Spatial economic relations cannot be composed in such a straight forward manner as would appear ... more Spatial economic relations cannot be composed in such a straight forward manner as would appear possible at first sight. In most of the literature, one encounters regional and urban models that hardly integrate any spatial factor at all. At best, the level or evolution of some variables is explained by the level or evolution of other variables measured in the same area. The customary way to region alize the exercises is by putting in spatial interaction in the form of distance frictions; this leads up to the concepts of potential, gravity, and input-output access. Areas seldom come into play, however, the relations often being of the point-point type still. In estimating spatial economic relations, classical cross-sectional analysis is usually applied. In previous papers which introduced spat ial connections (Hordijk and Paelinck, 1974 and 1975), it was found that the resulting econometric problem has specific features, and requires the development of adequate estimators for the ...
Inhoud Samenvatting 4 Conclusies 4.1 Wetenschappelijke onderbouwing van het stikstofbeleid van ri... more Inhoud Samenvatting 4 Conclusies 4.1 Wetenschappelijke onderbouwing van het stikstofbeleid van rijksoverheid en provincies 4.2 Bepaling van de stikstofdepositie op Natura-2000 gebieden 4.3 Meet-en modelinstrumentarium in Denemarken, Duitsland en Vlaanderen 4.4 Vervolgstappen Annex 1 Afkortingen Annex 2 Beschrijving meet-en rekenmethodiek 2.1 Metingen van de stikstofconcentratie en-depositie 2.2 Emissies 2.3 Modelleersysteem (OPS) 2.4 Opvolging review Sutton et al. Annex 3 Governance 3.1 Afspraken en verantwoordelijkheid 3.2 Organisatiestructuur en betrokken actoren 3.3 Werkwijze doorontwikkeling AERIUS 3.4 AERIUS Expertgroepen 3.5 Rapportage en bekendmaking Annex 4 Stikstof meet-en modelinstrumentarium in het buitenland 4.1 Denemarken 4.2 Duitsland 4.3 Vlaanderen Annex 5 Mogelijke bijdrage satellietmetingen 5.1 De verschillende satellietmetingen 5.2 De bijdrage van satellieten 5.3 De beperking van satellieten 5.4 Het nuttig gebruik van satellietmetingen Annex 6 Ensemble van modellen en modelvergelijkingen Annex 7 Literatuurlijst
The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of existing concepts of robustness and to identif... more The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of existing concepts of robustness and to identify promising directions for coping with uncertainty and risks of global changes Unlike statistical robustness general decision problems may have rather di erent facets of robustness In particular a key issue is the sensitivity with respect to low probability catastrophic events That is robust decisions in the presence of catastrophic events are fundamentally di erent from decisions ignoring them Speci cally proper treatment of extreme catastrophic events requires new sets of feasible decisions adjusted to risk per formance indicators and new spatial social and temporal dimensions The discussion is deliberately kept at a level comprehensible to a broad audience through the use of simple examples that can be extended to rather general models In fact these examples often illustrate fragments of models that are being developed at IIASA
ABSTRACT This study presents an overview of options aiming to reduce emissions to air, soil and w... more ABSTRACT This study presents an overview of options aiming to reduce emissions to air, soil and water from an aluminium die casting plant located in Portugal. We identify eighteen pollution reduction options and then estimate their potential to reduce the pollution, and the costs associated with their implementation to the die casting plant. The different types of options considered include typical end-of-pipe solutions, as well as alternative techniques or modifications in process operations of the plant. Finally, we calculate the implementation costs for the company of each reduction option.We conclude that there are promising opportunities to reduce the pollution from aluminium pressure die casting. Our inventory includes options with net negative costs, indicating that the company may in fact gain from implementing these options. Even though our study specifically focuses on one particular plant, the results may be interesting for the aluminium pressure die casting sector industry in general.
The aim of the COOL project was to develop strategic notions how drastic reductions of GHG emissi... more The aim of the COOL project was to develop strategic notions how drastic reductions of GHG emissions in the Netherlands can be achieved in the long term, in an European and global context, using a method of participatory integrated assessment. The project brought together in a dialogue setting scientists, policy makers and stakeholders representing different groups and different interests in society. Experiences and insights from different groups were thus available for the process. In the dialogue, which was set up as a series of workshops, long term policy options for significant greenhouse gas emissions reductions and their feasibility have been analysed. As Dutch climate policy is dependent on international policy developments, the COOL-project incorporated next to the national Dutch level, also a dialogue on the European and on the global level.
Nata de coco telah digunakan sebagai pengganti media gel elektroforesis pada sampel pewarna remaz... more Nata de coco telah digunakan sebagai pengganti media gel elektroforesis pada sampel pewarna remazol. Pada penelitian ini, diamati pengaruh pH larutan buffer, waktu elektroforesis dan aplikasi pemisahan gelatin menggunakan elektroforesis dengan media nata de coco. Nata de coco yang berumur 4 hari memiliki ketebalan yang sesuai yaitu 0,454 cm dan waktu inkubasi yang tidak terlalu lama sehingga umur tersebut digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil resolusi elektroforesis terbaik didapatkan pada pengggunaan buffer fosfat yang terbuat dari garamgaramnya. Pada pengaruh pH dinyatakan dengan kekuatan ion, dimana semakin besar kekuatan ion larutan, maka semakin jauh jarak migrasi remazol. Lama waktu elektroforesis mempengaruhi jarak migrasi remazol Kondisi optimum elektroforesis gel menggunakan nata yang didapat, digunakan untuk uji pemisahan gelatin menggunakan pewarna remazol turquoise dan didapatkan dua pita pemisahan dengan jarak pita masing-masing 2 cm dan 3,6 cm.
Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 1976
Spatial economic relations cannot be composed in such a straight-forward manner as would appear p... more Spatial economic relations cannot be composed in such a straight-forward manner as would appear possible at first sight.
In this paper a system of 'guided permit trading' is developed for SO 2 emissions reduction which... more In this paper a system of 'guided permit trading' is developed for SO 2 emissions reduction which considers permit trading as a bilateral and sequential process. This implies that in order to meet the deposition targets at the end of the trading process, not every single trade transaction has to meet the deposition targets. To ensure that the target is ultimately met, the number of permits traded should be controlled by a trade coordinating institution. A simulation of the system of guided bilateral trading of SO 2 permits among European countries on the basis of the Second SO 2 Protocol indicates that some non-profitable trade transactions take place. This prevents the cost effective emission allocation from being fully achieved. However, the calculations show that guided bilateral permit trading may generate substantial cost savings while contributing to environmental protection.
This study describes a model (MIKADO) to analyse options to reduce the environmental impact of al... more This study describes a model (MIKADO) to analyse options to reduce the environmental impact of aluminium die casting. This model will take a company perspective, so that it can be used as a decision-support tool for the environmental management of a plant. MIKADO ...
In forward air quality modelling, an emission inventory is used as input into an atmospheric disp... more In forward air quality modelling, an emission inventory is used as input into an atmospheric dispersion model to calculate atmospheric concentrations of the pollutant. Differences between calculated concentrations and concentrations found by atmospheric measurements can be used as an indicator for the inaccuracy of the emission inventory used in the calculations. The problem with comparing calculated and observed concentrations is that it is not easy to pinpoint the emission inventory as a single cause for the differences. One of the reasons for this is that inaccuracies exist in the model, both in measurements and in the inventory. In this paper, we argue that when wind-direction-dependent differences at several measurement stations in different countries point towards a specific region, the emission estimate for that specific region is the likely cause for the differences between modelled and observed concentrations. We have applied this methodology to study the inaccuracies of a European SO 2 emissions inventory for 1994, by plotting the calculated SO 2 concentrations from a long term ozone simulation model with SO 2 concentrations measured in the EMEP network. The results show that we were able to identify inaccuracies in the emission inventory for several areas within Europe. These areas include Sachsen/Brandenburg (Germany), Central England and the Western part of the Russian Federation. Although this type of analysis is accompanied with several limitations, it could provide the emission inventory community with a relatively simple technique to identify inaccuracies in the emission inventory.
In Europe agriculture is an important contributor to emissions of the acidifying compound ammonia... more In Europe agriculture is an important contributor to emissions of the acidifying compound ammonia (NH3) and the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). Measures to reduce one of these gases may also have an impact on emissions of the others. This study investigates the effects of control options for NH3, N2O, and CH4 that are available for the European agriculture on the emissions of all three gases. We found that NH3 abatement in the European agriculture may have an adverse effect on N2O emissions while abatement of N2O results in a net decrease in emissions of NH3. Reductions in CH4 emissions slightly increase in N2O emissions. An optimisation analysis for the Dutch agriculture shows that a shift to other NH3 abatement options is possible to avoid the increase in N2O emissions, but at considerable costs. If N2O control options are available, it may be more cost-effective to apply these options to reduce the N2O emissions to the initial level.
The aim of the COOL project was to develop strategic notions as to how drastic reductions of gree... more The aim of the COOL project was to develop strategic notions as to how drastic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions in The Netherlands could be achieved in the long term, both in a European and in a global context, using a method of participatory integrated assessment. The project brought together in a dialogue setting scientists, policy makers and stakeholders representing different groups and different interests in society. Experiences and insights from different groups were thus available for the process. In the dialogue, which was set up as a series of workshops, long-term policy options for significant greenhouse gas emission reductions and their feasibility were analysed. As Dutch climate change policy is dependent on international policy developments, the COOL project incorporated a dialogue at a European and at a global (world wide) level as well as at a national (Dutch) level.
Spatial economic relations cannot be composed in such a straight forward manner as would appear ... more Spatial economic relations cannot be composed in such a straight forward manner as would appear possible at first sight. In most of the literature, one encounters regional and urban models that hardly integrate any spatial factor at all. At best, the level or evolution of some variables is explained by the level or evolution of other variables measured in the same area. The customary way to region alize the exercises is by putting in spatial interaction in the form of distance frictions; this leads up to the concepts of potential, gravity, and input-output access. Areas seldom come into play, however, the relations often being of the point-point type still. In estimating spatial economic relations, classical cross-sectional analysis is usually applied. In previous papers which introduced spat ial connections (Hordijk and Paelinck, 1974 and 1975), it was found that the resulting econometric problem has specific features, and requires the development of adequate estimators for the ...
Inhoud Samenvatting 4 Conclusies 4.1 Wetenschappelijke onderbouwing van het stikstofbeleid van ri... more Inhoud Samenvatting 4 Conclusies 4.1 Wetenschappelijke onderbouwing van het stikstofbeleid van rijksoverheid en provincies 4.2 Bepaling van de stikstofdepositie op Natura-2000 gebieden 4.3 Meet-en modelinstrumentarium in Denemarken, Duitsland en Vlaanderen 4.4 Vervolgstappen Annex 1 Afkortingen Annex 2 Beschrijving meet-en rekenmethodiek 2.1 Metingen van de stikstofconcentratie en-depositie 2.2 Emissies 2.3 Modelleersysteem (OPS) 2.4 Opvolging review Sutton et al. Annex 3 Governance 3.1 Afspraken en verantwoordelijkheid 3.2 Organisatiestructuur en betrokken actoren 3.3 Werkwijze doorontwikkeling AERIUS 3.4 AERIUS Expertgroepen 3.5 Rapportage en bekendmaking Annex 4 Stikstof meet-en modelinstrumentarium in het buitenland 4.1 Denemarken 4.2 Duitsland 4.3 Vlaanderen Annex 5 Mogelijke bijdrage satellietmetingen 5.1 De verschillende satellietmetingen 5.2 De bijdrage van satellieten 5.3 De beperking van satellieten 5.4 Het nuttig gebruik van satellietmetingen Annex 6 Ensemble van modellen en modelvergelijkingen Annex 7 Literatuurlijst
The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of existing concepts of robustness and to identif... more The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of existing concepts of robustness and to identify promising directions for coping with uncertainty and risks of global changes Unlike statistical robustness general decision problems may have rather di erent facets of robustness In particular a key issue is the sensitivity with respect to low probability catastrophic events That is robust decisions in the presence of catastrophic events are fundamentally di erent from decisions ignoring them Speci cally proper treatment of extreme catastrophic events requires new sets of feasible decisions adjusted to risk per formance indicators and new spatial social and temporal dimensions The discussion is deliberately kept at a level comprehensible to a broad audience through the use of simple examples that can be extended to rather general models In fact these examples often illustrate fragments of models that are being developed at IIASA
ABSTRACT This study presents an overview of options aiming to reduce emissions to air, soil and w... more ABSTRACT This study presents an overview of options aiming to reduce emissions to air, soil and water from an aluminium die casting plant located in Portugal. We identify eighteen pollution reduction options and then estimate their potential to reduce the pollution, and the costs associated with their implementation to the die casting plant. The different types of options considered include typical end-of-pipe solutions, as well as alternative techniques or modifications in process operations of the plant. Finally, we calculate the implementation costs for the company of each reduction option.We conclude that there are promising opportunities to reduce the pollution from aluminium pressure die casting. Our inventory includes options with net negative costs, indicating that the company may in fact gain from implementing these options. Even though our study specifically focuses on one particular plant, the results may be interesting for the aluminium pressure die casting sector industry in general.
The aim of the COOL project was to develop strategic notions how drastic reductions of GHG emissi... more The aim of the COOL project was to develop strategic notions how drastic reductions of GHG emissions in the Netherlands can be achieved in the long term, in an European and global context, using a method of participatory integrated assessment. The project brought together in a dialogue setting scientists, policy makers and stakeholders representing different groups and different interests in society. Experiences and insights from different groups were thus available for the process. In the dialogue, which was set up as a series of workshops, long term policy options for significant greenhouse gas emissions reductions and their feasibility have been analysed. As Dutch climate policy is dependent on international policy developments, the COOL-project incorporated next to the national Dutch level, also a dialogue on the European and on the global level.
Nata de coco telah digunakan sebagai pengganti media gel elektroforesis pada sampel pewarna remaz... more Nata de coco telah digunakan sebagai pengganti media gel elektroforesis pada sampel pewarna remazol. Pada penelitian ini, diamati pengaruh pH larutan buffer, waktu elektroforesis dan aplikasi pemisahan gelatin menggunakan elektroforesis dengan media nata de coco. Nata de coco yang berumur 4 hari memiliki ketebalan yang sesuai yaitu 0,454 cm dan waktu inkubasi yang tidak terlalu lama sehingga umur tersebut digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil resolusi elektroforesis terbaik didapatkan pada pengggunaan buffer fosfat yang terbuat dari garamgaramnya. Pada pengaruh pH dinyatakan dengan kekuatan ion, dimana semakin besar kekuatan ion larutan, maka semakin jauh jarak migrasi remazol. Lama waktu elektroforesis mempengaruhi jarak migrasi remazol Kondisi optimum elektroforesis gel menggunakan nata yang didapat, digunakan untuk uji pemisahan gelatin menggunakan pewarna remazol turquoise dan didapatkan dua pita pemisahan dengan jarak pita masing-masing 2 cm dan 3,6 cm.
Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 1976
Spatial economic relations cannot be composed in such a straight-forward manner as would appear p... more Spatial economic relations cannot be composed in such a straight-forward manner as would appear possible at first sight.
In this paper a system of 'guided permit trading' is developed for SO 2 emissions reduction which... more In this paper a system of 'guided permit trading' is developed for SO 2 emissions reduction which considers permit trading as a bilateral and sequential process. This implies that in order to meet the deposition targets at the end of the trading process, not every single trade transaction has to meet the deposition targets. To ensure that the target is ultimately met, the number of permits traded should be controlled by a trade coordinating institution. A simulation of the system of guided bilateral trading of SO 2 permits among European countries on the basis of the Second SO 2 Protocol indicates that some non-profitable trade transactions take place. This prevents the cost effective emission allocation from being fully achieved. However, the calculations show that guided bilateral permit trading may generate substantial cost savings while contributing to environmental protection.
This study describes a model (MIKADO) to analyse options to reduce the environmental impact of al... more This study describes a model (MIKADO) to analyse options to reduce the environmental impact of aluminium die casting. This model will take a company perspective, so that it can be used as a decision-support tool for the environmental management of a plant. MIKADO ...
In forward air quality modelling, an emission inventory is used as input into an atmospheric disp... more In forward air quality modelling, an emission inventory is used as input into an atmospheric dispersion model to calculate atmospheric concentrations of the pollutant. Differences between calculated concentrations and concentrations found by atmospheric measurements can be used as an indicator for the inaccuracy of the emission inventory used in the calculations. The problem with comparing calculated and observed concentrations is that it is not easy to pinpoint the emission inventory as a single cause for the differences. One of the reasons for this is that inaccuracies exist in the model, both in measurements and in the inventory. In this paper, we argue that when wind-direction-dependent differences at several measurement stations in different countries point towards a specific region, the emission estimate for that specific region is the likely cause for the differences between modelled and observed concentrations. We have applied this methodology to study the inaccuracies of a European SO 2 emissions inventory for 1994, by plotting the calculated SO 2 concentrations from a long term ozone simulation model with SO 2 concentrations measured in the EMEP network. The results show that we were able to identify inaccuracies in the emission inventory for several areas within Europe. These areas include Sachsen/Brandenburg (Germany), Central England and the Western part of the Russian Federation. Although this type of analysis is accompanied with several limitations, it could provide the emission inventory community with a relatively simple technique to identify inaccuracies in the emission inventory.
In Europe agriculture is an important contributor to emissions of the acidifying compound ammonia... more In Europe agriculture is an important contributor to emissions of the acidifying compound ammonia (NH3) and the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). Measures to reduce one of these gases may also have an impact on emissions of the others. This study investigates the effects of control options for NH3, N2O, and CH4 that are available for the European agriculture on the emissions of all three gases. We found that NH3 abatement in the European agriculture may have an adverse effect on N2O emissions while abatement of N2O results in a net decrease in emissions of NH3. Reductions in CH4 emissions slightly increase in N2O emissions. An optimisation analysis for the Dutch agriculture shows that a shift to other NH3 abatement options is possible to avoid the increase in N2O emissions, but at considerable costs. If N2O control options are available, it may be more cost-effective to apply these options to reduce the N2O emissions to the initial level.
The aim of the COOL project was to develop strategic notions as to how drastic reductions of gree... more The aim of the COOL project was to develop strategic notions as to how drastic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions in The Netherlands could be achieved in the long term, both in a European and in a global context, using a method of participatory integrated assessment. The project brought together in a dialogue setting scientists, policy makers and stakeholders representing different groups and different interests in society. Experiences and insights from different groups were thus available for the process. In the dialogue, which was set up as a series of workshops, long-term policy options for significant greenhouse gas emission reductions and their feasibility were analysed. As Dutch climate change policy is dependent on international policy developments, the COOL project incorporated a dialogue at a European and at a global (world wide) level as well as at a national (Dutch) level.
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Papers by Leen Hordijk