Papers by Krzysztof Fortuniak
Celem opracowania jest prezentacja pierwszej serii pOIn1arow (styczeń-lipiec 1997 r.) całkowitego... more Celem opracowania jest prezentacja pierwszej serii pOIn1arow (styczeń-lipiec 1997 r.) całkowitego promieniowania UV w Łodzi, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem dobowego biegu promieniowania w różnych warunkach meteorologicznych. Kształt krzywych obrazujących dzienny przebieg wartości natężenia promieniowania całkowitego-le> promieniowania UV-I•• oraz stosunku I,.fIe (w %) zdeterminowany jest głównie czynnikami astronomicznymi, przezroczystością atmosfery, stopniem zachmurzenia nieba. Najwyższa średniodobowa wartość le wystąpiła podczas bezchmurnej pogody w czerwcu (30 czerwca 1997 r.)-487 W/m 2 , a I,. = 35,5 W/m 2 • W dniach o dużym zachmurzeniu wartości ulegają zmniejszeniu (np. 19 lipca 1997 r. le = 49 W/m 2 , a I•• = 3,2 W/m 2). W bezchmurne dni stosunek I,.fIe wynosi średnio 3-4%, podczas gdy w dni pochmurne udział nadfioletu wzrasta powyżej 6%.
Northern peatland stores a large amount of organic soil carbon and is considered to be one of the... more Northern peatland stores a large amount of organic soil carbon and is considered to be one of the most significant CH 4 sources among wetlands. The default wetland CH 4 emission scheme in JULES (land surface model of the UK Earth System model) only takes into account the CH 4 emissions from inundated areas in a simple way. However, it is known that the processes for peatland CH 4 emission are complex. In this work, we coupled the process-based peatland CH4 emission model HIMMELI (HelsinkI Model of MEthane buiLd-up and emIssion for peatlands) with JULES (JULES-HIMMELI) by taking the HIMMELI input data from JULES simulations. Firstly, the soil temperature, water table depth (WTD) and soil carbon simulated by JULES, as well as the prescribed maximum leaf area index (LAI) in JULES were evaluated against available datasets at the studied northern wetland sites. Then, the simulated CH 4 emissions from JULES and JULES-HIMMELI simulations were compared against the observed CH 4 emissions at these sites. Moreover, sensitivities of CH 4 emissions to the rate of anoxic soil respiration (anoxic Rs), surface soil temperature and WTD were investigated. Results show that JULES can well represent the magnitude and seasonality of surface (5-10 cm) and relatively deep (34-50 cm) soil temperatures, whereas the simulated WTD and soil carbon density profiles show large deviations from the site observations. The prescribed maximum LAI in JULES was within one standard deviation of the maximum LAIs derived from the Sentinel-2 satellite data for Siikaneva, Kopytkowo and Degerö sites, but lower for the other three sites. The simulated CH 4 emissions by JULES have much smaller inter-annual variability than the observations. However, no specific simulation setup of the coupled model can lead to consistent improvements in the simulated CH 4 emissions for all the sites. When using observed WTD or modified soil decomposition rate, there were only improvements in simulated CH 4 fluxes at certain sites or years. Both simulated and observed CH 4 emissions at sites strongly depend on the rate of anoxic Rs, which is the basis of CH 4 emission estimates in HIMMELI. By excluding the effect from the rate of anoxic Rs on CH 4 emissions, it is found that the Rs-log-normalized CH 4 emissions (log normalization of the ratio of CH4 1
Figure S1: The timeseries of observed and simulated soil temperatures (Tsoil) at all the sites. T... more Figure S1: The timeseries of observed and simulated soil temperatures (Tsoil) at all the sites. The soil column was forced to be saturated (i.e., WTD=0) in Lompolojänkkä run. The correlation coefficient shown in the legend was calculated by filtering the simulated soil temperature according to the availability of observed soil temperature.
Acta Agrophysica, 2005
Streszczenie. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów zmienności dobowej strumienia netto dwutlenku... more Streszczenie. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki pomiarów zmienności dobowej strumienia netto dwutlenku węgla nad polem pszenŜyta. Pomiary te przeprowadzono w trakcie czterech kilkudniowych sesji pomiarowych pomiędzy majem a wrześniem 2004 roku (róŜne fazy wzrostu zboŜa ...
ide.titech.ac.jp
The contribution presents selected characteristics of turbulence calculated on the base of long t... more The contribution presents selected characteristics of turbulence calculated on the base of long term measurements in Łódź, central Poland (population ca 750,000). Turbulent characteristics were measured with the aid of fast respond sensors (sonic anemometers) at two points in ...
Annalen der …
The characteristic feature of urban climate is radiation relations, diametrically opposed to rura... more The characteristic feature of urban climate is radiation relations, diametrically opposed to rural areas. First of all, the differences concern lower amount of incident solar radiation, which, in consequence, generate different character of daily variability of total solar radiation in the ...
The chapter refers to the basics of the methodology of turbulent fluxes calculation from the data... more The chapter refers to the basics of the methodology of turbulent fluxes calculation from the data gained by open-path eddy-covariance measurements system. The role of selected steps in flux calculation is analyzed for tree-year measurements made at the wetlands of Biebrza National Park, near the village Kopytkowo. The basic idea of turbulent flux calculation on the base of fast-respond measurements of meteorological parameters is explained. The major steps in the flux calculation are referred. Such problems as elimination of wrong data, the choice of averaging period, coordinate system rotation, and correction due to temperature measurements with sonic anemometer and due to density fluctuation (WPL correction) are discussed in more detail. The general concept of spectral correction is illustrated by application of the analytical Massman method.W rozdziale omówiono metodykę wyznaczania strumieni turbulencyjnych na podstawie pomiarów wykonywanych przy pomocy systemu kowariancji wirów ...
The basic methods of statistical data quality verification and source area calculation for turbul... more The basic methods of statistical data quality verification and source area calculation for turbulent fluxes are presented and discussed in the paper. The empirical base of analysis were results of three years (2013–2015) eddy-covariance measurements of energy balance and turbulent fluxes of greenhouse gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane) conducted near to the Kopytkowo village in Biebrza National Park. We analyzed three stationary tests and tests for well-developed turbulence. It is shown that the automatic application of the tests can lead to the rejection of valid values as well as approval of unrealistic values. A particular care should be taken using tests for the condition of a welldeveloped turbulence. The methods of determining the source area of turbulent fluxes were discussed. It has been shown that different analytical algorithms lead to similar results and that in the case Kopytkowo the turbulent flux source area covers 100–150 thousand squared meters covered w...
Potential sites identified from published site lists (Grimmond and Christen, 2012; Oke et al., 20... more Potential sites identified from published site lists (Grimmond and Christen, 2012; Oke et al., 2017) and open calls for data (e.g. community newsletters (Lipson et al., 2020a), international conferences (Lipson et al., 2020b, c) and social media professional networks). We deemed 20 sites sufficient for the evaluation project (Table 1), together covering a 50 site-years. Included sites have built fractions (i.e. plan area fraction of all impervious surfaces including roofs, roads, other paving etc.) from 0.05 to 0.965, and are located in four major Köppen-Geiger (Beck et al., 2018) climate classes (Fig. 1). Eleven sites are in temperate climates, eight in cold (or continental) climates, and one in each of tropical and arid climates. Sites are reasonably distributed across mean temperature and precipitation for global urban locations, but gaps remain, particularly in warm, wet and very cold climates (Fig. 2). Some urban flux observations in understudied regions were not included (e.g., Ouagadougou (Offerle et al., 2005), São Paulo (Ferreira et al., 2013), Guangzhou (Shi et al., 2019), Beijing (Dou et al., 2019)) because they do not meet the model evaluation project needs because of the relatively short observed periods for the available data. These regions and climates have large urban populations with significant environmental challenges and have few urban flux tower sites compared with northern hemisphere temperate or continental locations (Grimmond, 2006; Roth et al., 2017). Understudied regions and climates should be included in future collections when appropriate time series become available.
<p>Reversing the natural feedbacks that limit the rise in temperatu... more <p>Reversing the natural feedbacks that limit the rise in temperature is one of the major threats of climate change. One such mechanism is the exchange of carbon gases between the ecosystem and the atmosphere in wetlands. Wetlands cover only about 3% of the Earth's surface, but in natural conditions act as a CO<sub>2</sub> sink and store a significant amount of carbon in the soil. The organic carbon accumulated in the Northern peatland is estimated as one-third of the world’s pool of organic carbon, equivalent to more than half the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. Climate extremes such as droughts and hot spell, can reduce or even invers this role. The water table drawdown and higher temperatures lead to enhanced peat oxidation and releasing a large portion of peat carbon as CO<sub>2</sub>. It can switch a peatland from sink to source of carbon. However, some studies suggest that other mechanisms may compensate or even turn away this effect in real peatland ecosystems. Consequently, it is vitally important to empirically verify whether the paradigm of peatland transition from carbon sink to source in hot and dry conditions is valid for natural ecosystems. Despite the growing number of observations, it is hard to find datasets clearly showing such effect in the sense that they were collected in an undisturbed environment, represent for the whole ecosystem scale, and span full annual totals.</p><p>In this study we provide a strong empirical confirmation of switching of the mid-European temperate mire from carbon sink to source under extremely dry and hot climate conditions. The analysis is based on eight-year eddy-covariance measurements at site (53°35′30.8′′ N, 22°53′32.4′′ E, 109 m a.s.l.) located in a one of the largest coherent lowland wetlands in Central Europe – the Biebrza National Park (north-eastern Poland). In the analyzed measurement period (2013-2020) the studied ecosystem was affected by severe droughts in 2015 and 2018-2020. In wet years the peatland was a significant sink of CO<sub>2</sub> (down to −990 gCO<sub>2</sub>∙m<sup>−2</sup>∙yr<sup>−1</sup>) whereas in dry years we observed a substantial release of CO<sub>2</sub>(up to +1020 gCO<sub>2</sub>∙m<sup>−2</sup>∙yr<sup>−1</sup>). At the same time, a CH<sub>4</sub> emission dropped from 29 gCH<sub>4</sub>∙m<sup>−2</sup>∙yr<sup>−1</sup> in the wettest year to about 1−4 gCH<sub>4</sub>∙m<sup>−2</sup>∙yr<sup>−1</sup> in dry years, which does not compensate for the amount of carbon released in the form of CO<sub>2</sub>(even taking into account higher global warming potential of CH<sub>4</sub>). At the same time, relatively small differences in the water vapor flux (evapotranspiration) between wet and dry years were observed. It demonstrates that the scenario of positive feedback between wetland carbon release and climate change could be realistic and supports the need of natural wetland preservation or rewetting.</p><p> </p><p>Acknowledgements: Funding for this research was provided by the National Science Centre, Poland under project UMO-2020/37/B/ST10/01219 and University of Lodz under project 4/IDUB/DOS/2021. The authors thank the authorities of the Biebrza National Park for allowing the continuous measurements in the area of the Park.</p>
Eddy covariance flux tower datasets of all Urban-PLUMBER sites, associated with the manuscript: &... more Eddy covariance flux tower datasets of all Urban-PLUMBER sites, associated with the manuscript: "Harmonized, gap-filled dataset from 20 urban flux tower sites" Use of any data must give credit through citation of the above manuscript and other sources as appropriate.<br> We recommend data users consult with site contributing authors and/or the coordination team in the project planning stage. Relevant contacts are included in timeseries metadata. For site information and timeseries plots see https://urban-plumber.github.io/sites. For processing code see https://github.com/matlipson/urban-plumber_pipeline. Within each site folder: - `index.html`: A summary page with site characteristics and timeseries plots.<br> - `SITENAME_sitedata_vX.csv`: comma seperated file for numerical site characteristics e.g. location, surface cover fraction etc.<br> - `timeseries/` (following files available as netCDF and txt)<br> - `SITENAME_raw_observations_vX`: site obser...
Wetlands, even if cover a relatively small fraction of Earth's surface, play an important role in... more Wetlands, even if cover a relatively small fraction of Earth's surface, play an important role in global carbon cycle. They are the main terrestrial source of methane (CH 4), but due to anaerobic conditions they accumulate significant part of captured in photosynthesis carbon dioxide (CO 2). Due to the progressive climate change these ecosystems are exposed to different climate-inducted extreme events. One of them are fires that can significantly affect the carbon-storage potential of the wetlands.
Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 2022
# Urban-PLUMBER site data collection Files in this folder are associated with the manuscript: &am... more # Urban-PLUMBER site data collection Files in this folder are associated with the manuscript: &gt; "Harmonized, gap-filled dataset from 20 urban flux tower sites" Use of any data must give credit through citation of the above manuscript and other sources as appropriate.<br> We recommend data users consult with site contributing authors and/or the coordination team in the project planning stage. <br> Relevant contacts are included in timeseries metadata. For site information and timeseries plots see https://urban-plumber.github.io/sites. For processing code see https://github.com/matlipson/urban-plumber_pipeline. ### Included files Within each site folder: - `index.html`: A summary page with site characteristics and timeseries plots.<br> - `SITENAME_sitedata_vX.csv`: comma seperated file for numerical site characteristics e.g. location, surface cover fraction etc.<br> - `timeseries/` (following files available as netCDF and txt)<br> - `SITENAME_raw_observations_vX`: site observed timeseries before project-wide quality control.<br> - `SITENAME_clean_observations_vX`: site observed timeseries after project-wide quality control. <br> - `SITENAME_metforcing_vX`: site observed timeseries after project-wide quality control and gap filling.<br> - `SITENAME_era5_corrected_vX`: site ERA5 surface data (1990-2020) with bias corrections as applied in the final dataset.<br> - `log_processing_SITENAME_vX.txt`: a log of the print statements through running the create_dataset_SITENAME scripts. ### Authors Mathew Lipson, Sue Grimmond, Martin Best, Andreas Christen, Andrew Coutts, Ben Crawford, Bert Heusinkveld, <br> Erik Velasco, Helen Claire Ward, Hirofumi Sugawara, Je-Woo Hong, Jinkyu Hong, Jonathan Evans, Joseph McFadden, <br> Keunmin Lee, Krzysztof Fortuniak, Leena Järvi, Matthias Roth, Nektarios Chrysoulakis, Nigel Tapper, Oliver Michels, <br> Simone Kotthaus, Stevan Earl, Sungsoo Jo, Valéry Masson, Winston Chow, Wlodzimierz Pawlak, Yeon-Hee Kim. Corresponding author: Mathew Lipson &lt;[email protected]&gt;
We present the turbulence spectra and cospectra derived from more than five years of eddy-covaria... more We present the turbulence spectra and cospectra derived from more than five years of eddy-covariance measurements at two urban sites in Łódź, central Poland. The fast response wind velocity components were obtained using sonic anemometers placed on narrow masts at 37 and 42 m above ground level. The analysis follows Kaimal et al. (Q J R Meteorol Soc 98:563–589, 1972) who established the spectral and cospectral properties of turbulent flow in atmospheric surface layer on the basis of the Kansas experiment. Our results illustrate many features similar to those of Kaimal et al., but some differences are also observed. The velocity (co)spectra from Łódz ́ show a clear inertial subrange with −2/3 slope for spectra and −4/3 slope for cospectra. We found that an appropriate stability function for the non-dimensional dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy calculated from spectra in the inertial subrange differs from that of Kaimal et al., and it can be satisfactorily estimated with the as...
Praca wykonana w ramach projektu “Bilans absorpcji i emisji gazow cieplarnianych (metanu, dwutlen... more Praca wykonana w ramach projektu “Bilans absorpcji i emisji gazow cieplarnianych (metanu, dwutlenku wegla i pary wodnej) na obszarach bagiennych (studium Biebrzanskiego Parku Narodowego)”sfinansowanego ze środkow Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji numer DECR2011/01/B/ST10/07550.
Praca wykonana w ramach projektu “Bilans absorpcji i emisji gazow cieplarnianych (metanu, dwutlen... more Praca wykonana w ramach projektu “Bilans absorpcji i emisji gazow cieplarnianych (metanu, dwutlenku wegla i pary wodnej) na obszarach bagiennych (studium Biebrzanskiego Parku Narodowego)”sfinansowanego ze środkow Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji numer DECR2011/01/B/ST10/07550.
Praca wykonana w ramach projektu “Bilans absorpcji i emisji gazow cieplarnianych (metanu, dwutlen... more Praca wykonana w ramach projektu “Bilans absorpcji i emisji gazow cieplarnianych (metanu, dwutlenku wegla i pary wodnej) na obszarach bagiennych (studium Biebrzanskiego Parku Narodowego)”sfinansowanego ze środkow Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji numer DECR2011/01/B/ST10/07550.
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Papers by Krzysztof Fortuniak