A structured approach is used to administer process changes within the manufacturing industry. Ev... more A structured approach is used to administer process changes within the manufacturing industry. Even where not required by law, production sites appreciate the importance of carefully planning, evaluating, documenting, and executing changes that occur during the life of a process. Failure to properly control process changes can result in disasters. Therefore, most manufacturing organizations implement a formalized change management process. This business approach is used to prevent introducing hazards that could defeat factory productivity. We refer here to hazards that could possibly lead to serious process safety events. A conscientious change was made at the Bhopal factory shortly after production was initiated. This change addressed a persistent asset reliability issue that was limiting factory output. Analyzing the far-reaching complications that this change had on the life of the process offers lessons that apply universally throughout the manufacturing industry today.
Rethinking Bhopal: A Definitive Guide to Investigating, Preventing, and Learning from Industrial ... more Rethinking Bhopal: A Definitive Guide to Investigating, Preventing, and Learning from Industrial Disasters is the go-to source for anyone seeking to learn how to improve process safety management (PSM) through applying fundamental asset reliability and incident investigation concepts. The seeds that unified PSM on a global scale were planted in Bhopal, India on December 3, 1984. Since then, considerable progress has been made to protect both workers and communities from catastrophic industrial failures. Industry acknowledges its responsibility to create value with accrued operating experience and that using information received from previous failures is a direct way to prevent future incidents. With this principle in mind, Bloch evaluates modern references related to the Bhopal Disaster, using recognized industrial asset reliability and incident investigation concepts. The practice of objective incident investigation offers a compelling insight into specific decisions and actions th...
A large domestic (USA) factory was positioned to manufacture a successful new pesticide product. ... more A large domestic (USA) factory was positioned to manufacture a successful new pesticide product. The domestic factory’s production rate made it possible to export surplus technical grade product to an international subsidiary in India. Upon its delivery, the technical grade product was diluted into different formulations to suit the production needs of India’s agricultural industry. To manage specific process hazards, the domestic factory incorporated special design and operating principles into the manufacturing process. A scientific basis supports the hazard management practices in place at the domestic factory. However, some of these practices proved to be treacherous in the long run. The flaws in the logic only became visible years later after the Bhopal disaster, in a completely different factory. The resulting lessons are deep and meaningful. These lessons apply directly the prioritization of work in the manufacturing industry today.
We report on the first realization of an ultrafast Airy beam optical parametric oscillator (OPO).... more We report on the first realization of an ultrafast Airy beam optical parametric oscillator (OPO). By introducing intracavity cubic phase modulation to the resonant Gaussian signal in a synchronouslypumped singly-resonant OPO cavity and its subsequent Fourier transformation, we have generated 2-dimensional Airy beam in the output signal across a 250 nm tuning range in the near-infrared. The generated Airy beam can be tuned continuously from 1477 to 1727 nm, providing an average power of as much as 306 mW at 1632 nm in pulses of ~23 ps duration with a spectral bandwidth of 1.7 nm.
Factory production rates are directly affected by how and when equipment maintenance is performed... more Factory production rates are directly affected by how and when equipment maintenance is performed. Cost consequences can be expected when critical equipment has to be shut down for a major repair. Waiting for a catastrophic failure to occur is neither a safe nor profitable option. Therefore, safe and reliable factories schedule major offline maintenance intervals according to a specific plan that is related to experience-based equipment life cycle expectations. Their maintenance goal is to intervene with a predefined and obviously suitable course of preventive actions. Without this intervention a catastrophic failure will periodically shut down the manufacturing process or curtail factory production rates. The application of basic equipment reliability principles assists in extending the useful life of process equipment and helps the site to stay in control over the maintenance plan. A basic understanding of equipment reliability principles provides the background needed to understand and diagnose the causes for history's worst industrial disasters, which might also be detected in our own industrial processes. This knowledge of equipment reliability principles creates a sense of what can personally be done to prevent catastrophic process releases.
Important lessons were learned about preventing industrial disasters from an atmospheric tank exp... more Important lessons were learned about preventing industrial disasters from an atmospheric tank explosion. Although a worker was near the tank when it exploded, there were no injuries or fatalities. The investigation described how actions taken to mitigate a potential process safety hazard made the system more dangerous to operate. It also exposed a series of unresolved warning signals that were received before the explosion. Lessons derived from this experience demonstrate how unknown hazards are introduced as aging processes are updated to conform to modern process safety standards. These lessons apply to a wide range of industries and processes, especially those that operate according to the process safety management standard. The sequence of events behind this incident matches those of greater significance. This case study is therefore an appropriate introduction to a comprehensive analysis of the Bhopal disaster.
A structured approach is used to administer process changes within the manufacturing industry. Ev... more A structured approach is used to administer process changes within the manufacturing industry. Even where not required by law, production sites appreciate the importance of carefully planning, evaluating, documenting, and executing changes that occur during the life of a process. Failure to properly control process changes can result in disasters. Therefore, most manufacturing organizations implement a formalized change management process. This business approach is used to prevent introducing hazards that could defeat factory productivity. We refer here to hazards that could possibly lead to serious process safety events. A conscientious change was made at the Bhopal factory shortly after production was initiated. This change addressed a persistent asset reliability issue that was limiting factory output. Analyzing the far-reaching complications that this change had on the life of the process offers lessons that apply universally throughout the manufacturing industry today.
The Bhopal disaster is regarded as history’s worst industrial accident. The disaster shaped the w... more The Bhopal disaster is regarded as history’s worst industrial accident. The disaster shaped the way that modern industry operates today. Although significant improvements were instituted after the disaster, catastrophic process releases are still a regular occurrence throughout the manufacturing industry worldwide. These incidents are reminders that process safety management is an ongoing program that has yet to become sustainable. Commendable changes are then introduced by both regulatory agencies and industry; their aim is to promote safe production in response to more recent incidents. However, incident prevention is by far the most effective and desirable option for managing process hazards; it ranks well ahead of postincident analysis. A thoroughly experience-based analysis of the Bhopal disaster provides a case study that demonstrates the importance of using a systematic approach to diagnosing process reliability issues. Our use of the term “issues” here is quite deliberate and reasoned. All process reliability issues could, if not properly addressed, complicate factory operation. Industrial disasters can be prevented by avoiding unnecessary complexities.
Analyzing the sequence of events that ended with a refinery fire provides insight into common act... more Analyzing the sequence of events that ended with a refinery fire provides insight into common acts of human error. Processes perform exactly as would be expected under specific operating conditions. Problems can develop if superficial adjustments to improve process performance are made without eliminating the root cause for repeat failures. An incident severe enough to draw attention to personal actions might occur years after a misguided attempt to improve process performance fails. It is therefore important to exercise restraint before making changes to a manufacturing process. Implementing a failure investigation program that defines and addresses the true root cause offers much protection. Holding people accountable for acceptable asset performance maintains a realistic balance between process complexity and human dependency. Examining the similarities between the Bhopal disaster and modern process releases establishes the relationship between asset performance and human error. Applying this knowledge prevents similar incidents from occurring.
The Bhopal factory's commissioning phase ended after a year elapsed without addressing the ca... more The Bhopal factory's commissioning phase ended after a year elapsed without addressing the cause for repeat methyl isocyanate pump mechanical seal failures. Inability to remove the production constraint in a reasonable amount of time indicates that the problem was not easy to solve. Decades later, a similar problem developed in a modern manufacturing facility. A formal investigation was needed to determine the mysterious root cause for repetitive process leaks that had become an acceptable hazard. Solving the problem required updating knowledge about process design and operating conditions. Excessive hydraulic forces inside process machinery resulted from these circumstances. Communicating lessons learned from this experience improves asset reliability and thus prevents loss of primary containment incidents in similar process applications. Lower maintenance costs and increased production throughput were finally achieved after fully understanding the elusive hydraulic issues that prevailed. Addressing these issues is what ultimately led to stabilizing process performance in this relevant case study.
Stable, controllable, and predictable process operation is not an afterthought for companies that... more Stable, controllable, and predictable process operation is not an afterthought for companies that appreciate the value of establishing a failure-restrictive organizational culture. Their investment in incident prevention is made by operating at a comfortable distance away from a catastrophic process release. Specific responsibilities are assigned to recognize, evaluate, and mitigate any hazard that might develop during routine factory operation. This defensive posture makes it possible to detect and control actual process hazards before they could undermine acceptable process safety management (PSM) performance. Responsibilities for validating the success of actions taken to solve process-performance problems are also distributed to maintain acceptable PSM performance. Supervisors must solicit technical input to make informed decisions about acting responsibly with available industry knowledge. The process reliability professional coordinates the various efforts to deliver acceptable PSM performance on a continuous, uninterrupted basis.
An environmental problem developed shortly after the domestic factory started manufacturing the t... more An environmental problem developed shortly after the domestic factory started manufacturing the technical grade product. The manufacturing process was changed to address the problem. Changing the manufacturing process introduced a set of new hazards that would have to be continually managed to safely manufacture the product. Managing these hazards involved increasing the domestic factory's design complexity and therefore also its dependence on process reliability. Engineering specifications and standards were documented to communicate safe design and operating knowledge to those who might need it in the future. Examining how the hazards related to this change were managed establishes a set of distinctive patterns that directed decisions and actions years before the Bhopal factory was constructed. This background establishes a precedent for events that would take place later. Recognizing these patterns in modern industrial applications helps to avoid changes that could make operating a stable process more difficult.
The origin of the Bhopal disaster dates back to 1959, when an invention for a special pesticide w... more The origin of the Bhopal disaster dates back to 1959, when an invention for a special pesticide was patented. Needless to say, preserving life through the effective use of pesticides was a noble and highly commendable goal. The developer who introduced this innovative chemical technology had a long history of success within the manufacturing industry. The new product was designed to replace another precursor pesticide product that eventually developed a bad reputation over environmental concerns. The new product became very popular in a short period of time. Not only was it an effective pesticide, but it eliminated the hazards that the other product was known for. This seemingly innocuous substance, however, was the catalyst for history's worst industrial disaster. Lessons that apply directly to modern industry can be learned from the very day that the new molecule was patented. Utilizing this knowledge helps us to prevent incidents that can result in industrial disasters.
Industrial disasters seldom occur without prior warning. Concerns about potentially hazardous ope... more Industrial disasters seldom occur without prior warning. Concerns about potentially hazardous operating conditions are often raised long before a catastrophic process release occurs. Taking appropriate action involves communicating effectively on matters that concern actual or potential hazards in manufacturing processes. When disagreements are encountered, neither side wins if communication breaks down. The events covered in this chapter demonstrate the importance of collaborating with coworkers to resolve technical matters. Settling internal differences promotes the unity needed for a business to operate successfully. The mutual goal for all parties invested in a manufacturing process is to maximize production while protecting both workers and communities from safety or environmental incidents. Satisfying this obligation might require demonstrating courage, persistence, and patience without letup.
At first glance, purely commercial interests or decisions related to managing patent coverage, or... more At first glance, purely commercial interests or decisions related to managing patent coverage, or exercising certain licensing options made at high levels of authority may appear to have little to do with how a factory is being operated or maintained. But, contrary to such notions, these matters tend to form interweaving cause-and-effect relationships that can lead to unintended consequences. Time and effort is needed to explore what these matters had to do with the Bhopal disaster. We must fully comprehend these matters with all our abilities. Having an appreciation for the potential effect of seemingly inconsequential decisions is important to those who wish to protect the integrity of their production assets. The awareness this knowledge creates draws us to the right conclusions if we want to avoid incurring similar disasters in the future. This chapter provides insights into these matters.
The Bhopal disaster is a timeless case study that applies directly to modern industry. Its lesson... more The Bhopal disaster is a timeless case study that applies directly to modern industry. Its lessons are universal and applicable, as much today as they were in the past and will be in the future. Inside the Bhopal disaster we find patterns that give us the knowledge we need to prevent future industrial incidents. These patterns represent a template that can be superimposed upon any factory in the manufacturing industry today or in the future. Incremental changes can have unintended consequences when they conflict with process design provisions. Exclusive devotion to compliance without a corresponding reliability commitment explains how many industrial disasters occur. Examining the complete life cycle of a single act of human error provides the knowledge that we need to set others up for success. Only by applying these principles can we adequately protect communities and our employers from losses that cannot be undone or repurchased at any price.
Formal agreements are normally drafted between those who wish to come together and form a partner... more Formal agreements are normally drafted between those who wish to come together and form a partnership. These contracts usually describe the responsibilities of each of the various business partners, and the conditions that must be met by the partnership in general. These agreements prevent misunderstandings that could undermine the success of the business. For long-range successful business implementation, technology provider must clearly define the minimum design specifications needed for safe and reliable production. Depending on circumstances, considerable detail covering the procurement, installation, and maintenance of factory assets may be necessary. Quite obviously, factory construction in accordance with these instructions is critical to the long-term success of the business. Agreements such as these were made between the parent company and its international subsidiary before permission was granted to construct the Bhopal factory. Understanding the terms of these agreements makes it possible to assess the importance of maintaining the continuity of a business plan, despite changing markets and regulations.
A structured approach is used to administer process changes within the manufacturing industry. Ev... more A structured approach is used to administer process changes within the manufacturing industry. Even where not required by law, production sites appreciate the importance of carefully planning, evaluating, documenting, and executing changes that occur during the life of a process. Failure to properly control process changes can result in disasters. Therefore, most manufacturing organizations implement a formalized change management process. This business approach is used to prevent introducing hazards that could defeat factory productivity. We refer here to hazards that could possibly lead to serious process safety events. A conscientious change was made at the Bhopal factory shortly after production was initiated. This change addressed a persistent asset reliability issue that was limiting factory output. Analyzing the far-reaching complications that this change had on the life of the process offers lessons that apply universally throughout the manufacturing industry today.
Rethinking Bhopal: A Definitive Guide to Investigating, Preventing, and Learning from Industrial ... more Rethinking Bhopal: A Definitive Guide to Investigating, Preventing, and Learning from Industrial Disasters is the go-to source for anyone seeking to learn how to improve process safety management (PSM) through applying fundamental asset reliability and incident investigation concepts. The seeds that unified PSM on a global scale were planted in Bhopal, India on December 3, 1984. Since then, considerable progress has been made to protect both workers and communities from catastrophic industrial failures. Industry acknowledges its responsibility to create value with accrued operating experience and that using information received from previous failures is a direct way to prevent future incidents. With this principle in mind, Bloch evaluates modern references related to the Bhopal Disaster, using recognized industrial asset reliability and incident investigation concepts. The practice of objective incident investigation offers a compelling insight into specific decisions and actions th...
A large domestic (USA) factory was positioned to manufacture a successful new pesticide product. ... more A large domestic (USA) factory was positioned to manufacture a successful new pesticide product. The domestic factory’s production rate made it possible to export surplus technical grade product to an international subsidiary in India. Upon its delivery, the technical grade product was diluted into different formulations to suit the production needs of India’s agricultural industry. To manage specific process hazards, the domestic factory incorporated special design and operating principles into the manufacturing process. A scientific basis supports the hazard management practices in place at the domestic factory. However, some of these practices proved to be treacherous in the long run. The flaws in the logic only became visible years later after the Bhopal disaster, in a completely different factory. The resulting lessons are deep and meaningful. These lessons apply directly the prioritization of work in the manufacturing industry today.
We report on the first realization of an ultrafast Airy beam optical parametric oscillator (OPO).... more We report on the first realization of an ultrafast Airy beam optical parametric oscillator (OPO). By introducing intracavity cubic phase modulation to the resonant Gaussian signal in a synchronouslypumped singly-resonant OPO cavity and its subsequent Fourier transformation, we have generated 2-dimensional Airy beam in the output signal across a 250 nm tuning range in the near-infrared. The generated Airy beam can be tuned continuously from 1477 to 1727 nm, providing an average power of as much as 306 mW at 1632 nm in pulses of ~23 ps duration with a spectral bandwidth of 1.7 nm.
Factory production rates are directly affected by how and when equipment maintenance is performed... more Factory production rates are directly affected by how and when equipment maintenance is performed. Cost consequences can be expected when critical equipment has to be shut down for a major repair. Waiting for a catastrophic failure to occur is neither a safe nor profitable option. Therefore, safe and reliable factories schedule major offline maintenance intervals according to a specific plan that is related to experience-based equipment life cycle expectations. Their maintenance goal is to intervene with a predefined and obviously suitable course of preventive actions. Without this intervention a catastrophic failure will periodically shut down the manufacturing process or curtail factory production rates. The application of basic equipment reliability principles assists in extending the useful life of process equipment and helps the site to stay in control over the maintenance plan. A basic understanding of equipment reliability principles provides the background needed to understand and diagnose the causes for history's worst industrial disasters, which might also be detected in our own industrial processes. This knowledge of equipment reliability principles creates a sense of what can personally be done to prevent catastrophic process releases.
Important lessons were learned about preventing industrial disasters from an atmospheric tank exp... more Important lessons were learned about preventing industrial disasters from an atmospheric tank explosion. Although a worker was near the tank when it exploded, there were no injuries or fatalities. The investigation described how actions taken to mitigate a potential process safety hazard made the system more dangerous to operate. It also exposed a series of unresolved warning signals that were received before the explosion. Lessons derived from this experience demonstrate how unknown hazards are introduced as aging processes are updated to conform to modern process safety standards. These lessons apply to a wide range of industries and processes, especially those that operate according to the process safety management standard. The sequence of events behind this incident matches those of greater significance. This case study is therefore an appropriate introduction to a comprehensive analysis of the Bhopal disaster.
A structured approach is used to administer process changes within the manufacturing industry. Ev... more A structured approach is used to administer process changes within the manufacturing industry. Even where not required by law, production sites appreciate the importance of carefully planning, evaluating, documenting, and executing changes that occur during the life of a process. Failure to properly control process changes can result in disasters. Therefore, most manufacturing organizations implement a formalized change management process. This business approach is used to prevent introducing hazards that could defeat factory productivity. We refer here to hazards that could possibly lead to serious process safety events. A conscientious change was made at the Bhopal factory shortly after production was initiated. This change addressed a persistent asset reliability issue that was limiting factory output. Analyzing the far-reaching complications that this change had on the life of the process offers lessons that apply universally throughout the manufacturing industry today.
The Bhopal disaster is regarded as history’s worst industrial accident. The disaster shaped the w... more The Bhopal disaster is regarded as history’s worst industrial accident. The disaster shaped the way that modern industry operates today. Although significant improvements were instituted after the disaster, catastrophic process releases are still a regular occurrence throughout the manufacturing industry worldwide. These incidents are reminders that process safety management is an ongoing program that has yet to become sustainable. Commendable changes are then introduced by both regulatory agencies and industry; their aim is to promote safe production in response to more recent incidents. However, incident prevention is by far the most effective and desirable option for managing process hazards; it ranks well ahead of postincident analysis. A thoroughly experience-based analysis of the Bhopal disaster provides a case study that demonstrates the importance of using a systematic approach to diagnosing process reliability issues. Our use of the term “issues” here is quite deliberate and reasoned. All process reliability issues could, if not properly addressed, complicate factory operation. Industrial disasters can be prevented by avoiding unnecessary complexities.
Analyzing the sequence of events that ended with a refinery fire provides insight into common act... more Analyzing the sequence of events that ended with a refinery fire provides insight into common acts of human error. Processes perform exactly as would be expected under specific operating conditions. Problems can develop if superficial adjustments to improve process performance are made without eliminating the root cause for repeat failures. An incident severe enough to draw attention to personal actions might occur years after a misguided attempt to improve process performance fails. It is therefore important to exercise restraint before making changes to a manufacturing process. Implementing a failure investigation program that defines and addresses the true root cause offers much protection. Holding people accountable for acceptable asset performance maintains a realistic balance between process complexity and human dependency. Examining the similarities between the Bhopal disaster and modern process releases establishes the relationship between asset performance and human error. Applying this knowledge prevents similar incidents from occurring.
The Bhopal factory's commissioning phase ended after a year elapsed without addressing the ca... more The Bhopal factory's commissioning phase ended after a year elapsed without addressing the cause for repeat methyl isocyanate pump mechanical seal failures. Inability to remove the production constraint in a reasonable amount of time indicates that the problem was not easy to solve. Decades later, a similar problem developed in a modern manufacturing facility. A formal investigation was needed to determine the mysterious root cause for repetitive process leaks that had become an acceptable hazard. Solving the problem required updating knowledge about process design and operating conditions. Excessive hydraulic forces inside process machinery resulted from these circumstances. Communicating lessons learned from this experience improves asset reliability and thus prevents loss of primary containment incidents in similar process applications. Lower maintenance costs and increased production throughput were finally achieved after fully understanding the elusive hydraulic issues that prevailed. Addressing these issues is what ultimately led to stabilizing process performance in this relevant case study.
Stable, controllable, and predictable process operation is not an afterthought for companies that... more Stable, controllable, and predictable process operation is not an afterthought for companies that appreciate the value of establishing a failure-restrictive organizational culture. Their investment in incident prevention is made by operating at a comfortable distance away from a catastrophic process release. Specific responsibilities are assigned to recognize, evaluate, and mitigate any hazard that might develop during routine factory operation. This defensive posture makes it possible to detect and control actual process hazards before they could undermine acceptable process safety management (PSM) performance. Responsibilities for validating the success of actions taken to solve process-performance problems are also distributed to maintain acceptable PSM performance. Supervisors must solicit technical input to make informed decisions about acting responsibly with available industry knowledge. The process reliability professional coordinates the various efforts to deliver acceptable PSM performance on a continuous, uninterrupted basis.
An environmental problem developed shortly after the domestic factory started manufacturing the t... more An environmental problem developed shortly after the domestic factory started manufacturing the technical grade product. The manufacturing process was changed to address the problem. Changing the manufacturing process introduced a set of new hazards that would have to be continually managed to safely manufacture the product. Managing these hazards involved increasing the domestic factory's design complexity and therefore also its dependence on process reliability. Engineering specifications and standards were documented to communicate safe design and operating knowledge to those who might need it in the future. Examining how the hazards related to this change were managed establishes a set of distinctive patterns that directed decisions and actions years before the Bhopal factory was constructed. This background establishes a precedent for events that would take place later. Recognizing these patterns in modern industrial applications helps to avoid changes that could make operating a stable process more difficult.
The origin of the Bhopal disaster dates back to 1959, when an invention for a special pesticide w... more The origin of the Bhopal disaster dates back to 1959, when an invention for a special pesticide was patented. Needless to say, preserving life through the effective use of pesticides was a noble and highly commendable goal. The developer who introduced this innovative chemical technology had a long history of success within the manufacturing industry. The new product was designed to replace another precursor pesticide product that eventually developed a bad reputation over environmental concerns. The new product became very popular in a short period of time. Not only was it an effective pesticide, but it eliminated the hazards that the other product was known for. This seemingly innocuous substance, however, was the catalyst for history's worst industrial disaster. Lessons that apply directly to modern industry can be learned from the very day that the new molecule was patented. Utilizing this knowledge helps us to prevent incidents that can result in industrial disasters.
Industrial disasters seldom occur without prior warning. Concerns about potentially hazardous ope... more Industrial disasters seldom occur without prior warning. Concerns about potentially hazardous operating conditions are often raised long before a catastrophic process release occurs. Taking appropriate action involves communicating effectively on matters that concern actual or potential hazards in manufacturing processes. When disagreements are encountered, neither side wins if communication breaks down. The events covered in this chapter demonstrate the importance of collaborating with coworkers to resolve technical matters. Settling internal differences promotes the unity needed for a business to operate successfully. The mutual goal for all parties invested in a manufacturing process is to maximize production while protecting both workers and communities from safety or environmental incidents. Satisfying this obligation might require demonstrating courage, persistence, and patience without letup.
At first glance, purely commercial interests or decisions related to managing patent coverage, or... more At first glance, purely commercial interests or decisions related to managing patent coverage, or exercising certain licensing options made at high levels of authority may appear to have little to do with how a factory is being operated or maintained. But, contrary to such notions, these matters tend to form interweaving cause-and-effect relationships that can lead to unintended consequences. Time and effort is needed to explore what these matters had to do with the Bhopal disaster. We must fully comprehend these matters with all our abilities. Having an appreciation for the potential effect of seemingly inconsequential decisions is important to those who wish to protect the integrity of their production assets. The awareness this knowledge creates draws us to the right conclusions if we want to avoid incurring similar disasters in the future. This chapter provides insights into these matters.
The Bhopal disaster is a timeless case study that applies directly to modern industry. Its lesson... more The Bhopal disaster is a timeless case study that applies directly to modern industry. Its lessons are universal and applicable, as much today as they were in the past and will be in the future. Inside the Bhopal disaster we find patterns that give us the knowledge we need to prevent future industrial incidents. These patterns represent a template that can be superimposed upon any factory in the manufacturing industry today or in the future. Incremental changes can have unintended consequences when they conflict with process design provisions. Exclusive devotion to compliance without a corresponding reliability commitment explains how many industrial disasters occur. Examining the complete life cycle of a single act of human error provides the knowledge that we need to set others up for success. Only by applying these principles can we adequately protect communities and our employers from losses that cannot be undone or repurchased at any price.
Formal agreements are normally drafted between those who wish to come together and form a partner... more Formal agreements are normally drafted between those who wish to come together and form a partnership. These contracts usually describe the responsibilities of each of the various business partners, and the conditions that must be met by the partnership in general. These agreements prevent misunderstandings that could undermine the success of the business. For long-range successful business implementation, technology provider must clearly define the minimum design specifications needed for safe and reliable production. Depending on circumstances, considerable detail covering the procurement, installation, and maintenance of factory assets may be necessary. Quite obviously, factory construction in accordance with these instructions is critical to the long-term success of the business. Agreements such as these were made between the parent company and its international subsidiary before permission was granted to construct the Bhopal factory. Understanding the terms of these agreements makes it possible to assess the importance of maintaining the continuity of a business plan, despite changing markets and regulations.
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Papers by Kenneth Bloch