Sóng điều hòa bậc cao là một trong những công cụ để khảo sát và thu nhận thông tin cấu trúc động ... more Sóng điều hòa bậc cao là một trong những công cụ để khảo sát và thu nhận thông tin cấu trúc động của nguyên tử, phân tử. Trong gần đúng một electron hoạt động, chúng tôi mô phỏng sóng điều hòa bậc cao của phân tử CO2 tương tác với laser xung cực ngắn, cường độ cao bằng cách giải số phương trình Schrödinger phụ thuộc thời gian. Sử dụng hiệu ứng giao thoa electron trong phổ sóng điều hòa bậc cao, chúng tôi tiến hành trích xuất thông tin khoảng cách liên hạt nhân của phân tử CO2 với độ chính xác cao.
Nam quan hệ tình dục đồng giới (MSM) hiện là quần thể có tỷ lệ hiện mắc HIV cao nhất tại khu vực ... more Nam quan hệ tình dục đồng giới (MSM) hiện là quần thể có tỷ lệ hiện mắc HIV cao nhất tại khu vực phía Nam nói chung và trung tâm đồng bằng sông Cửu Long (TTĐBSCL) nói riêng. Nghiên cứu này sử dụng số liệu của giám sát trọng điểm (GSTĐ) năm 2019 nhằm xác định tỷ lệ lưu hành HIV và mô tả các yếu tố liên quan trên nhóm MSM tại TTĐBSCL. Tiến hành nghiên cứu cắt ngang trên nhóm MSM từ 16 tuổi trở lên tại 2 tỉnh Cần Thơ và An Giang, với cỡ mẫu tương ứng lần lượt là 300 và 200 người. Kết quả cho thấy tỷ lệ hiện nhiễm HIV chung là 16,2% (KTC95%: 13,1%-19,7%). Phân tích hồi qui đa biến cho thấy có bốn yếu tố liên quan đến việc tăng tỷ lệ lưu hành HIV là MSM tại Cần Thơ so với An Giang (OR=2,16; KTC95%: 1,20-3,87); biết nơi xét nghiệm HIV (OR=3,22; KTC95%: 1,16-8,97); MSM có xét nghiệm HIV nhưng không biết kết quả (OR=6,42; KTC95%: 1,59-26,01); và MSM biết bạn tình bị nhiễm HIV (OR=11,85; KTC95%: 2,41-58,28). Cần chú trọng các yếu tố liên quan được tìm thấy trong nghiên cứu nhằm can thiệp có ...
The presence of avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) infection among the avocado (Persea americana Mi... more The presence of avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) infection among the avocado (Persea americana Mill.) accessions in the National Germplasm Repository at Miami (NGR–Miami) was established in previous studies. An ASBVd specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol was used to detect the viroid. Surveys performed in 1996 and in 2000 found that the proportion of ASBVd positive accessions remained unchanged at 19% during that time period. The object of the current study was to assess the spread of infection, if any, and the rate and direction of transmission. For this purpose the collection was screened again for ASBVd in 2009. The germplasm collection increased from 403 to 505 trees. Fifty newly infected trees were detected. Forty-eight percent of the newly infected plants were found to be adjacent to previously infected plants, adjacent to plots from which infected plants had been removed, or adjacent to other newly infected plants that are adjacent to prev...
Le titre de cet article (" Plus d'etranger ") peut apparaitre discriminatoire et c&... more Le titre de cet article (" Plus d'etranger ") peut apparaitre discriminatoire et c'est bien en fait son intention. Dans cette contribution, nous essayons de convaincre la communaute scientifique du cacao de ne pas utiliser le terme Forastero (" etranger ") pour identifier un materiel genetique du cacao qui n'est pas d'origine Criollo. Le terme Forastero est apparu en Amerique latine pour differencier le cacao introduit des selections cultivees localement. Il n'y a donc aucune signification scientifique a ce terme qui a ete largement utilise pour identifier le materiel genetique du cacao. Le cacao, malgre son importance economique et les nombreuses etudes de diversite genetique qui ont ete publiees au cours des 20 dernieres annees, n'a jamais beneficie d'aucune etude analysant un echantillon suffisamment large, avec un grand nombre de marqueurs, pour identifier la structure de sa diversite genetique au-dela de la traditionnelle distinct...
Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Vietnamese short story from 1986 until now ... more Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Vietnamese short story from 1986 until now has played an important role in forming the big picture of Vietnamese contemporary literature with changes in many dimensions that can encapsulate a general statement: the innovative thinking of category. From the overview of innovations in the perception and reception of genre, the author brought to readers a general picture of innovations in the storyline as well as character system. All of them tried to demonstrate changes in creative inspiration, reflection of reality, and writing styles. It can be considered as a breakthrough of Vietnamese short story today. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt;...
A biological method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using the leaf extracts of Arach... more A biological method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using the leaf extracts of Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg. was developed. The optimum conditions of input materials were found with leaf autoclaving in 15 min, 20 g fresh leave, and 4 mM of silver nitrate (AgNO3). To study the role of time, temperature, and solution pH of the reaction, varying time reaction (5, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min), temperature reaction (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50oC) and pH of the solution (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) were investigated. The optimal biosynthesis conditions were achieved in 180 min of reaction time at 50oC and pH 11. The obtained nanoparticles have spherical and oblong in shape with average size of 26.4 nm. The SNPs in 4 concentrationss (5, 15, 25, and 35 ppm) combined with and without 2% sucrose extended vase life, enlarged flower diameter, and maintained increase the relative fresh weight with vase solution uptake rate. SNPs inhibited significantly the bacterial growth in the...
Khả năng chống chịu với Pentachlorophenol (PCP) của tảo Chlorella chủng Chlorella HP 01/2B được n... more Khả năng chống chịu với Pentachlorophenol (PCP) của tảo Chlorella chủng Chlorella HP 01/2B được nghiên cứu. Chlorella HP 01/2B không chỉ có khả năng tồn tại trong môi trường có sự hiện diện của PCP mà còn có khả năng chống chịu với một số loại chlorophenol khác như 2-Chlorophenol (CP), 2,4-Dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (TCP). PCP ức chế quá trình sinh trưởng ban đầu của tảo. Sau khi sinh trưởng phục hồi, khả năng quang hợp và sinh trưởng của tảo này cũng không bị ảnh hưởng. Tác động của PCP lên tảo phụ thuộc vào mật độ tảo ban đầu và thời điểm tảo tiếp xúc với PCP.
A Self-Organizing Map (SOM) has good quality when both of its measures, quantization error (QE) a... more A Self-Organizing Map (SOM) has good quality when both of its measures, quantization error (QE) and topographic error (TE), are small. Many researchers have tried to reduce these measures by improving SOM's learning algorithm, however, most results only decrease either QE or TE. In this paper, a method to improve the quality of the map obtained when the SOM's learning algorithm ended is proposed. The proposed method readjusts weight vector of each neuron according to cluster's center that neuron represents and optimizes clusters by "different elements" competitive strategy. In this method, QE always decreases each time the competition "different elements" occurs between all neurons, TE may reduce when the competition "different elements" occurs between adjacent neighbors. The experiments are performed on assumed datasets and real datasets. As the results, the average reduction ratio of QE is from 50% to 60%, TE gets the average reduction ratio from 10% to 20%. This reduction ratio is larger than some other solutions but does not need to adjust the parameters for each specific dataset.
Nous avons constitué une plate-forme des trois infrastructures concernées que sont les réseaux él... more Nous avons constitué une plate-forme des trois infrastructures concernées que sont les réseaux électriques de Distribution, les infrastructures informatiques et les réseaux de télécommunication afin d'avoir une vision « intégrée » de la sécurité de l'ensemble, en tenant compte de leurs interactions.
Human activities are affecting the global environment in many ways, with numerous direct and indi... more Human activities are affecting the global environment in many ways, with numerous direct and indirect effects on ecosystems. The climate and atmospheric composition of Earth are changing rapidly. Humans have directly modified half of the ice-free terrestrial surface and use 40% of terrestrial production. Our actions are causing the sixth major extinction event in the history of life on Earth and radically modify the interactions among forests, fields, streams, and oceans. This book is written to provide a conceptual basis for understanding terrestrial ecosystem processes and their sensitivity to environmental and biotic changes. We believe that an understanding of ecosystem dynamics must underlie our analysis of both the consequences and the mitigation of human-induced changes. This book is intended to introduce the science of terrestrial ecosystem ecology to advanced undergraduate students, beginning graduate students, and practicing scientists from a wide array of disciplines. We define terrestrial ecosystem ecology to include freshwater ecosystems and their terrestrial matrix. We also include a description of marine ecosystems to provide a broader context for understanding terrestrial ecosystems and as a basis for Earth-System analysis. We provide access to some of the rapidly expanding literature in the many disciplines that contribute to ecosystem understanding. This second edition incorporates new material that accounts for both the substantial scientific advances in ecosystem ecology during the past decade, as well as the evolution of our own understanding. The first section of this book provides the context for understanding ecosystem ecology. We introduce the science of ecosystem ecology and place it in the context of other components of the Earth System-the atmosphere, ocean, climate and geological systems. We show how these components affect ecosystem processes and contribute to the global variation in terrestrial ecosystem structure and processes. In the second section of the book we consider the mechanisms by which terrestrial ecosystems function and focus on the flow of water and energy and the cycling of carbon and nutrients. We then consider the important role of organisms in ecosystem processes through trophic interactions (feeding relationships), environmental effects, and disturbance. The third section of the book addresses temporal and spatial patterns in ecosystem processes. We finish by considering the integrated effects of these processes at the global scale and their consequences for sustainable use by human societies. Powerpoint lecture notes that include the illustrations in vi Preface this book are available on the web (http://terrychapin.org/) as supplementary material. Many people have contributed to the development of this book. We particularly thank our families, whose patience has made the book possible, our students from whom we have learned many of the important ideas that are presented, and Hal Mooney who was a co-author of the first edition. In addition, we thank the following individuals for their constructively critical review of chapters in this book:
The notion of search tree plays an impotant role in computer science, especially in the theory of... more The notion of search tree plays an impotant role in computer science, especially in the theory of data structures. The efforts to optimize one dimensional binary search tree as introduced in this paper quite useful for practical applications, especially for the representation of range queries, where the information about secondary keys defined on range are organized as a binary tree. In this paper we intend to further develop the conception of the binary search tree in [3], [5] and prove a theorem which shows that each binary search tree can be uniquely transformed into optimal binary search tree in the finite set of keys.
Objectives. lntracavernous needle injection is an effective delivery method for pharmacotherapy o... more Objectives. lntracavernous needle injection is an effective delivery method for pharmacotherapy of erectile dysfunction. Needle phobia, pain, and concern about local tissue injury have stimulated the search for new, less invasive means of inducing penile erection. In this preliminary communication, we evaluate a jet injector as an alternative to needle injection for intracavernous delivery of vasoactive drugs. Methods. Jet injection was evaluated in three groups of rats receiving either India ink, saline, or papaverine into the penis. The ability of the jet injection to penetrate through the tunica albuginea and deliver liquid to the corpora cavernosa smooth muscle was assessed by the degree of staining within the corpus cavernosum (inkgroup), histologic change (saline group), and rise in intracavernous pressure (papaverine group). Erectile capacity following cavernous nerve electric stimulation was compared before and 1 hour after injection of saline or papaverine. Results. Ink traversed the skin and tunica albuginea with extensive deposition noted within the cavernous spaces. Varying degrees of subcutaneous hemorrhage were seen with saline jet injection; however, the corpus cavernous smooth muscles showed no evidence of injury. Jet injection of papaverine 3250 Fg significantly increased cavernous pressure (39.4 2 4.6 cm H,O) compared with saline injection (2.8 5 1.3 cm H,O]. Conclusions. We conclude that acute jet injection is an effective method for intracavernous delivery of drugs. Long-term effects should be evaluated prior to clinical use. UROLOGY 50: 994-998, 1997.
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume, 2005
We studied 52 patients, each with a lumbosacral transitional vertebra. Using MRI we found that th... more We studied 52 patients, each with a lumbosacral transitional vertebra. Using MRI we found that the lumbar discs immediately above the transitional vertebra were significantly more degenerative and those between the transitional vertebrae and the sacrum were significantly less degenerative compared with discs at other levels. We also performed an anatomical study using 70 cadavers. We found that the iliolumbar ligament at the level immediately above the transitional vertebra was thinner and weaker than it was in cadavers without a lumbosacral transitional vertebra. Instability of the vertebral segment above the transitional vertebra because of a weak iliolumbar ligament could lead to subsequent disc degeneration which may occur earlier than at other disc levels. Some stability between the transitional vertebra and the sacrum could be preserved by the formation of either an articulation or by bony union between the vertebra and the sacrum through its transverse process. This may prote...
Sóng điều hòa bậc cao là một trong những công cụ để khảo sát và thu nhận thông tin cấu trúc động ... more Sóng điều hòa bậc cao là một trong những công cụ để khảo sát và thu nhận thông tin cấu trúc động của nguyên tử, phân tử. Trong gần đúng một electron hoạt động, chúng tôi mô phỏng sóng điều hòa bậc cao của phân tử CO2 tương tác với laser xung cực ngắn, cường độ cao bằng cách giải số phương trình Schrödinger phụ thuộc thời gian. Sử dụng hiệu ứng giao thoa electron trong phổ sóng điều hòa bậc cao, chúng tôi tiến hành trích xuất thông tin khoảng cách liên hạt nhân của phân tử CO2 với độ chính xác cao.
Nam quan hệ tình dục đồng giới (MSM) hiện là quần thể có tỷ lệ hiện mắc HIV cao nhất tại khu vực ... more Nam quan hệ tình dục đồng giới (MSM) hiện là quần thể có tỷ lệ hiện mắc HIV cao nhất tại khu vực phía Nam nói chung và trung tâm đồng bằng sông Cửu Long (TTĐBSCL) nói riêng. Nghiên cứu này sử dụng số liệu của giám sát trọng điểm (GSTĐ) năm 2019 nhằm xác định tỷ lệ lưu hành HIV và mô tả các yếu tố liên quan trên nhóm MSM tại TTĐBSCL. Tiến hành nghiên cứu cắt ngang trên nhóm MSM từ 16 tuổi trở lên tại 2 tỉnh Cần Thơ và An Giang, với cỡ mẫu tương ứng lần lượt là 300 và 200 người. Kết quả cho thấy tỷ lệ hiện nhiễm HIV chung là 16,2% (KTC95%: 13,1%-19,7%). Phân tích hồi qui đa biến cho thấy có bốn yếu tố liên quan đến việc tăng tỷ lệ lưu hành HIV là MSM tại Cần Thơ so với An Giang (OR=2,16; KTC95%: 1,20-3,87); biết nơi xét nghiệm HIV (OR=3,22; KTC95%: 1,16-8,97); MSM có xét nghiệm HIV nhưng không biết kết quả (OR=6,42; KTC95%: 1,59-26,01); và MSM biết bạn tình bị nhiễm HIV (OR=11,85; KTC95%: 2,41-58,28). Cần chú trọng các yếu tố liên quan được tìm thấy trong nghiên cứu nhằm can thiệp có ...
The presence of avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) infection among the avocado (Persea americana Mi... more The presence of avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) infection among the avocado (Persea americana Mill.) accessions in the National Germplasm Repository at Miami (NGR–Miami) was established in previous studies. An ASBVd specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol was used to detect the viroid. Surveys performed in 1996 and in 2000 found that the proportion of ASBVd positive accessions remained unchanged at 19% during that time period. The object of the current study was to assess the spread of infection, if any, and the rate and direction of transmission. For this purpose the collection was screened again for ASBVd in 2009. The germplasm collection increased from 403 to 505 trees. Fifty newly infected trees were detected. Forty-eight percent of the newly infected plants were found to be adjacent to previously infected plants, adjacent to plots from which infected plants had been removed, or adjacent to other newly infected plants that are adjacent to prev...
Le titre de cet article (" Plus d'etranger ") peut apparaitre discriminatoire et c&... more Le titre de cet article (" Plus d'etranger ") peut apparaitre discriminatoire et c'est bien en fait son intention. Dans cette contribution, nous essayons de convaincre la communaute scientifique du cacao de ne pas utiliser le terme Forastero (" etranger ") pour identifier un materiel genetique du cacao qui n'est pas d'origine Criollo. Le terme Forastero est apparu en Amerique latine pour differencier le cacao introduit des selections cultivees localement. Il n'y a donc aucune signification scientifique a ce terme qui a ete largement utilise pour identifier le materiel genetique du cacao. Le cacao, malgre son importance economique et les nombreuses etudes de diversite genetique qui ont ete publiees au cours des 20 dernieres annees, n'a jamais beneficie d'aucune etude analysant un echantillon suffisamment large, avec un grand nombre de marqueurs, pour identifier la structure de sa diversite genetique au-dela de la traditionnelle distinct...
Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Vietnamese short story from 1986 until now ... more Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Vietnamese short story from 1986 until now has played an important role in forming the big picture of Vietnamese contemporary literature with changes in many dimensions that can encapsulate a general statement: the innovative thinking of category. From the overview of innovations in the perception and reception of genre, the author brought to readers a general picture of innovations in the storyline as well as character system. All of them tried to demonstrate changes in creative inspiration, reflection of reality, and writing styles. It can be considered as a breakthrough of Vietnamese short story today. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt;...
A biological method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using the leaf extracts of Arach... more A biological method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (SNPs) using the leaf extracts of Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg. was developed. The optimum conditions of input materials were found with leaf autoclaving in 15 min, 20 g fresh leave, and 4 mM of silver nitrate (AgNO3). To study the role of time, temperature, and solution pH of the reaction, varying time reaction (5, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min), temperature reaction (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50oC) and pH of the solution (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) were investigated. The optimal biosynthesis conditions were achieved in 180 min of reaction time at 50oC and pH 11. The obtained nanoparticles have spherical and oblong in shape with average size of 26.4 nm. The SNPs in 4 concentrationss (5, 15, 25, and 35 ppm) combined with and without 2% sucrose extended vase life, enlarged flower diameter, and maintained increase the relative fresh weight with vase solution uptake rate. SNPs inhibited significantly the bacterial growth in the...
Khả năng chống chịu với Pentachlorophenol (PCP) của tảo Chlorella chủng Chlorella HP 01/2B được n... more Khả năng chống chịu với Pentachlorophenol (PCP) của tảo Chlorella chủng Chlorella HP 01/2B được nghiên cứu. Chlorella HP 01/2B không chỉ có khả năng tồn tại trong môi trường có sự hiện diện của PCP mà còn có khả năng chống chịu với một số loại chlorophenol khác như 2-Chlorophenol (CP), 2,4-Dichlorophenol (DCP), 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (TCP). PCP ức chế quá trình sinh trưởng ban đầu của tảo. Sau khi sinh trưởng phục hồi, khả năng quang hợp và sinh trưởng của tảo này cũng không bị ảnh hưởng. Tác động của PCP lên tảo phụ thuộc vào mật độ tảo ban đầu và thời điểm tảo tiếp xúc với PCP.
A Self-Organizing Map (SOM) has good quality when both of its measures, quantization error (QE) a... more A Self-Organizing Map (SOM) has good quality when both of its measures, quantization error (QE) and topographic error (TE), are small. Many researchers have tried to reduce these measures by improving SOM's learning algorithm, however, most results only decrease either QE or TE. In this paper, a method to improve the quality of the map obtained when the SOM's learning algorithm ended is proposed. The proposed method readjusts weight vector of each neuron according to cluster's center that neuron represents and optimizes clusters by "different elements" competitive strategy. In this method, QE always decreases each time the competition "different elements" occurs between all neurons, TE may reduce when the competition "different elements" occurs between adjacent neighbors. The experiments are performed on assumed datasets and real datasets. As the results, the average reduction ratio of QE is from 50% to 60%, TE gets the average reduction ratio from 10% to 20%. This reduction ratio is larger than some other solutions but does not need to adjust the parameters for each specific dataset.
Nous avons constitué une plate-forme des trois infrastructures concernées que sont les réseaux él... more Nous avons constitué une plate-forme des trois infrastructures concernées que sont les réseaux électriques de Distribution, les infrastructures informatiques et les réseaux de télécommunication afin d'avoir une vision « intégrée » de la sécurité de l'ensemble, en tenant compte de leurs interactions.
Human activities are affecting the global environment in many ways, with numerous direct and indi... more Human activities are affecting the global environment in many ways, with numerous direct and indirect effects on ecosystems. The climate and atmospheric composition of Earth are changing rapidly. Humans have directly modified half of the ice-free terrestrial surface and use 40% of terrestrial production. Our actions are causing the sixth major extinction event in the history of life on Earth and radically modify the interactions among forests, fields, streams, and oceans. This book is written to provide a conceptual basis for understanding terrestrial ecosystem processes and their sensitivity to environmental and biotic changes. We believe that an understanding of ecosystem dynamics must underlie our analysis of both the consequences and the mitigation of human-induced changes. This book is intended to introduce the science of terrestrial ecosystem ecology to advanced undergraduate students, beginning graduate students, and practicing scientists from a wide array of disciplines. We define terrestrial ecosystem ecology to include freshwater ecosystems and their terrestrial matrix. We also include a description of marine ecosystems to provide a broader context for understanding terrestrial ecosystems and as a basis for Earth-System analysis. We provide access to some of the rapidly expanding literature in the many disciplines that contribute to ecosystem understanding. This second edition incorporates new material that accounts for both the substantial scientific advances in ecosystem ecology during the past decade, as well as the evolution of our own understanding. The first section of this book provides the context for understanding ecosystem ecology. We introduce the science of ecosystem ecology and place it in the context of other components of the Earth System-the atmosphere, ocean, climate and geological systems. We show how these components affect ecosystem processes and contribute to the global variation in terrestrial ecosystem structure and processes. In the second section of the book we consider the mechanisms by which terrestrial ecosystems function and focus on the flow of water and energy and the cycling of carbon and nutrients. We then consider the important role of organisms in ecosystem processes through trophic interactions (feeding relationships), environmental effects, and disturbance. The third section of the book addresses temporal and spatial patterns in ecosystem processes. We finish by considering the integrated effects of these processes at the global scale and their consequences for sustainable use by human societies. Powerpoint lecture notes that include the illustrations in vi Preface this book are available on the web (http://terrychapin.org/) as supplementary material. Many people have contributed to the development of this book. We particularly thank our families, whose patience has made the book possible, our students from whom we have learned many of the important ideas that are presented, and Hal Mooney who was a co-author of the first edition. In addition, we thank the following individuals for their constructively critical review of chapters in this book:
The notion of search tree plays an impotant role in computer science, especially in the theory of... more The notion of search tree plays an impotant role in computer science, especially in the theory of data structures. The efforts to optimize one dimensional binary search tree as introduced in this paper quite useful for practical applications, especially for the representation of range queries, where the information about secondary keys defined on range are organized as a binary tree. In this paper we intend to further develop the conception of the binary search tree in [3], [5] and prove a theorem which shows that each binary search tree can be uniquely transformed into optimal binary search tree in the finite set of keys.
Objectives. lntracavernous needle injection is an effective delivery method for pharmacotherapy o... more Objectives. lntracavernous needle injection is an effective delivery method for pharmacotherapy of erectile dysfunction. Needle phobia, pain, and concern about local tissue injury have stimulated the search for new, less invasive means of inducing penile erection. In this preliminary communication, we evaluate a jet injector as an alternative to needle injection for intracavernous delivery of vasoactive drugs. Methods. Jet injection was evaluated in three groups of rats receiving either India ink, saline, or papaverine into the penis. The ability of the jet injection to penetrate through the tunica albuginea and deliver liquid to the corpora cavernosa smooth muscle was assessed by the degree of staining within the corpus cavernosum (inkgroup), histologic change (saline group), and rise in intracavernous pressure (papaverine group). Erectile capacity following cavernous nerve electric stimulation was compared before and 1 hour after injection of saline or papaverine. Results. Ink traversed the skin and tunica albuginea with extensive deposition noted within the cavernous spaces. Varying degrees of subcutaneous hemorrhage were seen with saline jet injection; however, the corpus cavernous smooth muscles showed no evidence of injury. Jet injection of papaverine 3250 Fg significantly increased cavernous pressure (39.4 2 4.6 cm H,O) compared with saline injection (2.8 5 1.3 cm H,O]. Conclusions. We conclude that acute jet injection is an effective method for intracavernous delivery of drugs. Long-term effects should be evaluated prior to clinical use. UROLOGY 50: 994-998, 1997.
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume, 2005
We studied 52 patients, each with a lumbosacral transitional vertebra. Using MRI we found that th... more We studied 52 patients, each with a lumbosacral transitional vertebra. Using MRI we found that the lumbar discs immediately above the transitional vertebra were significantly more degenerative and those between the transitional vertebrae and the sacrum were significantly less degenerative compared with discs at other levels. We also performed an anatomical study using 70 cadavers. We found that the iliolumbar ligament at the level immediately above the transitional vertebra was thinner and weaker than it was in cadavers without a lumbosacral transitional vertebra. Instability of the vertebral segment above the transitional vertebra because of a weak iliolumbar ligament could lead to subsequent disc degeneration which may occur earlier than at other disc levels. Some stability between the transitional vertebra and the sacrum could be preserved by the formation of either an articulation or by bony union between the vertebra and the sacrum through its transverse process. This may prote...
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