the center of the specimen. The camera–object minimum distance was kept at 200 mm during the shooting, and the angular disp...
2018 3rd Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHERITAGE) held jointly with 2018 24th International Conference on Virtual Systems & Multimedia (VSMM 2018), 2018
Ancient city centers often contain traces of monuments which have almost entirely disappeared and... more Ancient city centers often contain traces of monuments which have almost entirely disappeared and whose few remains lie hidden beneath modern buildings. This is the case for many monumental buildings of the Roman period in Italian cities, which have vanished after having been gradually dismantled and their construction materials recycled, making room for modern structures. The knowledge of such monuments is often approximate and based on historical traces of various kinds. In such situations, 3D surveys and digital 3D modeling reconstructions can be of great help for scientific-archaeological research and for providing a scientifically supported image of cultural heritage sites. This paper shows the work on the emblematic example of the late Roman Circus of Milan, an impressive monument with dimensions of ca. 70 x 460 meters, built when Mediolanum served as capital of the Western Roman Empire (AD 286-402). Nowadays, this fact is unknown to most citizens of Milan. We developed a diac...
Interactive multimedia applications in museums generally aim at integrating into the exhibition c... more Interactive multimedia applications in museums generally aim at integrating into the exhibition complementary information delivered through engaging narratives. This article discusses a possible approach for effectively designing an interactive app for museum collections whose physical pieces are mutually related by multiple and articulated logical interconnections referring to elements of immaterial cultural heritage that would not be easy to bring to the public with traditional means. As proof of this concept, a specific case related to ancient Egyptian civilization has been developed. A collection of Egyptian artifacts such as mummies, coffins, and amulets, associated with symbols, divinities, and magic spells through the structured funerary ritual typical of that civilization, has been explained through a virtual application based on the concepts discussed in the methodological section.
Based on the use of automatic photogrammetry, different researchers made evident that the level o... more Based on the use of automatic photogrammetry, different researchers made evident that the level of overlap between adjacent photographs directly affects the uncertainty of the 3D dense cloud originated by the Structure from Motion/Image Matching (SfM/IM) process. The purpose of this study was to investigate if, in the case of a convergent shooting typical of close-range photogrammetry, an optimal lateral displacement of the camera for minimizing the 3D data uncertainty could be identified. We examined five different test objects made of rock, differing in terms of stone type and visual appearance. First, an accurate reference data set was generated by acquiring each object with an active range device, based on pattern projection (σz = 18 µm). Then, each object was 3D-captured with photogrammetry, using a set of images taken radially, with the camera pointing to the center of the specimen. The camera–object minimum distance was kept at 200 mm during the shooting, and the angular disp...
Latest Developments in Reality-Based 3D Surveying and Modelling, 2018
Switzerland and he now leads the 3D Optical Metrology unit (http://3dom.fbk.eu) of the Bruno Kess... more Switzerland and he now leads the 3D Optical Metrology unit (http://3dom.fbk.eu) of the Bruno Kessler Foundation (http://www.fbk.eu), a public research center in Trento, Italy. His research interests include geospatial data collection and processing, heritage documentation, 3D modelling, sensor and data integration. He is author of over 200 scientific publications in journals and at international conferences, 7 books, 8 book chapters, 8 special issues in journals and 15 conference proceedings. He has received 10 best paper awards at conferences and organized more than 25 scientific events, 20 summer schools and 10 tutorials. He is serving as
Interactive multimedia applications in museums generally aim at integrating into the exhibition c... more Interactive multimedia applications in museums generally aim at integrating into the exhibition complementary information delivered through engaging narratives. This article discusses a possible approach for effectively designing an interactive app for museum collections whose physical pieces are mutually related by multiple and articulated logical interconnections referring to elements of immaterial cultural heritage that would not be easy to bring to the public with traditional means. As proof of this concept, a specific case related to ancient Egyptian civilization has been developed. A collection of Egyptian artifacts such as mummies, coffins, and amulets, associated with symbols, divinities, and magic spells through the structured funerary ritual typical of that civilization, has been explained through a virtual application based on the concepts discussed in the methodological section.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
The paper presents results of the project: Cultural Heritage Through Time (CHT 2, http://cht2-pro... more The paper presents results of the project: Cultural Heritage Through Time (CHT 2, http://cht2-project.eu) realized accomplished within the framework of the “Joint Programming Initiative in Cultural Heritage” JPI-CH (http://www.jpi-culturalheritage.eu) by an international consortium: Politecnico di Milano (IT), Newcastle University (UK), Salamanca University (ES), and Stanislaw Staszic Scientific Association SSSA (a non-profit organization), (PL). The aim of the project was the integration of 3D models of buildings, cities and landscapes for monitoring and preservation of the cultural heritage. The research was conducted on three levels of detail according to the CityGML standard: LoD0 – regional, landscape scale, LoD1/LoD2 – urban scale, LoD3 – architectural scale, level of detail - building outside. Basing of this assumption, four test sites were selected: i. the city centre of Milan (IT) – urban scale, ii. the medieval walls and the historic centre of Avila (ES) - urban/architectu...
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
In recent decades, 3D reconstruction has progressively become a tool to show archaeological and a... more In recent decades, 3D reconstruction has progressively become a tool to show archaeological and architectural monuments in their current state, presumed past aspect and to predict their future evolution. The 3D representations trough time can be useful in order to study and preserve the memory of Cultural Heritage and to plan maintenance and promotion of the historical sites. This paper represent a case study, at architectonic and urbanistic scale, based on methodological approach for CH time-varying representations proposed by JPI-CH European Project called Cultural Heritage Through Time (CHT2). The work is focused on the area of Milan Roman circus, relatively to which was conducted both a thorough philological research based on several sources and a 3D survey campaign of still accessible remains, aiming at obtaining the monumental representation of the area in 3 different ages.
In recent decades, 3D reconstruction has progressively become a tool to show archaeological and a... more In recent decades, 3D reconstruction has progressively become a tool to show archaeological and architectural monuments in their current state, presumed past aspect and to predict their future evolution. The 3D representations trough time can be useful in order to study and preserve the memory of Cultural Heritage and to plan maintenance and promotion of the historical sites. This paper represent a case study, at architectonic and urbanistic scale, based on methodological approach for CH time-varying representations proposed by JPI-CH European Project called Cultural Heritage Through Time (CHT2). The work is focused on the area of Milan Roman circus, relatively to which was conducted both a thorough philological research based on several sources and a 3D survey campaign of still accessible remains, aiming at obtaining the monumental representation of the area in 3 different ages.
This paper presents the methodological approach and the actual workflow for creating the 3D digit... more This paper presents the methodological approach and the actual workflow for creating the 3D digital reconstruction in time of the ancient Roman Circus of Milan, which is presently covered completely by the urban fabric of the modern city. The diachronic reconstruction is based on a proper mix of quantitative data originated by current 3D surveys and historical sources, such as ancient maps, drawings, archaeological reports, restrictions decrees, and old photographs. When possible, such heterogeneous sources have been georeferenced and stored in a GIS system. In this way the sources have been analyzed in depth, allowing the deduction of geometrical information not explicitly revealed by the material available. A reliable reconstruction of the area in different historical periods has been therefore hypothesized. This research has been carried on in the framework of the project Cultural Heritage Through Time-CHT2, funded by the Joint Programming Initiative on Cultural Heritage (JPI-CH), supported by the Italian Ministry for Cultural Heritage (MiBACT), the Italian Ministry for University and Research (MIUR), and the European Commission.
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
Digital modelling archaeological and architectural monuments in their current state and in their ... more Digital modelling archaeological and architectural monuments in their current state and in their presumed past aspect has been recognized not only as a way for explaining to the public the genesis of a historical site, but also as an effective tool for research. The search for historical sources, their proper analysis and interdisciplinary relationship between technological disciplines and the humanities are fundamental for obtaining reliable hypothetical reconstructions. This paper presents an experimental activity defined by the project Cultural Heritage Through Time…
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2016
Since the advent of the first Kinect as motion controller device for the Microsoft XBOX platform ... more Since the advent of the first Kinect as motion controller device for the Microsoft XBOX platform (November 2010), several similar active and low-cost range sensing devices have been introduced on the mass-market for several purposes, including gesture based interfaces, 3D multimedia interaction, robot navigation, finger tracking, 3D body scanning for garment design and proximity sensors for automotive. However, given their capability to generate a real time stream of range images, these has been used in some projects also as general purpose range devices, with performances that for some applications might be satisfying. This paper shows the working principle of the various devices, analyzing them in terms of systematic errors and random errors for exploring the applicability of them in standard 3D capturing problems. Five actual devices have been tested featuring three different technologies: i) Kinect V1 by Microsoft, Structure Sensor by Occipital, and Xtion PRO by ASUS, all based ...
The paper presents an analysis of the 3D data quality generated from small-medium objects by well... more The paper presents an analysis of the 3D data quality generated from small-medium objects by well-known automatic photogrammetry packages based on Structure from Motion (SfM) and Image Matching (IM). The work aims at comparing different shooting configurations and image redundancy, using as high-quality reference the 3D data acquired by triangulation-based laser scanners characterized by a low measurement uncertainty. Two set of tests are presented: i) a laboratory 3D measurement made with the two active and passive approaches, where the image-based 3D acquisition makes use of different camera orientations leading to different image redundancy; ii) a 3D digitization in the field with an industrial laser scanner and two sets of images taken with different overlap levels. The results in the field confirm the relationship between measurement uncertainty and image overlap that emerged in the Lab tests.
The paper presents an analysis of the 3D data quality generated from small-medium objects by well... more The paper presents an analysis of the 3D data quality generated from small-medium objects by well-known automatic photogrammetry packages based on Structure from Motion (SfM) and Image Matching (IM). The work aims at comparing different shooting configurations and image redundancy, using as high-quality reference the 3D data acquired by triangulation-based laser scanners characterized by a low measurement uncertainty. Two set of tests are presented: i) a laboratory 3D measurement made with the two active and passive approaches, where the image-based 3D acquisition makes use of different camera orientations leading to different image redundancy; ii) a 3D digitization in the field with an industrial laser scanner and two sets of images taken with different overlap levels. The results in the field confirm the relationship between measurement uncertainty and image overlap that emerged in the Lab tests.
Latest Developments in Reality-Based 3D Surveying and Modelling
Multi-temporal three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions are fundamental for the preservation and ma... more Multi-temporal three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions are fundamental for the preservation and maintenance of all forms of tangible Cultural Heritage (CH) and often provide the basis for decisions related to interventions and promotion. Introducing the fourth dimension of time into 3D geometric modelling of real-world data allows the creation of a multi-temporal representation of a site to plan maintenance and promotion. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive approach for CH time-varying representations, to integrate heterogeneous information derived from a range of sources to help inform understanding of temporal aspects of change across different working scales and environments. Two landscape-scale study cases, Hadrian's Wall (UK) and Milan Roman Circus (Italy), are presented based on a methodological approach for CH time-varying representations proposed by the JPI-CH European Project Cultural Heritage Through Time (CHT 2). CHT 2 aims to provide a new set of tools and working methods to support the study of the evolution of CH sites.
Based on the use of automatic photogrammetry, different researchers made evident that the level o... more Based on the use of automatic photogrammetry, different researchers made evident that the level of overlap between adjacent photographs directly affects the uncertainty of the 3D dense cloud originated by the Structure from Motion/Image Matching (SfM/IM) process. The purpose of this study was to investigate if, in the case of a convergent shooting typical of close-range photogrammetry, an optimal lateral displacement of the camera for minimizing the 3D data uncertainty could be identified. We examined five different test objects made of rock, differing in terms of stone type and visual appearance. First, an accurate reference data set was generated by acquiring each object with an active range device, based on pattern projection (σz = 18 µm). Then, each object was 3D-captured with photogrammetry, using a set of images taken radially, with the camera pointing to the center of the specimen. The camera–object minimum distance was kept at 200 mm during the shooting, and the angular disp...
2018 3rd Digital Heritage International Congress (DigitalHERITAGE) held jointly with 2018 24th International Conference on Virtual Systems & Multimedia (VSMM 2018), 2018
Ancient city centers often contain traces of monuments which have almost entirely disappeared and... more Ancient city centers often contain traces of monuments which have almost entirely disappeared and whose few remains lie hidden beneath modern buildings. This is the case for many monumental buildings of the Roman period in Italian cities, which have vanished after having been gradually dismantled and their construction materials recycled, making room for modern structures. The knowledge of such monuments is often approximate and based on historical traces of various kinds. In such situations, 3D surveys and digital 3D modeling reconstructions can be of great help for scientific-archaeological research and for providing a scientifically supported image of cultural heritage sites. This paper shows the work on the emblematic example of the late Roman Circus of Milan, an impressive monument with dimensions of ca. 70 x 460 meters, built when Mediolanum served as capital of the Western Roman Empire (AD 286-402). Nowadays, this fact is unknown to most citizens of Milan. We developed a diac...
Interactive multimedia applications in museums generally aim at integrating into the exhibition c... more Interactive multimedia applications in museums generally aim at integrating into the exhibition complementary information delivered through engaging narratives. This article discusses a possible approach for effectively designing an interactive app for museum collections whose physical pieces are mutually related by multiple and articulated logical interconnections referring to elements of immaterial cultural heritage that would not be easy to bring to the public with traditional means. As proof of this concept, a specific case related to ancient Egyptian civilization has been developed. A collection of Egyptian artifacts such as mummies, coffins, and amulets, associated with symbols, divinities, and magic spells through the structured funerary ritual typical of that civilization, has been explained through a virtual application based on the concepts discussed in the methodological section.
Based on the use of automatic photogrammetry, different researchers made evident that the level o... more Based on the use of automatic photogrammetry, different researchers made evident that the level of overlap between adjacent photographs directly affects the uncertainty of the 3D dense cloud originated by the Structure from Motion/Image Matching (SfM/IM) process. The purpose of this study was to investigate if, in the case of a convergent shooting typical of close-range photogrammetry, an optimal lateral displacement of the camera for minimizing the 3D data uncertainty could be identified. We examined five different test objects made of rock, differing in terms of stone type and visual appearance. First, an accurate reference data set was generated by acquiring each object with an active range device, based on pattern projection (σz = 18 µm). Then, each object was 3D-captured with photogrammetry, using a set of images taken radially, with the camera pointing to the center of the specimen. The camera–object minimum distance was kept at 200 mm during the shooting, and the angular disp...
Latest Developments in Reality-Based 3D Surveying and Modelling, 2018
Switzerland and he now leads the 3D Optical Metrology unit (http://3dom.fbk.eu) of the Bruno Kess... more Switzerland and he now leads the 3D Optical Metrology unit (http://3dom.fbk.eu) of the Bruno Kessler Foundation (http://www.fbk.eu), a public research center in Trento, Italy. His research interests include geospatial data collection and processing, heritage documentation, 3D modelling, sensor and data integration. He is author of over 200 scientific publications in journals and at international conferences, 7 books, 8 book chapters, 8 special issues in journals and 15 conference proceedings. He has received 10 best paper awards at conferences and organized more than 25 scientific events, 20 summer schools and 10 tutorials. He is serving as
Interactive multimedia applications in museums generally aim at integrating into the exhibition c... more Interactive multimedia applications in museums generally aim at integrating into the exhibition complementary information delivered through engaging narratives. This article discusses a possible approach for effectively designing an interactive app for museum collections whose physical pieces are mutually related by multiple and articulated logical interconnections referring to elements of immaterial cultural heritage that would not be easy to bring to the public with traditional means. As proof of this concept, a specific case related to ancient Egyptian civilization has been developed. A collection of Egyptian artifacts such as mummies, coffins, and amulets, associated with symbols, divinities, and magic spells through the structured funerary ritual typical of that civilization, has been explained through a virtual application based on the concepts discussed in the methodological section.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
The paper presents results of the project: Cultural Heritage Through Time (CHT 2, http://cht2-pro... more The paper presents results of the project: Cultural Heritage Through Time (CHT 2, http://cht2-project.eu) realized accomplished within the framework of the “Joint Programming Initiative in Cultural Heritage” JPI-CH (http://www.jpi-culturalheritage.eu) by an international consortium: Politecnico di Milano (IT), Newcastle University (UK), Salamanca University (ES), and Stanislaw Staszic Scientific Association SSSA (a non-profit organization), (PL). The aim of the project was the integration of 3D models of buildings, cities and landscapes for monitoring and preservation of the cultural heritage. The research was conducted on three levels of detail according to the CityGML standard: LoD0 – regional, landscape scale, LoD1/LoD2 – urban scale, LoD3 – architectural scale, level of detail - building outside. Basing of this assumption, four test sites were selected: i. the city centre of Milan (IT) – urban scale, ii. the medieval walls and the historic centre of Avila (ES) - urban/architectu...
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
In recent decades, 3D reconstruction has progressively become a tool to show archaeological and a... more In recent decades, 3D reconstruction has progressively become a tool to show archaeological and architectural monuments in their current state, presumed past aspect and to predict their future evolution. The 3D representations trough time can be useful in order to study and preserve the memory of Cultural Heritage and to plan maintenance and promotion of the historical sites. This paper represent a case study, at architectonic and urbanistic scale, based on methodological approach for CH time-varying representations proposed by JPI-CH European Project called Cultural Heritage Through Time (CHT2). The work is focused on the area of Milan Roman circus, relatively to which was conducted both a thorough philological research based on several sources and a 3D survey campaign of still accessible remains, aiming at obtaining the monumental representation of the area in 3 different ages.
In recent decades, 3D reconstruction has progressively become a tool to show archaeological and a... more In recent decades, 3D reconstruction has progressively become a tool to show archaeological and architectural monuments in their current state, presumed past aspect and to predict their future evolution. The 3D representations trough time can be useful in order to study and preserve the memory of Cultural Heritage and to plan maintenance and promotion of the historical sites. This paper represent a case study, at architectonic and urbanistic scale, based on methodological approach for CH time-varying representations proposed by JPI-CH European Project called Cultural Heritage Through Time (CHT2). The work is focused on the area of Milan Roman circus, relatively to which was conducted both a thorough philological research based on several sources and a 3D survey campaign of still accessible remains, aiming at obtaining the monumental representation of the area in 3 different ages.
This paper presents the methodological approach and the actual workflow for creating the 3D digit... more This paper presents the methodological approach and the actual workflow for creating the 3D digital reconstruction in time of the ancient Roman Circus of Milan, which is presently covered completely by the urban fabric of the modern city. The diachronic reconstruction is based on a proper mix of quantitative data originated by current 3D surveys and historical sources, such as ancient maps, drawings, archaeological reports, restrictions decrees, and old photographs. When possible, such heterogeneous sources have been georeferenced and stored in a GIS system. In this way the sources have been analyzed in depth, allowing the deduction of geometrical information not explicitly revealed by the material available. A reliable reconstruction of the area in different historical periods has been therefore hypothesized. This research has been carried on in the framework of the project Cultural Heritage Through Time-CHT2, funded by the Joint Programming Initiative on Cultural Heritage (JPI-CH), supported by the Italian Ministry for Cultural Heritage (MiBACT), the Italian Ministry for University and Research (MIUR), and the European Commission.
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
Digital modelling archaeological and architectural monuments in their current state and in their ... more Digital modelling archaeological and architectural monuments in their current state and in their presumed past aspect has been recognized not only as a way for explaining to the public the genesis of a historical site, but also as an effective tool for research. The search for historical sources, their proper analysis and interdisciplinary relationship between technological disciplines and the humanities are fundamental for obtaining reliable hypothetical reconstructions. This paper presents an experimental activity defined by the project Cultural Heritage Through Time…
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2016
Since the advent of the first Kinect as motion controller device for the Microsoft XBOX platform ... more Since the advent of the first Kinect as motion controller device for the Microsoft XBOX platform (November 2010), several similar active and low-cost range sensing devices have been introduced on the mass-market for several purposes, including gesture based interfaces, 3D multimedia interaction, robot navigation, finger tracking, 3D body scanning for garment design and proximity sensors for automotive. However, given their capability to generate a real time stream of range images, these has been used in some projects also as general purpose range devices, with performances that for some applications might be satisfying. This paper shows the working principle of the various devices, analyzing them in terms of systematic errors and random errors for exploring the applicability of them in standard 3D capturing problems. Five actual devices have been tested featuring three different technologies: i) Kinect V1 by Microsoft, Structure Sensor by Occipital, and Xtion PRO by ASUS, all based ...
The paper presents an analysis of the 3D data quality generated from small-medium objects by well... more The paper presents an analysis of the 3D data quality generated from small-medium objects by well-known automatic photogrammetry packages based on Structure from Motion (SfM) and Image Matching (IM). The work aims at comparing different shooting configurations and image redundancy, using as high-quality reference the 3D data acquired by triangulation-based laser scanners characterized by a low measurement uncertainty. Two set of tests are presented: i) a laboratory 3D measurement made with the two active and passive approaches, where the image-based 3D acquisition makes use of different camera orientations leading to different image redundancy; ii) a 3D digitization in the field with an industrial laser scanner and two sets of images taken with different overlap levels. The results in the field confirm the relationship between measurement uncertainty and image overlap that emerged in the Lab tests.
The paper presents an analysis of the 3D data quality generated from small-medium objects by well... more The paper presents an analysis of the 3D data quality generated from small-medium objects by well-known automatic photogrammetry packages based on Structure from Motion (SfM) and Image Matching (IM). The work aims at comparing different shooting configurations and image redundancy, using as high-quality reference the 3D data acquired by triangulation-based laser scanners characterized by a low measurement uncertainty. Two set of tests are presented: i) a laboratory 3D measurement made with the two active and passive approaches, where the image-based 3D acquisition makes use of different camera orientations leading to different image redundancy; ii) a 3D digitization in the field with an industrial laser scanner and two sets of images taken with different overlap levels. The results in the field confirm the relationship between measurement uncertainty and image overlap that emerged in the Lab tests.
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Papers by Laura Micoli