Papers by Khin Yadana Aye
Leprosy Review, 2007
The magnitude of drug resistance in Mycobacterium leprae to dapsone, rifampicin, and ofloxacin wa... more The magnitude of drug resistance in Mycobacterium leprae to dapsone, rifampicin, and ofloxacin was studied in three Southeast Asian countries with a high prevalence of leprosy. M. leprae from the skin of leprosy patients was collected in North Maluku and North Sulawesi in Indonesia, Yangon in Myanmar, and Cebu in the Philippines. Mutations in the drug resistance determining regions in the folP1, rpoB, and gyrA genes, which have been proven to confer resistance, were analysed. In addition, samples from 51 newly diagnosed cases and 13 patients with leprosy relapse in Cebu were submitted for susceptibility testing in the mouse footpad. Of 252 isolates obtained from new cases, 3% were dapsone resistant and 2% were rifampicin resistant. In samples taken from patients with relapsed leprosy (n = 53), significantly more resistance mutations were detected: 15% had dapsone resistance mutations, and 8% had rifampicin resistance mutations. Two patients with relapsed leprosy had mutations for both dapsone and rifampicin resistance. No mutations conferring quinolone resistance were detected. No mutations were detected in the folP1 gene of M. leprae isolates with a low degree of resistance to dapsone. Detection of drug-resistant cases by mutation detection in the drug resistance determining region of the genome is a practical method for monitoring resistance. A comparison of the results obtained in this study with previous data obtained prior to the use of multidrug therapy (MDT), does not indicate clearly whether the magnitude of drug resistance has changed. Larger studies of resistance mutations in M. leprae isolated from patients with relapsed leprosy are needed to confirm our results. We recommend monitoring the magnitude of drug resistance globally, by testing M. leprae DNA from relapse cases and a representative sample of new cases.
Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS), 2016
This paper examines the motivations behind Malaysia’s national language policy in theoretical ter... more This paper examines the motivations behind Malaysia’s national language policy in theoretical terms to allow the Malaysian narrative to be positioned in an international context. To do this, it applies Spolsky’s (2004) theory of what influences language policy making in contemporary nation-states, namely national ideology, the role of English in globalisation era, the nation’s sociolinguistic situation, and an interest in linguistic minority rights. The paper argues that all factors are relevant in the Malaysian context. However, the domestic sociolinguistic situation only influences policy in so far as Malaysia’s response to its ethnolinguistic minorities is limited to minimal linguistic rights in the education system. This limited acceptance of linguistic diversity continues a tradition of protecting what Malaysian law sees as the supremacy of Malay culture and language. The paper concludes with an invitation to apply this theory in the study of other nations in the region to fost...
This study examines whether the relation between authoritative parenting and student outcomes is ... more This study examines whether the relation between authoritative parenting and student outcomes is mediated by students' self-efficacy and task value, using a structural equation model. Our study was based on adolescents' self-report data of 2090 Grade-9 students from 39 schools in Singapore. The results of the study confirm the mediating role of self-efficacy and task value in the relations between authoritative parenting and student outcomes. In addition, some direct associations were also found between authoritative parenting and student engagement and disengagement in the classroom. Students with warm, firm, and democratic parents tended to have better school performance and stronger engagement in school.
Extracta Mathematicae, 1998
AIP Conference Proceedings, 2008
In this paper, we introduce the result comparisons that were developed for the phase lag compensa... more In this paper, we introduce the result comparisons that were developed for the phase lag compensator design using Bode Plots. The implementation of classical experiments as MATLAB m‐files is described. Robot gripper control system can be designed to gain insight into a variety of ...
AIP Conference Proceedings, 2008
Vehicular travel is increasing throughout the world, particularly in large urban areas. Therefore... more Vehicular travel is increasing throughout the world, particularly in large urban areas. Therefore the need arises for simulation and optimizing traffic control algorithms to better accommodate this increasing demand. This paper presents a microcontroller simulation of intelligent ...
Body Weight Uterus Weight , Va gi nal Openi ng Mammary Gl and Area, rl umber of End-buds Morpholo... more Body Weight Uterus Weight , Va gi nal Openi ng Mammary Gl and Area, rl umber of End-buds Morphology of the Duct Sys tem Mi croanatomy of the Duct System Rel ati onships between the Quanti tati ve Meas urements Sampl ing Errors fo r Es ti ma te of Vol ume of Glandul ar Tissue DISCUSSION 3.
Revista De La Real Academia De Ciencias Exactas Fisicas Y Naturales, 1999
J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1993
ABSTRACT
The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health, 1998
The effect of temperature and relative humidity on dengue virus propagation in the mosquito as on... more The effect of temperature and relative humidity on dengue virus propagation in the mosquito as one of the possible contributing factors to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) outbreaks was studied. Ae. aegypti mosquitos were reared under standard conditions and inoculated intrathoracically with dengue virus. Virus propagation in the mosquitos was determined at the temperature and relative humidity of all 3 seasons of Yangon and for the simulated temperature and relative humidity of Singapore. The virus propagation was detected by direct fluorescent antibody technique (DFAT) with mosquito head squash and the virus titer was determined by plaque forming unit test (PFUT) in baby hamster kidney-21 cells. The results show that the infected mosquitos kept under the conditions of the rainy season and under the simulated conditions of Singapore had a significantly higher virus titer (p=<0.05) when compared with the other 2 seasons of Yangon. So it is thought that the temperature and relative ...
International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 2001
Rapid product/process realization and enterprise integration have been identified among the major... more Rapid product/process realization and enterprise integration have been identified among the major imperatives for enabling the next generation manufacturing paradigm. This paper proposes a virtual factory modeling approach to support these imperatives. A virtual factory is defined as an integrated simulation model of major subsystems in a factory that considers the factory as a whole and provides an advanced decision support capability. It seeks to go beyond the typical modeling of one sub‐system at a time, such as the manufacturing model, the business process model and/or the communication network model developed individually and in isolation. A basic virtual factory model of a semi‐conductor backend factory has been developed for concept demonstration. Application examples are used to demonstrate the integration between business processes and manufacturing system performance. Future work will move further towards the development of the complete virtual factory and its industry app...
Volume 1: Symposia, Parts A and B, 2005
The article describes numerical research of fluid flow inside an axial-flow pump that includes ad... more The article describes numerical research of fluid flow inside an axial-flow pump that includes adjustable guide vanes, impeller and discharge channel. The guide vanes in the extreme position cut off the flow through the pump. The article presents the performance curves of the pump at different pitch angle of those guide vanes, as well as some corresponding flow patterns. Cavitation characteristics are also presented. The results were obtained using the CFD software tools CFX-BladeGenPlus, CFX-TASCflow and CFX-5. In the previous article, the authors have presented a comprehensive comparison of numerical results with available experimental results for a similar pump. As it was demonstrated, the performance curves of the pump depend strongly on the guide vanes pitch angle. Conclusions concerning these dependencies are drawn. A particular attention is paid for evaluation of performance of the pump with swirl flow downstream of it.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 2006
Although cardiac axis measurement causes more confusion and difficulty than any other aspect of e... more Although cardiac axis measurement causes more confusion and difficulty than any other aspect of electrocardiogram (ECG) assessment for many doctors, it can be easily worked out in a few seconds using the simple method outlined in this article.
Review of Education, 2013
Language, Education and Nation-building
The Republic of the Union of Myanmar is the largest country in Southeast Asia, and it has a total... more The Republic of the Union of Myanmar is the largest country in Southeast Asia, and it has a total land area of 677,000 square kilometres.1 Myanmar shares borders with China, Thailand, India, Bangladesh and Laos. It is inhabited by 48.34 million people (World Bank 2011), although Ethnologue (2013) estimates put this number at around 52 million. The most recent constitution (2008) describes the country as being made up of seven ‘regions’ (previously designated ‘divisions’), areas where there is a high presence of the Bamar ethnic group (also referred to as Burman or Burmese);2 and seven ‘states’, home to non-Bamar ethnic groups, as well as the Union territory, Nay Pyi Daw, now under the direct administration of the President (the capital of which — also called Nay Pyi Daw — has been designated as the country’s official capital).
Parasites & Vectors, 2014
Background: Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, causes a disease cal... more Background: Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, causes a disease called toxoplasmosis which can sometimes be acquired congenitally by a newborn from an infected mother. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection and its associated risks among 219 and 215 pregnant women from Malaysia and Myanmar, respectively. Methods: Anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were screened by using standard commercial ELISA kits. The socio-demographic, obstetrics and risk factors associated with Toxoplasma infection data were compared between the two countries. Results: The overall prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in Malaysian pregnant women (42.47%; 95% CI = 36.11-49.09) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than Myanmar pregnant women (30.70%; 95% CI = 27.92-37.16). By univariate analysis, this study identified that age group, education, parity, awareness on toxoplasmosis and consumption of undercooked meat were significantly associated (p < 0.05) with Toxoplasma seropositive Malaysian pregnant women but none of these factors associated with Toxoplasma seropositive Myanmar pregnant women. In comparison using univariate analysis between the two countries, it was found that Toxoplasma seropositive Malaysian pregnant women was associated with aged 30 years and above, secondary or lower-secondary level of education, the third trimester of pregnancy, having one child or more, lacking awareness of toxoplasmosis, absence of bad obstetrics history, having no history of close contact with cats or soil, living on a farm and also consumption of undercooked meat, unpasterized milk or untreated water. Avidity measurement was used to confirm the stages of Toxoplasma infection in pregnant women who were positive for both IgG and IgM antibodies and found all were infected in the past. Conclusion: From our study, Toxoplasma screening and its risk measurement in pregnant women is firmly recommended for monitoring purposes and assisting proper management, including diagnosis and treatment during antenatal period. Also, it is necessary to initiate preventive measures for Toxoplasma infection among reproductive-age women in general and seronegative pregnant women in particular. Avidity measurement should be incorporated in Toxoplasma routine screening, especially with the availability of a single serum sample to assist in the diagnosis.
JAPANESE JOURNAL OF LEPROSY, 2012
The polymorphism of TTC repeats in Mycobacterium leprae was examined using bacilli from slit skin... more The polymorphism of TTC repeats in Mycobacterium leprae was examined using bacilli from slit skin samples of leprosy patients attending at Central Special Skin Clinic, Yangon General Hospital and nasal swabs of their contacts to elucidate the possible mode of leprosy transmission. It was found that bacilli with different TTC genotypes were distributed among same household contacts and also harbored bacilli in patients were different TTC genotype from that harbored on the nasal mucus of the healthy contacts. Genotypes of TTC repeats were found to differ between husband under treatment and his wife and also mother under treatment and her sons living in same house. This study revealed that TTC genotype of bacilli harbored by household contacts was different with the TTC genotype by index cases. These results indicate that the family members get transmission from outside the dwellings rather than from commonly supposed their MB index cases. There might have been some infectious sources to which the populace had been commonly exposed outside the dwellings.
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Papers by Khin Yadana Aye