We report the development of a new mosquito aspirator with the same aspiration capacity (airßow) ... more We report the development of a new mosquito aspirator with the same aspiration capacity (airßow) of the CDC Backpack Aspirator (CDC-BP), but smaller and lighter (0.8 kg without battery), less expensive (US$45Ð70), easier to build, and compatible with the use of telescoping extension poles to access hard-to-reach locations. The performance of this new aspirator, named "Prokopack," was compared with the CDC-BP in laboratory settings as well as in paired collections in combined sewer overßow (CSO) tunnels in Atlanta, GA, and indoor mosquito collections in Iquitos, Peru. The difference in suction power between both aspirators (average, 0.29 Ð 0.43 m/s) was negligible. However, 2.3 times more mosquitoes were collected using the Prokopack in the upper wall (Ͼ1.5 m) and ceilings of CSO tunnels than with the CDC-BP in lower walls. Indoor collection in Iquitos yielded signiÞcantly more total mosquito numbers [including Culex pipiens complex, Culex (melanoconion) sp., and Mansonia sp.] and Aedes aegypti (L.) in the Prokopack than in the CDC-BP. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the Prokopack to collect different mosquito species in different epidemiological settings.
Potential mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) (Nematoda: Filarioidea), the causative ... more Potential mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) (Nematoda: Filarioidea), the causative agent of dog heartworm in the southeastern region of the United States, were collected with CDC light traps and gravid traps in seven counties in the state of Georgia, USA. The presence of D. immitis in these mosquitoes was detected by polymerase chain reaction using species-speciÞc primers for the D. immitis surface or cuticular antigen. Overall, 1,574 mosquitoes of 13 species in seven genera were collected; 92% of the specimens were Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Aedes vexans (Meigen), or Anopheles punctipennis (Say). Ae. albopictus, An. punctipennis, and Anopheles crucians Wiedemann were positive for D. immitis DNA. Ae. albopictus had the highest maximum likelihood rate of infection (2.30%; 95% conÞdence interval [CI] ϭ 1.15Ð 4.00%) followed by An. crucians (1.38%: 95% CI ϭ 0.04 Ð 6.93%), and An. punctipennis (0.85%: 95% CI 0.03Ð 4.29%). The detection of D. immitis DNA in the heads and thoraxes of Ae. albopictus (0.40%; 95% CI ϭ 0.12Ð2.02%) indicates that these mosquitoes can support the development of D. immitis to the infective stage 3 larvae.
Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association, 2015
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that was introduced into the United Stat... more West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that was introduced into the United States in 1999. Within four years following its initial detection in New York, WNV was found in states from the East to the West coasts as well as in Mexico and Canada.
Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association, 2017
Background: In Georgia, only a few county environmental health programs still do mosquito surveil... more Background: In Georgia, only a few county environmental health programs still do mosquito surveillance and control. This is partly due to a lack of sustainability in these seasonal programs and a pressure to move personnel from mosquito control to programs that are mandated by the state. There is also a lack of training available for mosquito control workers. Methods: Richmond County Mosquito Control (RCMC), a program within the Richmond County Environmental Health office, is one of the sustainable programs, and the RCMC program has dealt with these issues in some innovative ways. It is sustainable because it partners with other agencies to provide an integrated mosquito management (IMM) approach to local mosquito control. Because training and education are important components of an IMM program, RCMC provides annual training for all mosquito control personnel. Because mosquito control is largely a seasonal program in Georgia, Richmond County has hired retired people to do mosquito control work during the mosquito season. These employees are seasonal workers; one person is kept on full time to manage the program. Richmond County Mosquito Control collaborates with the Phinizy Center for Water Sciences to provide surveillance and mosquito identification. Richmond County Mosquito Control approaches training in several ways. First, RCMC is active in the Georgia Mosquito Control Association. Second, by collaborating with the Phinizy Center for Water Sciences both students and mosquito control employees can learn from one another to the benefit of both programs. Finally, there is a yearly training for all employees with guest speakers providing information on various topics of interest, including: a review of the data that have been collected, information on new and existing treatments and practices, a review of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) pesticide discharge management plan procedures, and an overview of business decisions to improve the program and update procedures. Results: Recently, the RCMC program has expanded to deal with the potential threat of Zika virus transmission in Georgia. In addition to its swimming pool remediation project and its goats in retention basin enclosure project, the special projects group has added another project, maintaining retention/detention ponds to help reduce local mosquito breeding. In order to train the mosquito control employees and Phinizy Center students to do this job, they are working with the county engineer to learn the inspection requirements for an MS-4 permit. Finished inspection forms are provided to the county and to the Environmental Protection Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. In addition, employees are training at the Phinizy Center to learn mosquito identification and surveillance, and to look at the fate of stormwater after it exits the ponds. Conclusions: This type of cross-training has helped the Richmond County Mosquito Control program to not only thrive, but to grow.
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 2008
Bradley, KK 2004. Oklahoma State Report: Twenty-fifth Biennial State Public Health Vector Control... more Bradley, KK 2004. Oklahoma State Report: Twenty-fifth Biennial State Public Health Vector Control Conference. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/conf/25thbiennialVectorControl/index.htm . ... Carpenter, SJ and WJ LaCasse. 1955. Mosquitoes of North America (North of ...
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 2020
Onsite assessments for mosquito larval habitat sites are critical after a hurricane makes landfal... more Onsite assessments for mosquito larval habitat sites are critical after a hurricane makes landfall. Due to lack of forward assessment activities and the uncertain path of Hurricane Irma, it was difficult to determine what areas would be most affected, making it challenging to determine the availability of Department of Public Health Environmental Health Strike Team members from unaffected areas. However, lessons learned from assessing the public health response to Hurricane Irma (2017) helped improve the response to Hurricane Michael (2018).
With the continued increase in international travel and immigration to Georgia, the Department of... more With the continued increase in international travel and immigration to Georgia, the Department of Public Health (DPH) continued its mission to prevent and respond to Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission. METHODS We analyzed surveillance data from the DPH to compare the geographical distribution of counties conducting surveillance, total number, and overall percentage of mosquito species collected in 2016 and 2017. Mosquito surveillance in 2017 was mapped by county and species using ArcMap 10.2.0. RESULTS From 2016 and 2017, mosquito surveillance increased from 60 to 159 counties (165% increase). A total of 145,346 mosquitoes were trapped and identified in 2016 compared to 152,593 in 2017 (5.43% increase). There was a difference in the type of mosquito species found by year. Some species collected in previous years were not collected in 2017, while other species found in 2017 were not previously collected during mosquito surveillance. Also, certain mosquito species were found outside of th...
This research aims to identify the dynamics of Maesaan Waya Agriculture group which was studied b... more This research aims to identify the dynamics of Maesaan Waya Agriculture group which was studied by group dynamics elements namely the purpose of the group, the structure of the group, the building and the developing of the group, the unity of the group and the effectivity of the group. This research was conducted from October 2016 to April 2017 on Maesaan Waya Agriculture group in Manembo Village, South Langowan Subdistrict. The collecting of the data included primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected by direct interview using questionnaire with agriculture group members who were become respondents. The total number of respondents in this research is 20 respondents. The secondary data were collected from research-related literatures. Descriptive analysing was the method in data analyzing. The result of this research shows that the dynamics of Maesaan Waya agriculture group is categorized as dynamic with 80% valuation percentage. This is because the elements of group dynamics in Maesaan Waya agriculture group run well. Even though the elements of group dynamics run well, there was 20% dynamics elements categorized as less-dynamic.
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association
In 1920, Culex coronator was reported from San Benito, Texas, and later in Arizona, New Mexico, a... more In 1920, Culex coronator was reported from San Benito, Texas, and later in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. In 2005, this species was reported to be spreading across the southeastern USA. Now reported in 14 states, it has been found as far north as northern Oklahoma; Memphis, TN; and Suffolk, VA. The public health significance of Cx. coronator is not firmly established, even though it has been implicated as a potential vector of several arboviral diseases. This study aims to document additional Cx. coronator county-level records, to provide information about its continued expansion across the southern USA, and to provide a short research update into its vector potential. Data acquired through multistate collaborations and author collections resulted in 146 new county records from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas. No new county records were presented for Arizona, New Mexico, Tennessee, or Virginia, whic...
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 2015
In September, October, and November 2014, adult Mansonia titillans were collected at 4 separate s... more In September, October, and November 2014, adult Mansonia titillans were collected at 4 separate sites near Savannah in Chatham County, Georgia, and 1 site in Muscogee County, GA, during routine mosquito surveillance. Although previously recorded from Beaufort County, SC, and several inland southern Georgia counties, recent reports of this species from coastal Georgia or South Carolina are lacking. These newly captured Ma. titillans specimens represent the first documented records for Muscogee County and Chatham County, GA, and may indicate a recent northern expansion or reintroduction of this species along the Georgia and South Carolina coast.
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 2004
Field trials evaluating the effectiveness of selected gravid trap oviposition media and commercia... more Field trials evaluating the effectiveness of selected gravid trap oviposition media and commercially available mosquito traps were conducted in southern Fulton County (Atlanta), GA, from June 9 to June 18 and June 24 to July 4, 2002, respectively. Total number of mosquitoes and number of each species captured during the tests were compared using a Latin square design. For the gravid trap infusion media, significant differences were found for total number of mosquitoes collected where sod > or = hay > or = hay side-by-side diluted hay > dilute hay side-by-side hay > or = oak > diluted hay. Only Aedes albopictus (oak), Culex quinquefasciatus (sod and both concentrated hay infusions), and Culex restuans (sod) were captured in significantly greater numbers using a particular infusion. Significant differences for the total number of mosquitoes collected were also observed in the commercial mosquito traps such that the gravid trap > ultra violet up-draft > or = Mosqui...
Mosquitoes salivate before ingesting blood, and sporozoites are transmitted during this phase of ... more Mosquitoes salivate before ingesting blood, and sporozoites are transmitted during this phase of feeding. In the laboratory, malaria-infected Aedes aegypti were allowed to probe on a series of three chicks during a 5-min period. Probing on each host was interrupted after 10 s. Our results demonstrate that up to three hosts can be serially infected with avian malaria during a 5-min period.
We report the development of a new mosquito aspirator with the same aspiration capacity (airßow) ... more We report the development of a new mosquito aspirator with the same aspiration capacity (airßow) of the CDC Backpack Aspirator (CDC-BP), but smaller and lighter (0.8 kg without battery), less expensive (US$45Ð70), easier to build, and compatible with the use of telescoping extension poles to access hard-to-reach locations. The performance of this new aspirator, named "Prokopack," was compared with the CDC-BP in laboratory settings as well as in paired collections in combined sewer overßow (CSO) tunnels in Atlanta, GA, and indoor mosquito collections in Iquitos, Peru. The difference in suction power between both aspirators (average, 0.29 Ð 0.43 m/s) was negligible. However, 2.3 times more mosquitoes were collected using the Prokopack in the upper wall (Ͼ1.5 m) and ceilings of CSO tunnels than with the CDC-BP in lower walls. Indoor collection in Iquitos yielded signiÞcantly more total mosquito numbers [including Culex pipiens complex, Culex (melanoconion) sp., and Mansonia sp.] and Aedes aegypti (L.) in the Prokopack than in the CDC-BP. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the Prokopack to collect different mosquito species in different epidemiological settings.
Potential mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) (Nematoda: Filarioidea), the causative ... more Potential mosquito vectors of Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) (Nematoda: Filarioidea), the causative agent of dog heartworm in the southeastern region of the United States, were collected with CDC light traps and gravid traps in seven counties in the state of Georgia, USA. The presence of D. immitis in these mosquitoes was detected by polymerase chain reaction using species-speciÞc primers for the D. immitis surface or cuticular antigen. Overall, 1,574 mosquitoes of 13 species in seven genera were collected; 92% of the specimens were Aedes albopictus (Skuse), Aedes vexans (Meigen), or Anopheles punctipennis (Say). Ae. albopictus, An. punctipennis, and Anopheles crucians Wiedemann were positive for D. immitis DNA. Ae. albopictus had the highest maximum likelihood rate of infection (2.30%; 95% conÞdence interval [CI] ϭ 1.15Ð 4.00%) followed by An. crucians (1.38%: 95% CI ϭ 0.04 Ð 6.93%), and An. punctipennis (0.85%: 95% CI 0.03Ð 4.29%). The detection of D. immitis DNA in the heads and thoraxes of Ae. albopictus (0.40%; 95% CI ϭ 0.12Ð2.02%) indicates that these mosquitoes can support the development of D. immitis to the infective stage 3 larvae.
Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association, 2015
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that was introduced into the United Stat... more West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen that was introduced into the United States in 1999. Within four years following its initial detection in New York, WNV was found in states from the East to the West coasts as well as in Mexico and Canada.
Journal of the Georgia Public Health Association, 2017
Background: In Georgia, only a few county environmental health programs still do mosquito surveil... more Background: In Georgia, only a few county environmental health programs still do mosquito surveillance and control. This is partly due to a lack of sustainability in these seasonal programs and a pressure to move personnel from mosquito control to programs that are mandated by the state. There is also a lack of training available for mosquito control workers. Methods: Richmond County Mosquito Control (RCMC), a program within the Richmond County Environmental Health office, is one of the sustainable programs, and the RCMC program has dealt with these issues in some innovative ways. It is sustainable because it partners with other agencies to provide an integrated mosquito management (IMM) approach to local mosquito control. Because training and education are important components of an IMM program, RCMC provides annual training for all mosquito control personnel. Because mosquito control is largely a seasonal program in Georgia, Richmond County has hired retired people to do mosquito control work during the mosquito season. These employees are seasonal workers; one person is kept on full time to manage the program. Richmond County Mosquito Control collaborates with the Phinizy Center for Water Sciences to provide surveillance and mosquito identification. Richmond County Mosquito Control approaches training in several ways. First, RCMC is active in the Georgia Mosquito Control Association. Second, by collaborating with the Phinizy Center for Water Sciences both students and mosquito control employees can learn from one another to the benefit of both programs. Finally, there is a yearly training for all employees with guest speakers providing information on various topics of interest, including: a review of the data that have been collected, information on new and existing treatments and practices, a review of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) pesticide discharge management plan procedures, and an overview of business decisions to improve the program and update procedures. Results: Recently, the RCMC program has expanded to deal with the potential threat of Zika virus transmission in Georgia. In addition to its swimming pool remediation project and its goats in retention basin enclosure project, the special projects group has added another project, maintaining retention/detention ponds to help reduce local mosquito breeding. In order to train the mosquito control employees and Phinizy Center students to do this job, they are working with the county engineer to learn the inspection requirements for an MS-4 permit. Finished inspection forms are provided to the county and to the Environmental Protection Division of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. In addition, employees are training at the Phinizy Center to learn mosquito identification and surveillance, and to look at the fate of stormwater after it exits the ponds. Conclusions: This type of cross-training has helped the Richmond County Mosquito Control program to not only thrive, but to grow.
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 2008
Bradley, KK 2004. Oklahoma State Report: Twenty-fifth Biennial State Public Health Vector Control... more Bradley, KK 2004. Oklahoma State Report: Twenty-fifth Biennial State Public Health Vector Control Conference. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/conf/25thbiennialVectorControl/index.htm . ... Carpenter, SJ and WJ LaCasse. 1955. Mosquitoes of North America (North of ...
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 2020
Onsite assessments for mosquito larval habitat sites are critical after a hurricane makes landfal... more Onsite assessments for mosquito larval habitat sites are critical after a hurricane makes landfall. Due to lack of forward assessment activities and the uncertain path of Hurricane Irma, it was difficult to determine what areas would be most affected, making it challenging to determine the availability of Department of Public Health Environmental Health Strike Team members from unaffected areas. However, lessons learned from assessing the public health response to Hurricane Irma (2017) helped improve the response to Hurricane Michael (2018).
With the continued increase in international travel and immigration to Georgia, the Department of... more With the continued increase in international travel and immigration to Georgia, the Department of Public Health (DPH) continued its mission to prevent and respond to Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission. METHODS We analyzed surveillance data from the DPH to compare the geographical distribution of counties conducting surveillance, total number, and overall percentage of mosquito species collected in 2016 and 2017. Mosquito surveillance in 2017 was mapped by county and species using ArcMap 10.2.0. RESULTS From 2016 and 2017, mosquito surveillance increased from 60 to 159 counties (165% increase). A total of 145,346 mosquitoes were trapped and identified in 2016 compared to 152,593 in 2017 (5.43% increase). There was a difference in the type of mosquito species found by year. Some species collected in previous years were not collected in 2017, while other species found in 2017 were not previously collected during mosquito surveillance. Also, certain mosquito species were found outside of th...
This research aims to identify the dynamics of Maesaan Waya Agriculture group which was studied b... more This research aims to identify the dynamics of Maesaan Waya Agriculture group which was studied by group dynamics elements namely the purpose of the group, the structure of the group, the building and the developing of the group, the unity of the group and the effectivity of the group. This research was conducted from October 2016 to April 2017 on Maesaan Waya Agriculture group in Manembo Village, South Langowan Subdistrict. The collecting of the data included primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected by direct interview using questionnaire with agriculture group members who were become respondents. The total number of respondents in this research is 20 respondents. The secondary data were collected from research-related literatures. Descriptive analysing was the method in data analyzing. The result of this research shows that the dynamics of Maesaan Waya agriculture group is categorized as dynamic with 80% valuation percentage. This is because the elements of group dynamics in Maesaan Waya agriculture group run well. Even though the elements of group dynamics run well, there was 20% dynamics elements categorized as less-dynamic.
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association
In 1920, Culex coronator was reported from San Benito, Texas, and later in Arizona, New Mexico, a... more In 1920, Culex coronator was reported from San Benito, Texas, and later in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. In 2005, this species was reported to be spreading across the southeastern USA. Now reported in 14 states, it has been found as far north as northern Oklahoma; Memphis, TN; and Suffolk, VA. The public health significance of Cx. coronator is not firmly established, even though it has been implicated as a potential vector of several arboviral diseases. This study aims to document additional Cx. coronator county-level records, to provide information about its continued expansion across the southern USA, and to provide a short research update into its vector potential. Data acquired through multistate collaborations and author collections resulted in 146 new county records from Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Texas. No new county records were presented for Arizona, New Mexico, Tennessee, or Virginia, whic...
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 2015
In September, October, and November 2014, adult Mansonia titillans were collected at 4 separate s... more In September, October, and November 2014, adult Mansonia titillans were collected at 4 separate sites near Savannah in Chatham County, Georgia, and 1 site in Muscogee County, GA, during routine mosquito surveillance. Although previously recorded from Beaufort County, SC, and several inland southern Georgia counties, recent reports of this species from coastal Georgia or South Carolina are lacking. These newly captured Ma. titillans specimens represent the first documented records for Muscogee County and Chatham County, GA, and may indicate a recent northern expansion or reintroduction of this species along the Georgia and South Carolina coast.
Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 2004
Field trials evaluating the effectiveness of selected gravid trap oviposition media and commercia... more Field trials evaluating the effectiveness of selected gravid trap oviposition media and commercially available mosquito traps were conducted in southern Fulton County (Atlanta), GA, from June 9 to June 18 and June 24 to July 4, 2002, respectively. Total number of mosquitoes and number of each species captured during the tests were compared using a Latin square design. For the gravid trap infusion media, significant differences were found for total number of mosquitoes collected where sod > or = hay > or = hay side-by-side diluted hay > dilute hay side-by-side hay > or = oak > diluted hay. Only Aedes albopictus (oak), Culex quinquefasciatus (sod and both concentrated hay infusions), and Culex restuans (sod) were captured in significantly greater numbers using a particular infusion. Significant differences for the total number of mosquitoes collected were also observed in the commercial mosquito traps such that the gravid trap > ultra violet up-draft > or = Mosqui...
Mosquitoes salivate before ingesting blood, and sporozoites are transmitted during this phase of ... more Mosquitoes salivate before ingesting blood, and sporozoites are transmitted during this phase of feeding. In the laboratory, malaria-infected Aedes aegypti were allowed to probe on a series of three chicks during a 5-min period. Probing on each host was interrupted after 10 s. Our results demonstrate that up to three hosts can be serially infected with avian malaria during a 5-min period.
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