0 he subject of anatomy and physiology can be a rather dry and uninspiring topic. It is full of u... more 0 he subject of anatomy and physiology can be a rather dry and uninspiring topic. It is full of unfamiliar names and complicated systems, and is often the most dreaded part of the Level 2 examinations. However, whilst working in practice it is easy to apply the theories of anatomy and physiology to cases seen. We are surrounded by functioning anatomy and physiology, and it just requires a change in viewpoint to identify all the structures and processes that can be so overwhelming when learnt in a classroom. This article looks at two different cases one involving normal, healthy animals; the other based on a disease process. Each aims to identify structure and function, demonstrating normal features and explaining why specific clinical signs are seen when these systems go wrong.
Neurological examinations are often perceived to be complex and involved, yet nurses will use var... more Neurological examinations are often perceived to be complex and involved, yet nurses will use various elements of these procedures every time they assess a patient in their care—is the dog bright and happy? is the cat walking well? This article describes the techniques used in evaluating neurological patients and discusses how they may be put into practice within the general surgery situation
Cats differ from dogs in many ways—both physiologically and psychologically. This article highlig... more Cats differ from dogs in many ways—both physiologically and psychologically. This article highlights some areas where nursing care can be focused, in order to make hospitalisation a less traumatic experience for the feline patient
There are a number of correlations between the pathophysiology and behavioral expression of early... more There are a number of correlations between the pathophysiology and behavioral expression of early Alzheimer disease in humans and age-related cognitive dysfunction in dogs and cats. Changes in social interaction and the reduced ability to cope with everyday situations are difficulties experienced in human, canine, and feline age-related cognitive decline. Anxiety, distress, and confusion commonly precede diagnosis. Information obtained from family members, carers, or owners may be key to identifying early behavioral markers and allowing early management or treatment. Environment may predispose to or protect from cognitive decline over time. Neuroinflammation associated with air pollution or excessive noise can lead to oxidative damage within the cerebrum and development of b-amyloid plaques. Targeted programs promoting mental exercise may be used to delay progression once clinical signs have been presented. Pharmacological interventions in humans have focused mainly on augmenting neuronal efficacy by using agents to increase the chemical communication, whereas in veterinary medicine cerebral vasodilators are commonly used. Preclinical and mildly impaired patients have limited options in human medicine, whereas there is a trend in veterinary medicine to offer targeted nutritional supplements that include antioxidants, L-carnitine, or omega-3 fatty acids. Comparing treatment options in species provides opportunities to identify new methods of controlling age-related cognitive decline.
0 he subject of anatomy and physiology can be a rather dry and uninspiring topic. It is full of u... more 0 he subject of anatomy and physiology can be a rather dry and uninspiring topic. It is full of unfamiliar names and complicated systems, and is often the most dreaded part of the Level 2 examinations. However, whilst working in practice it is easy to apply the theories of anatomy and physiology to cases seen. We are surrounded by functioning anatomy and physiology, and it just requires a change in viewpoint to identify all the structures and processes that can be so overwhelming when learnt in a classroom. This article looks at two different cases one involving normal, healthy animals; the other based on a disease process. Each aims to identify structure and function, demonstrating normal features and explaining why specific clinical signs are seen when these systems go wrong.
Neurological examinations are often perceived to be complex and involved, yet nurses will use var... more Neurological examinations are often perceived to be complex and involved, yet nurses will use various elements of these procedures every time they assess a patient in their care—is the dog bright and happy? is the cat walking well? This article describes the techniques used in evaluating neurological patients and discusses how they may be put into practice within the general surgery situation
Cats differ from dogs in many ways—both physiologically and psychologically. This article highlig... more Cats differ from dogs in many ways—both physiologically and psychologically. This article highlights some areas where nursing care can be focused, in order to make hospitalisation a less traumatic experience for the feline patient
There are a number of correlations between the pathophysiology and behavioral expression of early... more There are a number of correlations between the pathophysiology and behavioral expression of early Alzheimer disease in humans and age-related cognitive dysfunction in dogs and cats. Changes in social interaction and the reduced ability to cope with everyday situations are difficulties experienced in human, canine, and feline age-related cognitive decline. Anxiety, distress, and confusion commonly precede diagnosis. Information obtained from family members, carers, or owners may be key to identifying early behavioral markers and allowing early management or treatment. Environment may predispose to or protect from cognitive decline over time. Neuroinflammation associated with air pollution or excessive noise can lead to oxidative damage within the cerebrum and development of b-amyloid plaques. Targeted programs promoting mental exercise may be used to delay progression once clinical signs have been presented. Pharmacological interventions in humans have focused mainly on augmenting neuronal efficacy by using agents to increase the chemical communication, whereas in veterinary medicine cerebral vasodilators are commonly used. Preclinical and mildly impaired patients have limited options in human medicine, whereas there is a trend in veterinary medicine to offer targeted nutritional supplements that include antioxidants, L-carnitine, or omega-3 fatty acids. Comparing treatment options in species provides opportunities to identify new methods of controlling age-related cognitive decline.
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