La falta de accidentesgeográficosfácilmente reconociblesen gran partede ella ha dificultado suest... more La falta de accidentesgeográficosfácilmente reconociblesen gran partede ella ha dificultado suestabilidad,y la pazde los pueblosasentados en susproximidades.Durante la segundamitad del siglo XI se trató el problemade fijarla en algunos sectoresde la misma, primero en la vertiente septentrionalde la cuencadel Duero y despuésen la del Tajo. Ni castellanosni leonesesapelaron a situaciones anteriores a la reconquista.Esto indica que buscabane] derechobasándoseen ésta, no en situacionesanterioresa la misma. Hubo escritores de los siglos XI al XIII que hicieron vagasde2 claracioneshablandode algunascomarcas,que nos parecenmal definidas. Tratándosede la vertiente septentrionaldel Duero, podían haber tenido en cuenta el hecho de que durantela edad antigua el río Cea habíamarcadoel límite de las tierras vacceas,localizadasen los «Campi Gotorum’>, respetadoen la época romana para la delimitación de la Galleciay de la Tarraconense. Cierto es que durante la repoblación se crearon nuevos dere...
Flanking transmission in building structures can be estimated using the Intensity technique accor... more Flanking transmission in building structures can be estimated using the Intensity technique according to the method described in the standard EN 15186-2 Annex C. This can also be done by using Vibration measurement technique. In situ conditions, the junctions of a room show different behaviours when compared to those obtained in laboratory. Measurements were performed to compare the results obtained by the pressure measurement procedure according to EN 140-4 and the prediction results obtained by the methods described in the standard EN 12354-1. Also the Intensity measurement technique was used to evaluate the contribution of each wall and flanking paths, which were compared with the results obtained by the Vibration measurements procedure. The main issue is to use the prediction models previously referred for validation to the particular Spanish buildings 1 Introduction In building acoustics the contribution of flanking transmission in the sound reduction index has won new interest...
The present study deals with a right-handed female polyglot su¡ering from a Foreign Accent Syndro... more The present study deals with a right-handed female polyglot su¡ering from a Foreign Accent Syndrome (FAS) which a¡ects her native language (L1), but not her other languages learnt since the age of12. She had a small infarct in the left corona radiata as the result of a carotid occlusion. Her L1was Spanish, but she also had a good command of French, English and Catalan (L2). Aphasia tests did not reveal any other signi¢cant alteration in any language. Analyses of pre-morbid and post-morbid voice recordings revealed that FAS a¡ected Spanish dramatically, but no important changes were observed for French. Results were interpreted as showing that di¡erent brain areas control articulation of L1 and L2 learnt after a critical period. NeuroReport 15:2267^2270
Some words immediately and automatically remind us of odours, smells and scents, whereas other la... more Some words immediately and automatically remind us of odours, smells and scents, whereas other language items do not evoke such associations. This study investigated, for the first time, the abstract linking of linguistic and odour information using modern neuroimaging techniques (functional MRI). Subjects passively read odourrelated words (F F F Fgarlic_ _ _ _, F F F Fcinnamon_ _ _ _, F F F Fjasmine_ _ _ _) and neutral language items. The odour-related terms elicited activation in the primary olfactory cortex, which include the piriform cortex and the amygdala. Our results suggest the activation of widely distributed cortical cell assemblies in the processing of olfactory words. These distributed neuron populations extend into language areas but also reach some parts of the olfactory system. These distributed neural systems may be the basis of the processing of language elements, their related conceptual and semantic information and the associated sensory information.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2005
Considerable research on speech intelligibility for cochlear-implant users has been conducted usi... more Considerable research on speech intelligibility for cochlear-implant users has been conducted using acoustic simulations with normal-hearing subjects. However, some relevant topics about perception through cochlear implants remain scantly explored. The present study examined the perception by normal-hearing subjects of gender and identity of a talker as a function of the number of channels in spectrally reduced speech. Two simulation strategies were compared. They were implemented by two different processors that presented signals as either the sum of sine waves at the center of the channels or as the sum of noise bands. In Experiment 1, 15 subjects determined the gender of 40 talkers ͑20 males ϩ 20 females͒ from a natural utterance processed through 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 channels with both processors. In Experiment 2, 56 subjects matched a natural sentence uttered by 10 talkers with the corresponding simulation replicas processed through 3, 4, 8, and 16 channels for each processor. In Experiment 3, 72 subjects performed the same task but different sentences were used for natural and processed stimuli. A control Experiment 4 was conducted to equate the processing steps between the two simulation strategies. Results showed that gender and talker identification was better for the sine-wave processor, and that performance through the noise-band processor was more sensitive to the number of channels. Implications and possible explanations for the superiority of sine-wave simulations are discussed.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2007
Variability in talker identity, one type of indexical variation, has demonstrable effects on the ... more Variability in talker identity, one type of indexical variation, has demonstrable effects on the speed and accuracy of spoken word recognition. Furthermore, neuropsychological evidence suggests that indexical and linguistic information may be represented and processed differently in the 2 cerebral hemispheres, and is consistent with findings from the visual domain. For example, in visual word recognition, changes in font affect processing differently depending on which hemisphere initially processes the input. The present study examined whether hemispheric differences exist in spoken language as well. In 4 long-term repetition-priming experiments, the authors examined responses to stimuli that were primed by stimuli that matched or mismatched in talker identity. The results demonstrate that indexical variability can affect participants' perception of spoken words differently in the 2 hemispheres.
In the visual domain, Marsolek and colleagues have hypothesized the existence of two dissociable ... more In the visual domain, Marsolek and colleagues have hypothesized the existence of two dissociable and parallel neural subsystems involved in word form and object recognition: an abstract-category subsystem that operates more effectively in the left hemisphere (LH) and is less sensitive to the specific surface characteristics of stimuli, and a specific-exemplar subsystem that operates more effectively in the right hemisphere (RH) and is more sensitive to specific stimulus characteristics (Marsolek, 1999, 2003; Marsolek & Burgund, 2008). The strongest support for the two-systems hypothesis comes from studies in which the long-term repetitionpriming paradigm has been used. Priming refers to any facilitation in the processing of a stimulus as a consequence of encoding the same (or a highly related) stimulus in an earlier episode (Bowers, 1999). In this paradigm, participants are presented with a block of stimuli to which they must respond (the study phase). After a short distractor task, the participants are presented with another block of stimuli (the test phase), in which some of the stimuli from the first block are repeated. Typically, performance for repeated stimuli is better than performance for new (i.e., nonrepeated) stimuli. For example, in the lexical decision task, participants are typically faster and more accurate in categorizing letter strings as words when they were studied in an earlier phase of the experiment. However, if the first and second presentations (prime and target, respectively) mismatch on some dimension (e.g., letter case in visual words), the priming effect may be attenuated. This attenuation in priming is referred to as specificity (or a specificity effect). Marsolek and colleagues have reported qualitatively distinct patterns of specificity in the two cerebral hemispheres: weak or no specificity in the LH and relatively more specificity in the RH. Evidence of this hemispheric asymmetry of specificity effects has been obtained in the recognition of familiar objects (
The main purpose of this work is to establish a methodology which uses the advantages of stratifi... more The main purpose of this work is to establish a methodology which uses the advantages of stratified sampling to study noise perception. Taking as a starting point the results of an existing psychosocial survey of a large population sample, the proposed procedure consists in stratifying the original sample into homogeneous groups (clusters or classes) as far as noise perception/annoyance, and then select some representatives within each group. Those representatives will be used for further inquiries relating to noise annoyance perception (i.e. action plans follow up) and may facilitate further data acquisition making it faster and cheaper to acquire without significant precision loss. According to the European Directive 2002/49/EC, action plans for noise perception and noise level conflicts reduction shall be based both on existing noise maps and existing psychosocial surveys. It is in this context that the proposed methodology can be useful, since it will allow action plans follow up and thus evaluate in a fast and cost effective way the impact of action plans on the population. The methodology has been applied to the Málaga psychosocial survey results and the variability of estimates when working with subsamples (representatives from each group) has been studied. It is observed that performing a stratified sampling technique on the clusters optimizes the cost/precision ratio of estimators.
La falta de accidentesgeográficosfácilmente reconociblesen gran partede ella ha dificultado suest... more La falta de accidentesgeográficosfácilmente reconociblesen gran partede ella ha dificultado suestabilidad,y la pazde los pueblosasentados en susproximidades.Durante la segundamitad del siglo XI se trató el problemade fijarla en algunos sectoresde la misma, primero en la vertiente septentrionalde la cuencadel Duero y despuésen la del Tajo. Ni castellanosni leonesesapelaron a situaciones anteriores a la reconquista.Esto indica que buscabane] derechobasándoseen ésta, no en situacionesanterioresa la misma. Hubo escritores de los siglos XI al XIII que hicieron vagasde2 claracioneshablandode algunascomarcas,que nos parecenmal definidas. Tratándosede la vertiente septentrionaldel Duero, podían haber tenido en cuenta el hecho de que durantela edad antigua el río Cea habíamarcadoel límite de las tierras vacceas,localizadasen los «Campi Gotorum’>, respetadoen la época romana para la delimitación de la Galleciay de la Tarraconense. Cierto es que durante la repoblación se crearon nuevos dere...
Flanking transmission in building structures can be estimated using the Intensity technique accor... more Flanking transmission in building structures can be estimated using the Intensity technique according to the method described in the standard EN 15186-2 Annex C. This can also be done by using Vibration measurement technique. In situ conditions, the junctions of a room show different behaviours when compared to those obtained in laboratory. Measurements were performed to compare the results obtained by the pressure measurement procedure according to EN 140-4 and the prediction results obtained by the methods described in the standard EN 12354-1. Also the Intensity measurement technique was used to evaluate the contribution of each wall and flanking paths, which were compared with the results obtained by the Vibration measurements procedure. The main issue is to use the prediction models previously referred for validation to the particular Spanish buildings 1 Introduction In building acoustics the contribution of flanking transmission in the sound reduction index has won new interest...
The present study deals with a right-handed female polyglot su¡ering from a Foreign Accent Syndro... more The present study deals with a right-handed female polyglot su¡ering from a Foreign Accent Syndrome (FAS) which a¡ects her native language (L1), but not her other languages learnt since the age of12. She had a small infarct in the left corona radiata as the result of a carotid occlusion. Her L1was Spanish, but she also had a good command of French, English and Catalan (L2). Aphasia tests did not reveal any other signi¢cant alteration in any language. Analyses of pre-morbid and post-morbid voice recordings revealed that FAS a¡ected Spanish dramatically, but no important changes were observed for French. Results were interpreted as showing that di¡erent brain areas control articulation of L1 and L2 learnt after a critical period. NeuroReport 15:2267^2270
Some words immediately and automatically remind us of odours, smells and scents, whereas other la... more Some words immediately and automatically remind us of odours, smells and scents, whereas other language items do not evoke such associations. This study investigated, for the first time, the abstract linking of linguistic and odour information using modern neuroimaging techniques (functional MRI). Subjects passively read odourrelated words (F F F Fgarlic_ _ _ _, F F F Fcinnamon_ _ _ _, F F F Fjasmine_ _ _ _) and neutral language items. The odour-related terms elicited activation in the primary olfactory cortex, which include the piriform cortex and the amygdala. Our results suggest the activation of widely distributed cortical cell assemblies in the processing of olfactory words. These distributed neuron populations extend into language areas but also reach some parts of the olfactory system. These distributed neural systems may be the basis of the processing of language elements, their related conceptual and semantic information and the associated sensory information.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2005
Considerable research on speech intelligibility for cochlear-implant users has been conducted usi... more Considerable research on speech intelligibility for cochlear-implant users has been conducted using acoustic simulations with normal-hearing subjects. However, some relevant topics about perception through cochlear implants remain scantly explored. The present study examined the perception by normal-hearing subjects of gender and identity of a talker as a function of the number of channels in spectrally reduced speech. Two simulation strategies were compared. They were implemented by two different processors that presented signals as either the sum of sine waves at the center of the channels or as the sum of noise bands. In Experiment 1, 15 subjects determined the gender of 40 talkers ͑20 males ϩ 20 females͒ from a natural utterance processed through 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 channels with both processors. In Experiment 2, 56 subjects matched a natural sentence uttered by 10 talkers with the corresponding simulation replicas processed through 3, 4, 8, and 16 channels for each processor. In Experiment 3, 72 subjects performed the same task but different sentences were used for natural and processed stimuli. A control Experiment 4 was conducted to equate the processing steps between the two simulation strategies. Results showed that gender and talker identification was better for the sine-wave processor, and that performance through the noise-band processor was more sensitive to the number of channels. Implications and possible explanations for the superiority of sine-wave simulations are discussed.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2007
Variability in talker identity, one type of indexical variation, has demonstrable effects on the ... more Variability in talker identity, one type of indexical variation, has demonstrable effects on the speed and accuracy of spoken word recognition. Furthermore, neuropsychological evidence suggests that indexical and linguistic information may be represented and processed differently in the 2 cerebral hemispheres, and is consistent with findings from the visual domain. For example, in visual word recognition, changes in font affect processing differently depending on which hemisphere initially processes the input. The present study examined whether hemispheric differences exist in spoken language as well. In 4 long-term repetition-priming experiments, the authors examined responses to stimuli that were primed by stimuli that matched or mismatched in talker identity. The results demonstrate that indexical variability can affect participants' perception of spoken words differently in the 2 hemispheres.
In the visual domain, Marsolek and colleagues have hypothesized the existence of two dissociable ... more In the visual domain, Marsolek and colleagues have hypothesized the existence of two dissociable and parallel neural subsystems involved in word form and object recognition: an abstract-category subsystem that operates more effectively in the left hemisphere (LH) and is less sensitive to the specific surface characteristics of stimuli, and a specific-exemplar subsystem that operates more effectively in the right hemisphere (RH) and is more sensitive to specific stimulus characteristics (Marsolek, 1999, 2003; Marsolek & Burgund, 2008). The strongest support for the two-systems hypothesis comes from studies in which the long-term repetitionpriming paradigm has been used. Priming refers to any facilitation in the processing of a stimulus as a consequence of encoding the same (or a highly related) stimulus in an earlier episode (Bowers, 1999). In this paradigm, participants are presented with a block of stimuli to which they must respond (the study phase). After a short distractor task, the participants are presented with another block of stimuli (the test phase), in which some of the stimuli from the first block are repeated. Typically, performance for repeated stimuli is better than performance for new (i.e., nonrepeated) stimuli. For example, in the lexical decision task, participants are typically faster and more accurate in categorizing letter strings as words when they were studied in an earlier phase of the experiment. However, if the first and second presentations (prime and target, respectively) mismatch on some dimension (e.g., letter case in visual words), the priming effect may be attenuated. This attenuation in priming is referred to as specificity (or a specificity effect). Marsolek and colleagues have reported qualitatively distinct patterns of specificity in the two cerebral hemispheres: weak or no specificity in the LH and relatively more specificity in the RH. Evidence of this hemispheric asymmetry of specificity effects has been obtained in the recognition of familiar objects (
The main purpose of this work is to establish a methodology which uses the advantages of stratifi... more The main purpose of this work is to establish a methodology which uses the advantages of stratified sampling to study noise perception. Taking as a starting point the results of an existing psychosocial survey of a large population sample, the proposed procedure consists in stratifying the original sample into homogeneous groups (clusters or classes) as far as noise perception/annoyance, and then select some representatives within each group. Those representatives will be used for further inquiries relating to noise annoyance perception (i.e. action plans follow up) and may facilitate further data acquisition making it faster and cheaper to acquire without significant precision loss. According to the European Directive 2002/49/EC, action plans for noise perception and noise level conflicts reduction shall be based both on existing noise maps and existing psychosocial surveys. It is in this context that the proposed methodology can be useful, since it will allow action plans follow up and thus evaluate in a fast and cost effective way the impact of action plans on the population. The methodology has been applied to the Málaga psychosocial survey results and the variability of estimates when working with subsamples (representatives from each group) has been studied. It is observed that performing a stratified sampling technique on the clusters optimizes the cost/precision ratio of estimators.
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Papers by Julio González