Papers by Krzysztof Biernat
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae, 2008
The paper presents most popular biofuels with their basic physicochemical properties in compariso... more The paper presents most popular biofuels with their basic physicochemical properties in comparison with conventional fuels, the article also contains present normalizations of selected alternative fuels, the possibilities of supplying modern internal combustion engine with biofuels with requiring changes in their constructions were estimated on the basis of collected documentation.
Energies
This article presents the properties of EtG synthetic fuel (Ethanol to Gasoline) as a substitute ... more This article presents the properties of EtG synthetic fuel (Ethanol to Gasoline) as a substitute for fuels in an installation using ethanol from food waste as a raw material. The results of this research on the process of supplying the engine with EtG fuel are presented, in which the operational suitability of this fuel was verified, including environmental requirements. The results of pollutant emission tests from vehicles with spark-ignition engines in dynamic driving conditions in the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) type approval tests and the World Harmonized Test Cycle (WLTC) test, both on a “cold” and “hot engine”, are presented. It was found that EtG fuel is characterized by lower emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and methane, and higher emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons compared to E10 commercial gasoline, while the specific distance emission of carbon dioxide for both fuels was very similar.
Biofuels - State of Development
Energies
Life cycle analysis allows for the assessment of the qualitative and quantitative relationship be... more Life cycle analysis allows for the assessment of the qualitative and quantitative relationship between selected areas of human activity and the consequences for the environment. One of the important areas is the production of electricity and heat, for which the main raw material in Poland is hard coal. An alternative may be to use biogas as a fuel for energy purposes. This article presents the assessment of environmental hazards caused by the production of energy from biogas. The analysis took into account the change of the substrate from maize silage, commonly used in Polish biogas plants, to waste from the domestic agri-food industry. The evaluation covered the acquisition of substrates, their transport to a biogas plant, generation of electricity from biogas, and management of the generated by-products. The analysis was done in terms of both the impact and sensitivity categories. It was found that the emission of pollutants related to the acquisition of the substrate plays a key ...
Energies
Polymers and plastics are crucial materials in many sectors of our economy, due to their numerous... more Polymers and plastics are crucial materials in many sectors of our economy, due to their numerous advantages. They also have some disadvantages, among the most important are problems with the recycling and disposal of used plastics. The recovery of waste plastics is increasing every year, but over 27% of plastics are landfilled. The rest is recycled, where, unfortunately, incineration is still the most common management method. From an economic perspective, waste management methods that lead to added-value products are most preferred—as in the case of material and chemical recycling. Since chemical recycling can be used for difficult wastes (poorly selected, contaminated), it seems to be the most effective way of managing these materials. Moreover, as a result this of kind of recycling, it is possible to obtain commercially valuable products, such as fractions for fuel composition and monomers for the reproduction of polymers. This review focuses on various liquefaction technologies...
Applied Sciences, 2021
This publication presents the technologies of enzymatic biodiesel production in comparison to the... more This publication presents the technologies of enzymatic biodiesel production in comparison to the conventional methods using acid and base catalysts. Transesterification with conventional catalysts has some disadvantages, and for this reason, alternative methods of biodiesel production have been investigated. These solutions include the replacement of chemical catalysts with biological ones, which show substrate specificity in relation to fats. Replacing chemical with biological catalysts causes elimination of some disadvantages of chemical processes, for instance: high temperatures of reaction, problematic process of glycerol purification, higher alcohol-to-oil molar ratios, and soap formation. Moreover, it causes operational cost reduction and has a positive environmental impact. This is due to the lower temperature of the process, which in turn translates into lower cost of equipment and lower GHG emissions associated with the need to provide less heat to the process. The increas...
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae, Dec 31, 2004
W artykule przedstawiono przegl d perspektywicznych technologii otrzymywania biopaliw. Zaprezento... more W artykule przedstawiono przegl d perspektywicznych technologii otrzymywania biopaliw. Zaprezentowano przyszo ciowe cie ki technologiczne uwzgl dniaj ce procesy wykorzystywa- nia ditlenku w gla jako surowca. Omowiono obowi zuj ce strategie badawcze zgodne z polityk UE w zakresie rozwoju przyszo ciowych biopaliw. Przedstawiono obszary zastosowa biopaliw oraz procesy badawcze realizowane w Przemysowym Instytucie Motoryzacji. 1. Wprowadzenie W Europie oraz w USA biopaliwa pynne definiowane s jako cieke i gazowe pa- liwa do silnikow spalinowych, otrzymywane z biomasy. Zgodnie z obowi zuj c dy- rektyw europejsk (2009/28/WE), biomasa oznacza "ulegaj c biodegradacji cz produktow, odpadow lub pozostao ci pochodzenia biologicznego z rolnictwa ( cznie z substancjami ro linnymi i zwierz cymi), le nictwa i zwi zanych dziaow przemysu, w tym ryboowstwa i akwakultury, a tak e ulegaj c biodegradacji cz odpadow przemysowych i miejskich". Dyrektywa 2009/28/WE definiuje biopaliwa, nie wys...
Energies, 2021
This research paper studied the environmental impact of using methane fuels for supplying interna... more This research paper studied the environmental impact of using methane fuels for supplying internal combustion engines. Methane fuel types and the methods of their use in internal combustion engines were systematized. The knowledge regarding the environmental impact of using methane fuels for supplying internal combustion engines was analyzed. The authors studied the properties of various internal combustion engines used for different applications (specialized engines of power generators—Liebherr G9512 and MAN E3262 LE212, powered by biogas, engine for road and off-road vehicles—Cummins 6C8.3, in self-ignition, original version powered by diesel fuel, and its modified version—a spark-ignition engine powered by methane fuel) under various operating conditions in approval tests. The sensitivity of the engine properties, especially pollutant emissions, to its operating states were studied. In the case of a Cummins 6C8.3 modified engine, a significant reduction in the pollutant emission ...
Energies, 2021
Plastics are one of the basic construction materials with a wide range of various applications. O... more Plastics are one of the basic construction materials with a wide range of various applications. One of their disadvantages is the problem of managing the waste they generate. Chemical recycling offers the possibility of liquefying polymeric waste and using it as fuel components. Existing technologies giving good quality products are expensive. The HT technology developed and described by the authors is cheaper and enables a high quality product to be obtained. The authors have shown that the quality of the received fuel components is influenced not only by the polymer waste processing technology, but also by the feedstock composition. The presented thermolysis technology not only enables more advanced recycling, but also gives the possibility of partial improvement of the product quality. A product with the best physico-chemical properties was obtained from a blend of PE:PP:PS used in the ratio 60:30:10. It was proved that diesel and petrol blends composed of a 5% v/v share of petro...
Processes, 2021
The paper discusses issues related to the sectors of biofuels for transport. Development directio... more The paper discusses issues related to the sectors of biofuels for transport. Development directions of those sectors and factors limiting the growth rate thereof are analysed. At present, researchers’ attention is increasingly focused on development of the alternative fuels sector. Moreover, issues related to waste used in the sector of alternative fuels are now among the leading undertakings of environmental engineering. The authors have analysed the potential of biofuels sectors in Poland taking into account the EU’s legislative requirements. The paper contains a discussion of the sector of esters, liquid biofuels, sector of lignocellulose, sector of liquid bio-hydrocarbons and, additionally, pays attention to the sector of electromobility as one of the most attractive and prospective sectors in terms of emission reduction.
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae, 2010
Possibilities of biohydrogen fuel storing were represented. Hydrogen can be store in gas, liquid,... more Possibilities of biohydrogen fuel storing were represented. Hydrogen can be store in gas, liquid, or constant form. Technological, material, and economic hydrogen storing determinates were shown. Experiments and researches on finding optimal hydrogen storage methods have been taken into consideration.
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae, 2007
In this paper clasification and definitions of biofuels for combustion engines, with special focu... more In this paper clasification and definitions of biofuels for combustion engines, with special focus on UE and U.S demands for fuels is given. Main feedstocks and technologies of biofuel production, also second generation biofuels, are describe, there is also presented current situation in fuels stadarization.
Progress in Petrochemical Science, 2020
In the 1990s, the problem of forming a gelatinous (gel) oil structure in the operation of vehicle... more In the 1990s, the problem of forming a gelatinous (gel) oil structure in the operation of vehicles powered by diesel oil appeared in Poland. However, the problem of gelation of motor oils was already noticed in Europe in the 1980s. At that time, it was assumed that this could be related to the introduction of a new category of engine oils, including the CD class according to API. The quality class CD introduced then a new generation of additives improving detergents and dispersants. In addition, the process of limiting sulfur content in diesel oil started, which was initially thought to have adversely affected the performance of engine oil. In Poland, the phenomenon of gelation was observed mainly in the late autumn and early spring periods, i.e. during periods in which large temperature fluctuations could occur. In winter or summer, when the temperature jumps were not large, this problem did not occur. In addition, the problem of gelation included engine oils of various quality and viscosity grades of known domestic and foreign producers. A characteristic feature of gelation is the rapid increase in kinematic viscosity at both 40°C and 100°C, the other parameters do not change much in relation to fresh oil. The problem of gelation is a very unfavorable phenomenon for the engine. Gelled oil completely loses its operational functions, i.e. it does not provide lubrication, does not dissipate heat, does not neutralize acidic products originating, among others from incomplete burning of fuel, etc. which leads to engine seizure. Based on the collected literature on the operational problems of motor oils, including the phenomenon of gelation, several factors can be distinguished that can cause the formation of a gelatinous oil structure. The most
Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae, 2014
The advantages of biogas, apart from being just an alternative energy source, are its various pos... more The advantages of biogas, apart from being just an alternative energy source, are its various possibilities of conversion. Chemical energy can be converted into biogas for heat, electricity and chemical energy of other compounds. Therefore, there are numerous opportunities for using energy from biogas. Some of them are used in stationary installations. Another application is as a fuel for vehicle engines by burning biomethane.
Elements of Bioeconomy, Oct 23, 2019
Biofuels - State of Development, 2018
This book offers the current state of knowledge in the field of biofuels, presented by selected r... more This book offers the current state of knowledge in the field of biofuels, presented by selected research centers from around the world. Biogas from waste production process and areas of application of biomethane were characterized. Also, possibilities of applications of wastes from fruit bunch of oil palm tree and high biomass/bagasse from sorghum and Bermuda grass for second-generation bioethanol were presented. Processes and mechanisms of biodiesel production, including the review of catalytic transesterification process, and careful analysis of kinetics, including bioreactor system for algae breeding, were widely analyzed. Problem of emissivity of NOx from engines fueled by B20 fuel was characterized. The closing chapters deal with the assessment of the potential of biofuels in Turkey, the components of refinery systems for production of biodegradable plastics from biomass. Also, a chapter concerning the environmental conditions of synthesis gas production as a universal raw material for the production of alternative fuels was also added
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Papers by Krzysztof Biernat