Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference, 2012
A new modified top-down based fabrication method has been developed to obtain highly ordered sili... more A new modified top-down based fabrication method has been developed to obtain highly ordered silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays. With this method, we could produce as many as 500 chips (size dependable) in an 8 inch wafer. The immobilization of multiple proteins on each chip was performed by spotting sol/gel materials encapsulating antibodies on the different regions. The most commonly used protein markers in clinics, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA), were systematically entrapped in sol-gel materials and used for multiplexed testing. Upon formation, the electrical signal of different concentrations of CRP and PSA could be simultaneously determined in the range of 0.12 ∼ 10 ng/mL and 0.18 ∼ 8.87 ng/mL, respectively.
Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2001
Two dimensional micromirror array(MMA) is designed and fabricated to be used as a spatial light m... more Two dimensional micromirror array(MMA) is designed and fabricated to be used as a spatial light modulator for biochip fabrication. The optical projection system is setup using the MMA for maskless photolithography process, which is applied to photochemical surface modification. The photoresist (AZ1512) pattern is fabricated by the MMA projection in the maskless photolithography system, which consists of MMA and other
The 13th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, 2005. Digest of Technical Papers. TRANSDUCERS '05.
A single crystalline silicon (SCS) micromirror array (MMA) using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waf... more A single crystalline silicon (SCS) micromirror array (MMA) using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer and stepper photolithography was developed firstly for peptide synthesis applications. A large mirror size (210 μm) and a separation (60 μm) were optimized for the peptide synthesis application. Smooth surface (RMS roughness 0.3 m), and uniform voltage characteristics among 256 mirrors (only 2.12 V standard deviation for
Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 2002
ABSTRACT The successful development of biosensors and protein chips requires a method for protein... more ABSTRACT The successful development of biosensors and protein chips requires a method for protein patterning on a solid surface. We describe a virtual mask photolithography method for the surface patterning of proteins on a chip using a micromirror array (MMA) and its characterization. The excitation light was switched on or off using the MMA, and the light pattern was transferred using the pattern of switched-on mirrors. The nitroveratryloxycarbonyl (NVOC) group was utilized as a photolabile protecting group for protein patterning, so that biomolecules could be immobilized on a patterned substrate. When illuminated by UV light, the photolabile protecting group was removed by a chemical reaction, and non-illuminated photolabile protecting groups protected the chip surface. Biotin was coupled only to the region where the protecting group had been removed, and so, biotin–streptavidin patterns were obtained. A two-dimensional MMA was designed and fabricated using micromachining technology for use as a spatial light modulator. The projection system consisted of the MMA, a light source and other optical components, such as a projection lens. Fluorescein isothiocyanate was used to visualize the NVOC photo-cleavage sites and the biotin–streptavidin reaction. Parallel and quantitative experiments required in the development of surface modification technology for protein immobilization on a surface can easily be performed using this protein patterning system.
Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 2003
ABSTRACT We have designed, fabricated and characterized a micromirror array for protein microarra... more ABSTRACT We have designed, fabricated and characterized a micromirror array for protein microarray fabrication that has a simple structure, and the straightforward fabrication process for the mirror will allow the use of low-cost mirrors in protein pattern applications. The characteristics of an exposure system utilizing the micromirror array have been demonstrated by means of an experiment employing a photoresist that is in general use in the semiconductor industry. The micromirror dimensions were 54 × 54 μm2, with a 30 μm separation between mirrors, and a 5.5 μm gap from the bottom electrode so that the mirror had an approximately 10° deflection angle. The size and separation of the mirror were designed in consideration of the protein pattern size and pitch, in contrast with the commercial Texas Instruments Digital Light Processor, which is utilized in the components of projection display systems. The exposure system combined with the micromirror has been used in the photochemical synthesis of chemical ligands via protein immobilization on a chip. Several photosynthesis experiments for peptide array synthesis have been carried out using the micromirror array. Parallel experiments on photochemical ligand synthesis on a chip can easily be performed in the laboratory using this exposure system.
Glass surfaces were modified using several hydrophilic polymers for the fabrication of protein ch... more Glass surfaces were modified using several hydrophilic polymers for the fabrication of protein chips and biosensors. Surface activation was carried out by silanization, and polymer films were introduced to the glass substrates by using two methods. First, preformed amino group containing polymers, capable of reacting with appropriate surface sites, were coupled to the glass substrates. Second, polymer layers were formed
We report herein the light-directed synthesis of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) microarray using PN... more We report herein the light-directed synthesis of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) microarray using PNA monomers protected by photolabile protecting groups and a maskless technique that uses a digital micromirror array system to form virtual masks. An ultraviolet image from the virtual mask was cast onto the active surface of a glass substrate, which was mounted in a flow cell reaction chamber connected to a peptide synthesizer. Light exposure was followed by automatic chemical coupling cycles and these steps were repeated with different virtual masks to grow the desired PNA probes in a selected pattern. In a preliminary experiment, an array of PNA probes with dimensions of 4.11 mm × 4.11 mm was generated on each slide. Each synthesis region in the final array measured 210 m × 210 m for a total of 256 sites. The center-to-center space was 260 m. It was observed from the hybridization pattern of the fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide targets that the fluorescence intensities of the matched, and mismatched sequences showed substantial difference, demonstrating specificity in the identification of complementary sequences. This opens the way to exploit processes from the microelectronics industry for the fabrication of PNA microarrays with high densities.
With the help of a microfabrication process and surface modification technology, a method of fabr... more With the help of a microfabrication process and surface modification technology, a method of fabricating protein patterned chips was developed which can be utilized as a powerful tool for performing bioassays in a high-throughput manner. A digital micromirror array (MMA) system was used as a virtual photomask, so that a maskless photolithography process was able to be used to build patterned biomolecules on a chip by selective illumination onto the chip surface. We utilized the nitroveratryloxycarbonyl (NVOC) group as a photolabile protecting group for protein patterning. The NVOC-protected surface was selectively irradiated by a UV illuminator using an MMA. After removing the NVOC group, biotin was coupled to the NVOC-cleaved site, onto which a buffered streptavidin solution was eluted. At this point, we could obtain a streptavidin-patterned surface and observe the effect of the polymer-grafted surface in reducing nonspecific binding.
ABSTRACT Single crystalline silicon nanowire (SiNW) array was fabricated by lithography and oxida... more ABSTRACT Single crystalline silicon nanowire (SiNW) array was fabricated by lithography and oxidation based technology. Uniform and well-defined single crystalline silicon nanowires were obtained, which have sub-100 nm and 5 to 200 mum in diameter and length, respectively, just using conventional micro-machining process such as stepper photolithography, anisotropic etching and thermal oxidation. Our approach to nanowire fabrication simply provides large-scale and well-controlled silicon nanowire array required for nanowire based electronics and biosensor applications without complex and expensive facilities and trivial nanowire assembly process. The contact electrodes for silicon nanowire device were fabricated using sputtered Ti/Au with 50 nm/200 nm thickness and I-V characteristics were recorded. Several types of chemical or biological functional groups were introduced onto silicon nanowire surface. The feasibility for sensor applications of nanowire was investigated.
ABSTRACT Efforts to date in silicon nanowire research have primarily focused on the nanowire synt... more ABSTRACT Efforts to date in silicon nanowire research have primarily focused on the nanowire synthesis and the demonstration of individual nanowire-based devices exhibiting interdisciplinary potential spanned from electrical (Duan et al 2003 Nature 425 274–8; Cui and Lieber 2001 Science 291 851–3; Morales and Lieber 1998 Science 279 208–11) through biomedical applications (Cui et al 2003 Science 293 1289–92; Zheng et al 2005 Nature Biotechnol. 23 1294–301). However, the realization of integrated nanowire devices requires well ordered assembly of a silicon nanowire (Huang et al 2001 Science 291 630–3; Whang et al 2003 Nano Lett. 3 1255–9) as well as simple and cost effective fabrication. Here we describe a simple fabrication scheme and a large-scale assembly of silicon nanowires by combining top-down fabrication with nanowire transfer onto another insulator substrate for device manufacture. Our innovative fabrication method enables us to obtain well defined silicon nanowires as a freestanding bridge structure with a diameter of 20–200 nm and a length varying from 5 to 100 µm using micro-machining processes. Direct transfer of the freestanding nanowires simply provides large-scale assembly of silicon nanowire on various substrates for highly integrated devices such as high-performance thin-film transistors (TFTs) (Duan et al 2003 Nature 425 274–8; Ishihara et al 2003 Thin Solid Films 427 77–85) and nanowire-based electronics (Cui and Lieber 2001 Science 291 851–3). Electrical transport properties of the transferred silicon nanowire were also investigated.
Maskless photolithographic peptide synthesis was performed on a glass chip using an automated pep... more Maskless photolithographic peptide synthesis was performed on a glass chip using an automated peptide array synthesizer system. The peptide array synthesizer was built in a closed box, which contained optical and fluidic systems. The conditions for peptide synthesis were fully controlled by a computer program. For the peptide synthesis on a glass chip, 20 NVOC-protected amino acids were synthesized. The coupling efficiencies of two model peptide sequences were examined on ACA/APTS and PEG/CHI/GPTS chips. PEG/CHI/GPTS chip gave higher average stepwise yields of GIYWHHY (94%) and YIYGSFK (98%) than those of ACA/APTS chip. To quantify peptide-protein binding affinity, HPQ- or HPM-containing pentapeptides were synthesized on a PEG/CHI/GPTS chip and the binding event of Cy3 labeled-streptavidin was quantified. The peptide sequence of IQHPQ showed highest binding affinity with Cy3 labeled-streptavidin. The results demonstrated that the photolithographic peptide array synthesis method efficiently quantified the binding activities of protein-peptide interactions and it can be used for additional biological assay applications.
We considered the uniformity of fabricated micromirror arrays by characterizing the fabrication p... more We considered the uniformity of fabricated micromirror arrays by characterizing the fabrication process and calculating the appropriate driving voltages of micromirrors used as virtual photomask in maskless photolithography. The uniformity of the micromirror array in terms of driving voltage and optical characteristics is adversely affected by factors, such as the air gap between the bottom electrode and the mirror plate, the spring shape and the deformation of the mirror plate or torsion spring. The thickness deviation of the photoresist sacrificial layer, the misalignment between mirror plate and bottom electrode, the aluminum deposition condition used to produce the spring and the mirror plate, and initial mirror deflection were identified as key factors. Their importance lies in the fact that they are related to air gap deviations under the mirror plate, asymmetric driving voltages in left and right mirror directions, and the deformation of the Al spring or mirror plate after removal of the sacrificial layer. The plasma ashing conditions used for removing the sacrificial layer also contributed to the deformation of the mirror plate and spring. Driving voltages were calculated for the pixel operation of the micromirror array, and the non-uniform characteristics of fabricated micromirrors were taken into consideration to improve driving performance reliability.
This work presents a novel fabrication method for {111} dual mirror and optical bench using doubl... more This work presents a novel fabrication method for {111} dual mirror and optical bench using double-sided anisotropic wet etching of ; oriented silicon wafer. The roughness of the wet etched {111} plane is 8 nm.
2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2013
In this study, we have used newly developed Silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays to evaluate their feas... more In this study, we have used newly developed Silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays to evaluate their feasibility for the quantification of different markers of interests. We have quantified four different markers of PSA, EGF, IL-6, and VDBP. Each marker showed measurements in the range of 0.184∼17.79 ng/mL (PSA), 10 pg/mL∼10 ng/mL (EGF), 10 pg/mL∼50 ng/mL (IL-6), and 10 pg∼5 ng/mL (VDBP), respectively. For the experiment, we collected 10 different serum samples, 5 prostate cancer patients and 5 breast cancer patients, and measured and compared the resulting signal from the SiNW FET to serum sample from normal patients. As a result, we observed a meaningful pattern of markers associated with each type of cancer. In addition, we have measured the response signal of SiNWs conjugated with Epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) markers against tumor cells as they interacted with those markers.
Conference proceedings : ... Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual Conference, 2012
A new modified top-down based fabrication method has been developed to obtain highly ordered sili... more A new modified top-down based fabrication method has been developed to obtain highly ordered silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays. With this method, we could produce as many as 500 chips (size dependable) in an 8 inch wafer. The immobilization of multiple proteins on each chip was performed by spotting sol/gel materials encapsulating antibodies on the different regions. The most commonly used protein markers in clinics, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and prostate specific antigen (PSA), were systematically entrapped in sol-gel materials and used for multiplexed testing. Upon formation, the electrical signal of different concentrations of CRP and PSA could be simultaneously determined in the range of 0.12 ∼ 10 ng/mL and 0.18 ∼ 8.87 ng/mL, respectively.
Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 2001
Two dimensional micromirror array(MMA) is designed and fabricated to be used as a spatial light m... more Two dimensional micromirror array(MMA) is designed and fabricated to be used as a spatial light modulator for biochip fabrication. The optical projection system is setup using the MMA for maskless photolithography process, which is applied to photochemical surface modification. The photoresist (AZ1512) pattern is fabricated by the MMA projection in the maskless photolithography system, which consists of MMA and other
The 13th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, 2005. Digest of Technical Papers. TRANSDUCERS '05.
A single crystalline silicon (SCS) micromirror array (MMA) using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waf... more A single crystalline silicon (SCS) micromirror array (MMA) using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer and stepper photolithography was developed firstly for peptide synthesis applications. A large mirror size (210 μm) and a separation (60 μm) were optimized for the peptide synthesis application. Smooth surface (RMS roughness 0.3 m), and uniform voltage characteristics among 256 mirrors (only 2.12 V standard deviation for
Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 2002
ABSTRACT The successful development of biosensors and protein chips requires a method for protein... more ABSTRACT The successful development of biosensors and protein chips requires a method for protein patterning on a solid surface. We describe a virtual mask photolithography method for the surface patterning of proteins on a chip using a micromirror array (MMA) and its characterization. The excitation light was switched on or off using the MMA, and the light pattern was transferred using the pattern of switched-on mirrors. The nitroveratryloxycarbonyl (NVOC) group was utilized as a photolabile protecting group for protein patterning, so that biomolecules could be immobilized on a patterned substrate. When illuminated by UV light, the photolabile protecting group was removed by a chemical reaction, and non-illuminated photolabile protecting groups protected the chip surface. Biotin was coupled only to the region where the protecting group had been removed, and so, biotin–streptavidin patterns were obtained. A two-dimensional MMA was designed and fabricated using micromachining technology for use as a spatial light modulator. The projection system consisted of the MMA, a light source and other optical components, such as a projection lens. Fluorescein isothiocyanate was used to visualize the NVOC photo-cleavage sites and the biotin–streptavidin reaction. Parallel and quantitative experiments required in the development of surface modification technology for protein immobilization on a surface can easily be performed using this protein patterning system.
Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 2003
ABSTRACT We have designed, fabricated and characterized a micromirror array for protein microarra... more ABSTRACT We have designed, fabricated and characterized a micromirror array for protein microarray fabrication that has a simple structure, and the straightforward fabrication process for the mirror will allow the use of low-cost mirrors in protein pattern applications. The characteristics of an exposure system utilizing the micromirror array have been demonstrated by means of an experiment employing a photoresist that is in general use in the semiconductor industry. The micromirror dimensions were 54 × 54 μm2, with a 30 μm separation between mirrors, and a 5.5 μm gap from the bottom electrode so that the mirror had an approximately 10° deflection angle. The size and separation of the mirror were designed in consideration of the protein pattern size and pitch, in contrast with the commercial Texas Instruments Digital Light Processor, which is utilized in the components of projection display systems. The exposure system combined with the micromirror has been used in the photochemical synthesis of chemical ligands via protein immobilization on a chip. Several photosynthesis experiments for peptide array synthesis have been carried out using the micromirror array. Parallel experiments on photochemical ligand synthesis on a chip can easily be performed in the laboratory using this exposure system.
Glass surfaces were modified using several hydrophilic polymers for the fabrication of protein ch... more Glass surfaces were modified using several hydrophilic polymers for the fabrication of protein chips and biosensors. Surface activation was carried out by silanization, and polymer films were introduced to the glass substrates by using two methods. First, preformed amino group containing polymers, capable of reacting with appropriate surface sites, were coupled to the glass substrates. Second, polymer layers were formed
We report herein the light-directed synthesis of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) microarray using PN... more We report herein the light-directed synthesis of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) microarray using PNA monomers protected by photolabile protecting groups and a maskless technique that uses a digital micromirror array system to form virtual masks. An ultraviolet image from the virtual mask was cast onto the active surface of a glass substrate, which was mounted in a flow cell reaction chamber connected to a peptide synthesizer. Light exposure was followed by automatic chemical coupling cycles and these steps were repeated with different virtual masks to grow the desired PNA probes in a selected pattern. In a preliminary experiment, an array of PNA probes with dimensions of 4.11 mm × 4.11 mm was generated on each slide. Each synthesis region in the final array measured 210 m × 210 m for a total of 256 sites. The center-to-center space was 260 m. It was observed from the hybridization pattern of the fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide targets that the fluorescence intensities of the matched, and mismatched sequences showed substantial difference, demonstrating specificity in the identification of complementary sequences. This opens the way to exploit processes from the microelectronics industry for the fabrication of PNA microarrays with high densities.
With the help of a microfabrication process and surface modification technology, a method of fabr... more With the help of a microfabrication process and surface modification technology, a method of fabricating protein patterned chips was developed which can be utilized as a powerful tool for performing bioassays in a high-throughput manner. A digital micromirror array (MMA) system was used as a virtual photomask, so that a maskless photolithography process was able to be used to build patterned biomolecules on a chip by selective illumination onto the chip surface. We utilized the nitroveratryloxycarbonyl (NVOC) group as a photolabile protecting group for protein patterning. The NVOC-protected surface was selectively irradiated by a UV illuminator using an MMA. After removing the NVOC group, biotin was coupled to the NVOC-cleaved site, onto which a buffered streptavidin solution was eluted. At this point, we could obtain a streptavidin-patterned surface and observe the effect of the polymer-grafted surface in reducing nonspecific binding.
ABSTRACT Single crystalline silicon nanowire (SiNW) array was fabricated by lithography and oxida... more ABSTRACT Single crystalline silicon nanowire (SiNW) array was fabricated by lithography and oxidation based technology. Uniform and well-defined single crystalline silicon nanowires were obtained, which have sub-100 nm and 5 to 200 mum in diameter and length, respectively, just using conventional micro-machining process such as stepper photolithography, anisotropic etching and thermal oxidation. Our approach to nanowire fabrication simply provides large-scale and well-controlled silicon nanowire array required for nanowire based electronics and biosensor applications without complex and expensive facilities and trivial nanowire assembly process. The contact electrodes for silicon nanowire device were fabricated using sputtered Ti/Au with 50 nm/200 nm thickness and I-V characteristics were recorded. Several types of chemical or biological functional groups were introduced onto silicon nanowire surface. The feasibility for sensor applications of nanowire was investigated.
ABSTRACT Efforts to date in silicon nanowire research have primarily focused on the nanowire synt... more ABSTRACT Efforts to date in silicon nanowire research have primarily focused on the nanowire synthesis and the demonstration of individual nanowire-based devices exhibiting interdisciplinary potential spanned from electrical (Duan et al 2003 Nature 425 274–8; Cui and Lieber 2001 Science 291 851–3; Morales and Lieber 1998 Science 279 208–11) through biomedical applications (Cui et al 2003 Science 293 1289–92; Zheng et al 2005 Nature Biotechnol. 23 1294–301). However, the realization of integrated nanowire devices requires well ordered assembly of a silicon nanowire (Huang et al 2001 Science 291 630–3; Whang et al 2003 Nano Lett. 3 1255–9) as well as simple and cost effective fabrication. Here we describe a simple fabrication scheme and a large-scale assembly of silicon nanowires by combining top-down fabrication with nanowire transfer onto another insulator substrate for device manufacture. Our innovative fabrication method enables us to obtain well defined silicon nanowires as a freestanding bridge structure with a diameter of 20–200 nm and a length varying from 5 to 100 µm using micro-machining processes. Direct transfer of the freestanding nanowires simply provides large-scale assembly of silicon nanowire on various substrates for highly integrated devices such as high-performance thin-film transistors (TFTs) (Duan et al 2003 Nature 425 274–8; Ishihara et al 2003 Thin Solid Films 427 77–85) and nanowire-based electronics (Cui and Lieber 2001 Science 291 851–3). Electrical transport properties of the transferred silicon nanowire were also investigated.
Maskless photolithographic peptide synthesis was performed on a glass chip using an automated pep... more Maskless photolithographic peptide synthesis was performed on a glass chip using an automated peptide array synthesizer system. The peptide array synthesizer was built in a closed box, which contained optical and fluidic systems. The conditions for peptide synthesis were fully controlled by a computer program. For the peptide synthesis on a glass chip, 20 NVOC-protected amino acids were synthesized. The coupling efficiencies of two model peptide sequences were examined on ACA/APTS and PEG/CHI/GPTS chips. PEG/CHI/GPTS chip gave higher average stepwise yields of GIYWHHY (94%) and YIYGSFK (98%) than those of ACA/APTS chip. To quantify peptide-protein binding affinity, HPQ- or HPM-containing pentapeptides were synthesized on a PEG/CHI/GPTS chip and the binding event of Cy3 labeled-streptavidin was quantified. The peptide sequence of IQHPQ showed highest binding affinity with Cy3 labeled-streptavidin. The results demonstrated that the photolithographic peptide array synthesis method efficiently quantified the binding activities of protein-peptide interactions and it can be used for additional biological assay applications.
We considered the uniformity of fabricated micromirror arrays by characterizing the fabrication p... more We considered the uniformity of fabricated micromirror arrays by characterizing the fabrication process and calculating the appropriate driving voltages of micromirrors used as virtual photomask in maskless photolithography. The uniformity of the micromirror array in terms of driving voltage and optical characteristics is adversely affected by factors, such as the air gap between the bottom electrode and the mirror plate, the spring shape and the deformation of the mirror plate or torsion spring. The thickness deviation of the photoresist sacrificial layer, the misalignment between mirror plate and bottom electrode, the aluminum deposition condition used to produce the spring and the mirror plate, and initial mirror deflection were identified as key factors. Their importance lies in the fact that they are related to air gap deviations under the mirror plate, asymmetric driving voltages in left and right mirror directions, and the deformation of the Al spring or mirror plate after removal of the sacrificial layer. The plasma ashing conditions used for removing the sacrificial layer also contributed to the deformation of the mirror plate and spring. Driving voltages were calculated for the pixel operation of the micromirror array, and the non-uniform characteristics of fabricated micromirrors were taken into consideration to improve driving performance reliability.
This work presents a novel fabrication method for {111} dual mirror and optical bench using doubl... more This work presents a novel fabrication method for {111} dual mirror and optical bench using double-sided anisotropic wet etching of ; oriented silicon wafer. The roughness of the wet etched {111} plane is 8 nm.
2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2013
In this study, we have used newly developed Silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays to evaluate their feas... more In this study, we have used newly developed Silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays to evaluate their feasibility for the quantification of different markers of interests. We have quantified four different markers of PSA, EGF, IL-6, and VDBP. Each marker showed measurements in the range of 0.184∼17.79 ng/mL (PSA), 10 pg/mL∼10 ng/mL (EGF), 10 pg/mL∼50 ng/mL (IL-6), and 10 pg∼5 ng/mL (VDBP), respectively. For the experiment, we collected 10 different serum samples, 5 prostate cancer patients and 5 breast cancer patients, and measured and compared the resulting signal from the SiNW FET to serum sample from normal patients. As a result, we observed a meaningful pattern of markers associated with each type of cancer. In addition, we have measured the response signal of SiNWs conjugated with Epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) markers against tumor cells as they interacted with those markers.
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Papers by Kooknyung Lee