Papers by Kuntum Khoiro Ummatin
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Refuse derived fuel (RDF) is an environmentally friendly renewable fuel developed to reduce waste... more Refuse derived fuel (RDF) is an environmentally friendly renewable fuel developed to reduce waste generation. RDF can consist of various kinds of waste such as paper and gardens. One of the critical parameters is the chemical element and calorific value. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential for waste reduction and the relationship of ultimate longevity in RDF to the calorific value. This study's paper and garden waste mixture were P0 (100% paper), P25 (75% paper and 25% garden), P50 (50% paper and 50% garden), P75 (25% paper and 75% garden), and P100 (100% garden). The calorific value of the mixture can reach 3.6-5.2 kWh/kg. Simultaneously the relationship of ultimate elements nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and ash affects the heating value of RDF. Sampling the application in Depok City can reduce waste by 6.67%, with the potential for electrical energy from paper and garden wastes of 358,903.8 kWh and 48,681 kWh, respectively. This shows that this e...
International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, Mar 13, 2022
The generation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic and garden waste must be recycled to s... more The generation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic and garden waste must be recycled to support the circular economy. An alternative way to reduce the plastics waste is to reduce this waste by converting it into energy such as Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) as an alternative for processing waste. Substitution of plastic and garden waste is an opportunity to be analyzed. Hence, This study aimed to investigate the potential for converting material substitution from PET and garden waste into RDF. The RDF characterized test method was carried out by proximate, water content, ash content, and analysis. At the same time, the calorific value. was tested by bomb calorimetry. Substitution of the mixture of plastic and garden waste affects each parameter of RDF pellet quality including water, ash, and caloric value (sig.< 0.05). The increase of plastic waste in pellets consistently increases the calorific value of RDF from 18.94 until 25.04 MJ/kg. The RDF pellet water and ash content also invariably affect the rate of increase in the calorific value of RDF in the multilinearity model (sig.<0.05; R 2 is 0.935). The thermal stability of the pellets occurred at a temperature of 500 0 C decomposition of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin in mixed garden waste with plastic in RDF pellets. The decrease in the decomposition of PET into terephthalic acid monomer from the thermal stability of raw materials and waste PET plastic pellets occurs at a temperature of 4500˚C. This potential finding can be used as a basis for consideration in regions or countries that have the generation of garden waste and plastic, especially the type of PET to be used as an environmentally friendly fuel.
Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 2022
Density and hardness are physical parameters in the manufacturing of refuse derived fuel (RDF) pe... more Density and hardness are physical parameters in the manufacturing of refuse derived fuel (RDF) pellets. In making pellets, a high heating value for the combustion system is desired. This research aimed to analyze the mixture of municipal solid waste to its density and hardness and study its correlation to heating value. The variable used in this research is a mixture of paper waste and garden waste and food scraps and garden waste. The density and hardness for the mix of paper waste and garden waste were 1970.6 to 2474.8 kg/m3 and 37.8–42.8 HA, respectively. The mixture of food waste and garden waste has density and hardness of 1822 to 2276.7 kg/m3 and 17.4–37.8 HA. The correlation between density and hardness on heating values did not reach a significance of 0.05, so there was no strong relationship between density and hardness on heating values.
Journal of Ecological Engineering, 2022
The purpose of this research was to process a mixture of paper waste and garden waste based on ma... more The purpose of this research was to process a mixture of paper waste and garden waste based on material flow analysis and to analyze its parameters based on water content, ash content, heating value, along with Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA)/Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG). The garden waste treatment process consists of shredding, drying with a rotary dryer, separator, and then shaving with a hammer mill. Paper waste only needs a shredder process. Then, the mixing process and pelletizing of paper waste as well as garden waste are carried out according to the variation (w/w) 100% paper (K100), 75% paper (K75), 50% paper (K50), 25% paper (K25), and 100% garden waste (K0). The water content ranged from 5.8 to 15.25%. From K0 to K100 samples, the ash content increased from 4.54 to 9.85%. A correlation of 0.9047 was found from samples K0 to K100. There was a correlation between increasing calorific value along with the mixture with paper waste. The caloric value in K0 to K100 increased from 13.11 to 19.03 MJ/kg. The TGA/DTG analysis reduced mass due to water evaporation, devolatilization, and carbonization processes.
2019 International Conference on Engineering, Science, and Industrial Applications (ICESI), 2019
Refused Derived Fuels (RDF) as an alternative fuel from municipal solid waste (MSW) is still requ... more Refused Derived Fuels (RDF) as an alternative fuel from municipal solid waste (MSW) is still required by the cement industry. Besides it has a high calorific value, RDF has a more economical price than coal. RDF production is also able to solve the problem of MSW and reduce CO2 emissions. One of the cement industries in Indonesia has developed various alternative energy materials to reduce the use of coal, including rice husk, coconut fiber, and energy from MSW, which is processed into RDF. The purpose of this study is to investigate the RDF quality standard that is in accordance with the needs of the cement industry and evaluate the RDF production process. Quality Function Development (QFD) method is used to determine the parameters of RDF quality standards that are suitable for the cement industry. The results of the QFD analysis show that there are six main characteristics in the RDF quality standard based on importance response, including RDF 3–5 cm, particulate 80 mg/Nm3, humidity level ≤ 20%, mercury 5 mg/Nm3, calorific value ≥ 2500 kcal/kg and low ash content. While the evaluation of the production process shows the number of RDF rejects quite high. The priority of process improvement with root cause analysis shows that it is necessary to conduct pre-production treatment of RDF on MSW material by drying, reduce impurities content through the screening process, and ensure the design of blades on the shredder in order to achieve the targeted size. The contribution of this research is for the development of alternative fuels RDF in the cement industry, especially in determining quality standards and procedures for optimal RDF results.
2018 International Conference and Utility Exhibition on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE), 2018
Most fishermen in Gresik, East Java, Indonesia used open air bamboo wicker as a conventional sola... more Most fishermen in Gresik, East Java, Indonesia used open air bamboo wicker as a conventional solar fish dryer. However, the dryer has weakness such as need long time to dry and cleanliness issue. The condition raises the idea of designing and manufacturing solar cabinet dryer to improve efficiency and overcome the weaknesses in a conventional fish dryer. The solar cabinet dryer contains 3 kg fish and designed in 3 shelf collectors which are equipped with mirror to maximize solar radiation. The fish dried to below 40% of moisture content based on Indonesian National Standard. Dryer performance is measured from drying rate and efficiency. It found that the drying rate per hour was 18.93%, 20.81%, 20.92% mass/hour for 30°, 45° and 60° mirror angle respectively. Highest efficiency performance of solar cabinet dryer was 34.94%. In cleanliness issue showed a decrease of 25.1 × 106 bacteria colonies/gr on conventional drying to 19.5×106 bacteria colonies/gr on designed solar fish dryer.
2018 International Conference and Utility Exhibition on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE), 2018
To decrease the amount of solid waste in Gresik city, a solid waste processing machine was instal... more To decrease the amount of solid waste in Gresik city, a solid waste processing machine was installed in final disposal sites. One of the machine products, Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), a kind of biomass that can be used as coal substitute in cement plants. This program will be implemented successfully if RDF is produced continually and also has lower moisture. The initial design of the machine yielded 3.3 tonnes of RDF per hour with 10% moisture content and caloric value more than 4800 kcal/ kg. Nonetheless, for subsequent process, the machine could produce only 3 tonnes of RDF per day with a significant increase of moisture content (around 30%) and caloric value less than 4800 kcal/ kg. This problem might appear due to the existence of impurity (sand, gravel) in RDF and waste in the wet condition. According to this issue, an alternative technology that could be applied to fix the problems is hydrothermal technology. To execute this idea, a feasibility study should be assessed, especially related to the financial aspect. The assessment would be analyzed by using calculation how much opportunity cost generated from substitution of coal with RDF, Net Present Value (NPV), Payback Period (PBP), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) against Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). The financial analysis shows that a renewal waste treatment system with hydrothermal technology could improve RDF production capacity and maximize the profit.
Proyek pembaharuan unit pengolahan sampah kota Gresik perlu dilakukan untuk menjaga keberlanjutan... more Proyek pembaharuan unit pengolahan sampah kota Gresik perlu dilakukan untuk menjaga keberlanjutan pengolahan sampah kota menjadi bahan bakar alternatif pengganti semen, Refused Derived Fuels (RDF). Beberapa permasalahan yang ditemukan dalam sistem pengolahan sampah saat ini, diantaranya produksi RDF hanya mencapai 1% dari target, kadar air melebihi standar, dan kalori yang kurang dari standar. Terdapat alternatif pembaharuan yakni dengan teknologi hydrothermal . Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan analisa manfaat dan biaya yang timbul akibat adanya proyek pembaharuan tersebut, sehingga dapat diketahui kelayakan investasinya. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode perbandingan manfaat dan biaya, Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR). Metode ini digunakan untuk menaksir kemanfaatan proyek, dan membandingkan dengan biaya yang timbul selama masa investasi proyek., yaitu selama 20 tahun umur mesin pengolah sampah hydrothermal dan tingkat suku bunga 12%. Dari hasil analisa diperoleh nilai manfaat total senila...
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
Refused Derived Fuels (RDF) alternative energy materials from municipal waste are alternative mat... more Refused Derived Fuels (RDF) alternative energy materials from municipal waste are alternative materials needed by the cement industry to substitute coal. Apart from the fact that RDF products have high heat, RDF prices are more economical than coal. RDF production is also able to solve municipal solid waste (MSW) problems and reduce CO2 emissions. In Indonesia statute no. 18, 2008, concerning waste management, it has regulated a tipping fee or compensation from the government to process costs per ton of waste. However, not many governments in cities in Indonesia have determined the value of this compensation. The purpose of this study is to simulate a tipping fee policy to support municipal solid waste management as an alternative material for RDF in the cement industry. This research’s case study is municipal solid waste management in Tuban, a cement plant in Tuban. Method stages This research was carried out by making a feasibility study model at the RDF Plant in Tuban. Next, a si...
Cement industry is a fast growing company along with the development of a country. A large amount... more Cement industry is a fast growing company along with the development of a country. A large amount of heat are required to support this company. Mostly, cement industry uses coal as fuel to meet up the daily energy needs. A higher tendency of coal usage causes the cement company sensitive to the rise of fossil fuel price. Whereas, the energy cost component (include the electricity cost) reached 51 percent to a total of production cost. In Indonesia, the total amount of estimated coal reserves is only 7.6 billion tons. As the coal reserves continue to decrease, the coal prices tend to be higher, and further it will influence the industry that use coal as fuels.
Realizing the high operating work of the components, several inspections should be conducted in a... more Realizing the high operating work of the components, several inspections should be conducted in a power plant industry. In PT XYZ as a gas turbine power plant, the inspection consists of Combustion Inspection (CI), Turbine Inspection (TI), and Major Inspection (MI). The period from one inspection to another is about 8000 operating hours. The objective of the research is to identify the relationship between the inspection time which is defined by the manufactures of the power plant and the efficiency itself. Based on the result, major inspection has the biggest impact on the heat rate reduction of a unit. Those major inspection also causes the highest value of performance efficiency in unit B. However, if the inspection combining with some retrofit, the performance efficiency might increase to the highest value.
2018 International Conference and Utility Exhibition on Green Energy for Sustainable Development (ICUE), 2018
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is a potential alternative energy made from municipal solid waste (MSW)... more Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) is a potential alternative energy made from municipal solid waste (MSW). RDF could partially substitute coal in industries that use combustion equipment, for example in cement manufacturing industries. The optimal moisture content for solid fuel is around 10-20%. However, RDF that supplied in one of Indonesian cement industries reached moisture content almost 30%. A solar dryer has been built and tested to reduce the moisture content of RDF. Its parts were a greenhouse type tunnel drying unit with fiber plastic cover and electrical axial fans. In this experiment, the effect of three fan modes on the thermal efficiency were also investigated. The modes were operating one fan, two fans, and without fan. The solar dryer had dimensions of 2 m x 1.5 m x 0.8 m (length x width x height). The mass of RDF was 20 kg. The efficiency was calculated using the measured experimental data, i.e. environment temperature, room temperature, air velocity, solar irradiation, and...
Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 2021
The number of words should not exceed 350. Depok City is one of Indonesia's big cities, which... more The number of words should not exceed 350. Depok City is one of Indonesia's big cities, which is currently focused on processing waste-to-energy. This research was conducted to study and describe waste management in Depok City to become renewable energy. Secondary data from the Depok City local government's inventory was used to determine the generation and composition of municipal solid waste (MSW). The waste's characterization was taken from the material recovery facility of Depok City, located at Jalan Merdeka. The amount of waste generated in Depok City is predicted to reach 681.612 tons/year by 2025. The significant waste composition items were food waste, garden waste, textiles, paper, and plastics. The result shows that the potential heating value for the waste was 35.04 MJ/kg Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) at a temperature range of 30-800 ° C showed only 1.39% leftover food, but mass decline at 30-110 ° C occurred quite slowly due to high air content. The opt...
Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin, 2021
Poor cookstove design can harm the user's health and environment. This research aims to obtai... more Poor cookstove design can harm the user's health and environment. This research aims to obtain an efficient cookstove design, environmentally friendly and operated easily. The cookstove design process using a combination of QFD and TRIZ. QFD able to capture customer needs through a questionnaire and interview. The data collected then processed to build a House of Quality (HoQ), one of the tools in QFD. QFD results in the design parameter of the briquette cookstove, which is incorporated in the concept design. The TRIZ method is utilized to understand the problem that might occur in the concept design and focus on solving the root causes. The next step is a detailed design where the dimensions, combustion chamber capacity, and supporting features are explained. The combination of QFD and TRIZ result in a briquette cookstove concept design which is easy to clean and operate. The combustion system is Top-lit Up-Draft (TLUD). The burning chamber has two air inlets, namely primary an...
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2021
Universitas Internasional Semen Indonesia (UISI) disposes abundant amount of woody waste, such as... more Universitas Internasional Semen Indonesia (UISI) disposes abundant amount of woody waste, such as leaves, twigs, and brunches from the pruning of woody plants. The aim of this research is to convert of this waste into combustible biomass briquettes by varying the particle size and binder ratio. A hydraulic press with 2 tons power and a cylindrical iron mold with diameter of 3.5 cm and height of 3 cm were used for the briquetting process. The physical characteristics of woody waste briquette, such as moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and carbon fix were evaluated using proximate analysis. The caloric value of briquetted fuel was measured by bomb calorimeter. The combustion test was conducted to determine the combustion characteristic of briquettes. The general result shows that the caloric value of developed briquettes was between 3402 and 3630 kcal/kg. The moisture content of briquette ranged from 1.080-1.16 %. Volatile matter was found in the range of 22.2 to 39.4 %. A...
Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin, 2018
To utilize the municipal solid waste (MSW), PT Semen Indonesia has a program to convert waste int... more To utilize the municipal solid waste (MSW), PT Semen Indonesia has a program to convert waste into three useful products. One of the product is named Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). The RDF has claimed that it had a caloric value about 5178 kcal/kg. However, currently, RDF could not be used for the combustion process in the cement kiln since RDF has higher moisture content and lower caloric value. In this research, a solar dryer with greenhouse type is designed to reduce the moisture content. The performance is tested using two variations and compared to the conventional method. The variations are a solar dryer with one fan and with no fan. The general results show that variation with one fan has the highest drying rate among all. There is a significant reduction of moisture content after drying process using a solar dryer. The moisture content could be reduced to 16.25 % and 17 % using one fan and no fan, respectively. Furthermore, variation with 1 fan has higher solar dryer efficiency than that of one fan.
… DI INDONESIA: Sebuah Pendekatan Model Dinamik, 2010
Energi terutama dalam bentuk listrik sangat dibutuhkan untuk menunjang kegiatan pembangunan dan m... more Energi terutama dalam bentuk listrik sangat dibutuhkan untuk menunjang kegiatan pembangunan dan meningkatkan taraf kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat di tiap negara. Dalam rangka mendukung kebijakan Pemerintah mengenai pengembangan energi, khususnya kebijakan Pemerintah di sektor ketenagalistrikan maka sangat diperlukan kebijakan pemanfaatan renewable energy untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi nasional dan mengurangi konsumsi minyak bumi dari total konsumsi energi di Indonesia. Dengan jumlah penduduk sebanyak 238 juta jiwa (BPS, 2008), Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara penyumbang emisi CO2 terbesar yaitu sejumlah 2.1 giga ton dari CO2 pada 2005 (Kementrian LH,2008). Sedangkan menurut pengunaan energi primer ketergantungan pada bahan bakar fosil yang tidak terbarukan masih sangat tinggi, dilihat dari proporsi fosil pada pembangkitan sebesar 88% (RUPTL, 2011). Dengan konsep green economy, yang mentargetkan keuntungan ekonomi tinggi namun meminimalkan dampak lingkungan, transisi energi men...
Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin
Poor cookstove design can harm the user's health and environment. This research aims to obtai... more Poor cookstove design can harm the user's health and environment. This research aims to obtain an efficient cookstove design, environmentally friendly and operated easily. The cookstove design process using a combination of QFD and TRIZ. QFD able to capture customer needs through a questionnaire and interview. The data collected then processed to build a House of Quality (HoQ), one of the tools in QFD. QFD results in the design parameter of the briquette cookstove, which is incorporated in the concept design. The TRIZ method is utilized to understand the problem that might occur in the concept design and focus on solving the root causes. The next step is a detailed design where the dimensions, combustion chamber capacity, and supporting features are explained. The combination of QFD and TRIZ result in a briquette cookstove concept design which is easy to clean and operate. The combustion system is Top-lit Up-Draft (TLUD). The burning chamber has two air inlets, namely primary an...
E3S Web of Conferences
The current research aimed to increase the calorific value of woody cutting waste briquette with ... more The current research aimed to increase the calorific value of woody cutting waste briquette with paper waste pulp as binder. There were three different binder variation used in this study, they are 5 %, 10 %, and 15 %. To create a briquette, a cylindrical iron mold with diameter of 3.5 cm and height of 3 cm and a hydraulic press with 2 t power were applied. The physical characteristics of the combination woody waste briquette and paper waste pulp, such as moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and carbon fix were examined using proximate analysis. The calorific value of briquetted fuel was tested by bomb calorimeter. The combustion test was performed to determine the combustion characteristic of briquettes, for example initial ignition time, temperature distribution, and combustion process duration. The general result shows that the calorific value of briquette stood in the range of 4 876 kCal kg–1 to 4 993 kCal kg–1. The maximum moisture content of briquette was 5.32 %. The...
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Papers by Kuntum Khoiro Ummatin