Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association, May 15, 2001
A 7-month-old female llama was examined because of chronic otitis media and externa of 7 months&a... more A 7-month-old female llama was examined because of chronic otitis media and externa of 7 months' duration. Radiographically, the tympanic bullae appeared thicker than normal, and the ventral borders were poorly defined; the left external acoustic meatus (ear canal) appeared to be narrower than the right. The llama was treated with penicillin, and the ear canals were lavaged daily. Contrast radiography was performed on day 15 to determine the shape and size of the ear canals and evaluate the integrity of the tympanic membranes. Contrast medium was visible radiographically in the left tympanic bulla, indicating that the left tympanic membrane was ruptured, but the right tympanic membrane appeared to be intact. The left ear canal was narrower than the right, and the bony ear canals had a well-defined sigmoid shape. The right ear improved with medial treatment alone, but the left ear did not. Therefore, lateral ear canal resection was performed. After surgery, however, exudate was still evident in the left ear canal, and the llama became more lethargic and more reluctant to eat. Lateral bulla osteotomy was attempted, but no purulent material was obtained, and curettage of the bulla resulted in hemorrhage. Because of this and because of the llama's poor physical condition, a decision was made to euthanatize the llama. The sigmoid shape of the bony ear canal and the multicompartmental nature of the tympanic bulla make surgical treatment of otitis media and externa in llamas difficult. Further study of surgical treatments for otitis media in llamas is needed.
• Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our ... more • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools-try the "Research Dashboard" now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department tollfree at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to
The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the occurrence of joint-related compli... more The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the occurrence of joint-related complications after elective arthroscopy of the tibiotarsal joint (TTJ) in 329 horses, and the association with specific clinical parameters. Data were collected from medical records of horses undergoing elective tibiotarsal joint arthroscopy for fragment removal. Exact conditional univariate regression was used to determine significant risk factors for joint-related post-operative complications. Of 485 joints, 2 (0.4%) developed surgical site infection, 4 (0.8%) developed septic arthritis, 1 (0.2%) developed synovial fistula. There was a significantly increased odds of having septic arthritis as height and length of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT) lesion increased. The median height and length of the DIRT fragments in affected cases was 13.5 mm and 18.0 mm, respectively. For each unit (1 mm) increase in height, there was a 42% increase in the risk of septic arthritis occurrence (P = 0.0042), and a 15% increase for each unit increase in length (P = 0.035). Horses were significantly less likely to develop septic arthritis when suture smaller than USP 0 was used. Horses with larger osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the DIRT region have an increased risk of developing septic arthritis following fragment removal.
SummaryCutaneous haeangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms that arise from endothelial cells of b... more SummaryCutaneous haeangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms that arise from endothelial cells of blood vessels. Haemangiomas account for 0.6%–4% of all equine cutaneous neoplasms and the fetlock is the most commonly affected site. We describe the use of computed tomography angiography (CTA) for the evaluation of a cutaneous haemangioma located on the plantarolateral aspect of the left hindlimb fetlock of a 9‐month‐old Standardbred colt. Computed tomography angiography of the affected fetlock was performed under general anaesthesia. The medial plantar artery was catheterised and a total volume of 50 ml of iodinated non‐ionic contrast medium (Iopamidol, 300 mg I/ml, Bracco Imaging Canada) was injected at a rate of 2 ml/s. Following contrast medium administration, the dorsal metatarsal artery and branches including the lateral and medial digital arteries were well demarcated. Two smaller lateral and medial arteries were also identified, forming the vascular network of the metatarsophalangeal joint. At the level of the haemangioma, two tortuous arteries arising from the lateral digital artery were identified, in addition to multiple small branches from nearby cutaneous arteries. These vessels supplied the homogeneously strongly contrast‐enhancing cutaneous mass. The initial goal of the CTA study was to map the vascular anatomy for arterial embolisation in conjunction with pharmacological therapy. Considering the involvement of multiple small arterial branches, complete surgical excision along with ligation of the two main supplying arteries was alternatively elected, resulting in a successful long‐term outcome.
Septic synovitis is a potentially debilitating and life-threatening disorder in horses. We hypoth... more Septic synovitis is a potentially debilitating and life-threatening disorder in horses. We hypothesized that a universal bacterial real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay would have improved sensitivity and decreased turn-around time for detection of bacteria in synovial fluid (SF) samples. Forty-eight SF samples were collected from 36 horses that presented to two referral institutions with suspected septic synovitis. Universal RT-PCR, bacterial culture and SF analysis were performed on all samples, and an interpretation on the sample being septic or not was derived by three board certified specialists from the history, clinical assessment and SF characteristics. RT-PCR results were compared to a composite standard comprised of positive culture and interpretation by all three specialists of samples as "septic". For 41 of 48 samples (85%), culture and RT-PCR results were concordant. Compared to the composite standard, 83% of samples were correctly classified by RT-PCR (turn-around time of approximately 4 hours). Relative sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR were 87% and 72% respectively, and 56% and 86% for culture. Hence, universal RT-PCR was a rapid and highly sensitive test, which may accelerate diagnosis and improve outcome for horses with septic synovitis.
American Journal of Veterinary Research, Feb 1, 2013
Objective-To compare the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on expression of fibr... more Objective-To compare the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on expression of fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF-7), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) in skin with surgically created skin wounds and intact skin in horses. Animals-14 healthy horses. Procedure-8 horses were treated with ESWT at 6 locations along the neck at 36, 24, 12, 6, 2, or 1 hour prior to collection of full-thickness biopsy specimens from each location; a control specimen was collected from a sham-treated location. In 6 horses, 5 full-thickness wounds were created in each forelimb. Wounds in 1 forelimb/horse received ESWT immediately after creation and subsequently on days 7, 14, and 21; wounds in the contralateral forelimb remained untreated. Biopsy specimens were collected from 1 wound on each forelimb on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Expression levels of FGF-7, TGF-β1, IGF-1, PDGF, and VEGF were assessed in tissue samples from the horses' necks and forelimbs. Results-In surgically created wounds, ESWT treatment was associated with reduced TGF-β1 expression, compared with expression in control wounds, during the entire study period. At 28 days following wound creation, IGF-1 expression was significantly increased for treated and untreated wounds, compared with findings on days 7, 14, 21, and 35. There was no significant effect of treatment on FGF-7, TGF-β1, IGF-1, PDGF, or VEGF expression in intact skin. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Intervention with ESWT to suppress TGF-β1 may decrease granulation tissue production, resulting in improved wound healing on the distal portion of horses' limbs. (
SummaryComplications with castrations occur commonly and are usually not life‐threatening, with t... more SummaryComplications with castrations occur commonly and are usually not life‐threatening, with the exception of evisceration or haemorrhage, which are uncommon. Primary closure castration (closing deeper tissue layers and skin) or use of a transfixation ligature alone to prevent evisceration has been recommended. The goal of this study was to investigate the use of a closed technique with multifilament suture for transfixation of the spermatic cord alone in field castrations. The results of this study support our hypothesis that a closed castration technique with a multifilament, transfixing ligature (No. 2 polyglactin 910) did not result in additional post‐operative complications when compared with a closed castration technique without ligature placement or a primary closure castration technique in a hospital setting.
A cicatrizacao de feridas distais dos membros dos cavalos e considerada complicada e associada co... more A cicatrizacao de feridas distais dos membros dos cavalos e considerada complicada e associada com a producao de tecido de granulacao exuberante, o qual e associado a expressao reduzida, porem, prolongada de mediadores inflamatorios e fatores de crescimento como o fator de crescimento Beta (TGF-β1). A terapia por ondas de choque extracorporeas (TOCE) foi estudada em diversas especies, sendo demonstrado que as ondas de choque podem melhorar a cicatrizacao tecidual por alterar a expressao de diversos fatores de crescimento e citocinas. Alguns estudos registraram os efeitos beneficos da TOCE na cicatrizacao de feridas distais dos membros dos cavalos, porem, nao houve constatacao da expressao dos fatores inflamatorios relacionados a esse efeito clinico.
Recently, equine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have received significant attention ... more Recently, equine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have received significant attention as therapy for various conditions due to their proposed regenerative and immune-modulating capacity. MSC are commonly administered to the patient through a hypodermic needle. Currently, little information is available on the effect of such injection has on equine MSC immediate and delayed viability. We hypothesize that viability of equine MSC is not correlated with needle diameter during aspiration and injection. Using a 3 mL syringe, manual injection of equine cord blood (CB) or bone marrow-derived (BM) MSC with no needle and needles ranging in size from 18 to 30 Ga did not affect immediate MSC viability. Similarly, 24 h post-injection, MSC delayed viability was not different between any of the tested needles as determined by a resazurin-based proliferation assay. Using a 3 mL syringe, aspiration of MSC through 20, 25, and 30 Ga needles resulted in significant decreases in immediate via...
Improvement has been reported following intra-articular (i.a.) injection of mesenchymal stromal c... more Improvement has been reported following intra-articular (i.a.) injection of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in several species. These observations have led to the use of i.a. MSCs in equine practice with little understanding of the mechanisms by which perceived improvement occurs. To evaluate the effect of i.a. allogeneic umbilical cord blood (CB-) derived MSCs using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced synovitis model. We hypothesised that i.a. CB-MSCs would reduce the inflammatory response associated with LPS injection. Randomised, blinded experimental study. Feasibility studies evaluated i.a. LPS or CB-MSCs alone into the tarsocrural joint. In the principal study, middle carpal joint synovitis was induced bilaterally with LPS and then CB-MSCs were injected into one middle carpal joint. Lameness, routine synovial fluid analysis, and synovial fluid biomarkers were evaluated at 0, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h. LPS injection alone resulted in transient lameness and signs of inflammation. In joi...
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Observations A 26-year-old male white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), weighing approximately 20... more Observations A 26-year-old male white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), weighing approximately 2000 kg was anesthetized for an exploratory celiotomy. Sedation was achieved with intramuscular butorphanol (0.04 mg kg)1) and detomidine (0.025 mg kg)1) and induction of anesthesia with intravenous glyceryl guaiacolate (50 g) and three intravenous boluses of ketamine (200 mg, each); the trachea was then intubated and anesthesia maintained with isoflurane in oxygen using a circle breathing system. Positioning in dorsal recumbency for the surgery and later in sternal recumbency for the recovery represented challenges that added to the prolonged anesthesia time and surgical approach to partially correct an impaction. The rhinoceros recovered uneventfully after 10.4 hours of recumbency. Conclusions Anesthetic management for an exploratory celiotomy with a midline approach is possible in rhinoceroses, although planning and extensive staff support is necessary to adequately position the patient.
The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 2022
The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the occurrence of joint-related compli... more The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the occurrence of joint-related complications after elective arthroscopy of the tibiotarsal joint (TTJ) in 329 horses, and the association with specific clinical parameters. Data were collected from medical records of horses undergoing elective tibiotarsal joint arthroscopy for fragment removal. Exact conditional univariate regression was used to determine significant risk factors for joint-related post-operative complications. Of 485 joints, 2 (0.4%) developed surgical site infection, 4 (0.8%) developed septic arthritis, 1 (0.2%) developed synovial fistula. There was a significantly increased odds of having septic arthritis as height and length of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT) lesion increased. The median height and length of the DIRT fragments in affected cases was 13.5 mm and 18.0 mm, respectively. For each unit (1 mm) increase in height, there was a 42% increase in the risk of septic arthritis occurre...
During exploratory laparotomy of a foal with colic, a congenital abnormally developed large colon... more During exploratory laparotomy of a foal with colic, a congenital abnormally developed large colon was identified incidentally. Long-term follow-up showed that the colt was more prone to gas-colic with diet and exercise changes than were other horses, due possibly to the short colon.
The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 2006
Colic is a common problem encountered in equine practice. Alteration of gastrointestinal motility... more Colic is a common problem encountered in equine practice. Alteration of gastrointestinal motility is often the underlying cause for abdominal pain. Gastrointestinal motility can be measured as myoelectric activity, mechanical activity, and transit of intraluminal contents. Regulation of motility is based on a complex interaction between central innervation, autonomic innervation, and the enteric nervous system. Various humoral and neurochemical substances are required to interact flawlessly to allow propulsive motility. Ileus is defined as the absence of propulsive aboral movement of gastrointestinal contents, irrespective of its pathophysiology. Potential etiologies for ileus are described in this review. The prokinetic drugs available for clinical use are discussed. Choosing the appropriate prokinetic drug requires knowledge about the complex nature of gastrointestinal motility and its abnormalities.
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire, 2003
The objective of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the accuracy of pulse oximetry a... more The objective of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the accuracy of pulse oximetry and capnography in healthy and compromised horses during general anesthesia with spontaneous and controlled ventilation. Horses anesthetized in a dorsal recumbency position for arthroscopy (n = 20) or colic surgery (n = 16) were instrumented with an earlobe probe from the pulse oximeter positioned on the tip of the tongue and a sample line inserted at the Y-piece for capnography. The horses were allowed to breathe spontaneously (SV) for the first 20 min after induction, and thereafter ventilation was controlled (IPPV). Arterial blood, for blood gas analysis, was drawn 20 min after induction and 20 min after IPPV was started. Relationships between oxygen saturation as determined by pulse oximetry (SpO2), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2), and end tidal carbon dioxide (P(et)CO2), several physiological variables, and the accuracy of pulse oxi...
Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association, May 15, 2001
A 7-month-old female llama was examined because of chronic otitis media and externa of 7 months&a... more A 7-month-old female llama was examined because of chronic otitis media and externa of 7 months' duration. Radiographically, the tympanic bullae appeared thicker than normal, and the ventral borders were poorly defined; the left external acoustic meatus (ear canal) appeared to be narrower than the right. The llama was treated with penicillin, and the ear canals were lavaged daily. Contrast radiography was performed on day 15 to determine the shape and size of the ear canals and evaluate the integrity of the tympanic membranes. Contrast medium was visible radiographically in the left tympanic bulla, indicating that the left tympanic membrane was ruptured, but the right tympanic membrane appeared to be intact. The left ear canal was narrower than the right, and the bony ear canals had a well-defined sigmoid shape. The right ear improved with medial treatment alone, but the left ear did not. Therefore, lateral ear canal resection was performed. After surgery, however, exudate was still evident in the left ear canal, and the llama became more lethargic and more reluctant to eat. Lateral bulla osteotomy was attempted, but no purulent material was obtained, and curettage of the bulla resulted in hemorrhage. Because of this and because of the llama's poor physical condition, a decision was made to euthanatize the llama. The sigmoid shape of the bony ear canal and the multicompartmental nature of the tympanic bulla make surgical treatment of otitis media and externa in llamas difficult. Further study of surgical treatments for otitis media in llamas is needed.
• Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our ... more • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools-try the "Research Dashboard" now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. If you have comments, questions or just want more information about the books published by the National Academies Press, you may contact our customer service department tollfree at 888-624-8373, visit us online, or send an email to
The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the occurrence of joint-related compli... more The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the occurrence of joint-related complications after elective arthroscopy of the tibiotarsal joint (TTJ) in 329 horses, and the association with specific clinical parameters. Data were collected from medical records of horses undergoing elective tibiotarsal joint arthroscopy for fragment removal. Exact conditional univariate regression was used to determine significant risk factors for joint-related post-operative complications. Of 485 joints, 2 (0.4%) developed surgical site infection, 4 (0.8%) developed septic arthritis, 1 (0.2%) developed synovial fistula. There was a significantly increased odds of having septic arthritis as height and length of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT) lesion increased. The median height and length of the DIRT fragments in affected cases was 13.5 mm and 18.0 mm, respectively. For each unit (1 mm) increase in height, there was a 42% increase in the risk of septic arthritis occurrence (P = 0.0042), and a 15% increase for each unit increase in length (P = 0.035). Horses were significantly less likely to develop septic arthritis when suture smaller than USP 0 was used. Horses with larger osteochondritis dissecans lesions of the DIRT region have an increased risk of developing septic arthritis following fragment removal.
SummaryCutaneous haeangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms that arise from endothelial cells of b... more SummaryCutaneous haeangiomas are benign vascular neoplasms that arise from endothelial cells of blood vessels. Haemangiomas account for 0.6%–4% of all equine cutaneous neoplasms and the fetlock is the most commonly affected site. We describe the use of computed tomography angiography (CTA) for the evaluation of a cutaneous haemangioma located on the plantarolateral aspect of the left hindlimb fetlock of a 9‐month‐old Standardbred colt. Computed tomography angiography of the affected fetlock was performed under general anaesthesia. The medial plantar artery was catheterised and a total volume of 50 ml of iodinated non‐ionic contrast medium (Iopamidol, 300 mg I/ml, Bracco Imaging Canada) was injected at a rate of 2 ml/s. Following contrast medium administration, the dorsal metatarsal artery and branches including the lateral and medial digital arteries were well demarcated. Two smaller lateral and medial arteries were also identified, forming the vascular network of the metatarsophalangeal joint. At the level of the haemangioma, two tortuous arteries arising from the lateral digital artery were identified, in addition to multiple small branches from nearby cutaneous arteries. These vessels supplied the homogeneously strongly contrast‐enhancing cutaneous mass. The initial goal of the CTA study was to map the vascular anatomy for arterial embolisation in conjunction with pharmacological therapy. Considering the involvement of multiple small arterial branches, complete surgical excision along with ligation of the two main supplying arteries was alternatively elected, resulting in a successful long‐term outcome.
Septic synovitis is a potentially debilitating and life-threatening disorder in horses. We hypoth... more Septic synovitis is a potentially debilitating and life-threatening disorder in horses. We hypothesized that a universal bacterial real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay would have improved sensitivity and decreased turn-around time for detection of bacteria in synovial fluid (SF) samples. Forty-eight SF samples were collected from 36 horses that presented to two referral institutions with suspected septic synovitis. Universal RT-PCR, bacterial culture and SF analysis were performed on all samples, and an interpretation on the sample being septic or not was derived by three board certified specialists from the history, clinical assessment and SF characteristics. RT-PCR results were compared to a composite standard comprised of positive culture and interpretation by all three specialists of samples as "septic". For 41 of 48 samples (85%), culture and RT-PCR results were concordant. Compared to the composite standard, 83% of samples were correctly classified by RT-PCR (turn-around time of approximately 4 hours). Relative sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR were 87% and 72% respectively, and 56% and 86% for culture. Hence, universal RT-PCR was a rapid and highly sensitive test, which may accelerate diagnosis and improve outcome for horses with septic synovitis.
American Journal of Veterinary Research, Feb 1, 2013
Objective-To compare the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on expression of fibr... more Objective-To compare the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on expression of fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF-7), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), platelet-derived growth factor-A (PDGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) in skin with surgically created skin wounds and intact skin in horses. Animals-14 healthy horses. Procedure-8 horses were treated with ESWT at 6 locations along the neck at 36, 24, 12, 6, 2, or 1 hour prior to collection of full-thickness biopsy specimens from each location; a control specimen was collected from a sham-treated location. In 6 horses, 5 full-thickness wounds were created in each forelimb. Wounds in 1 forelimb/horse received ESWT immediately after creation and subsequently on days 7, 14, and 21; wounds in the contralateral forelimb remained untreated. Biopsy specimens were collected from 1 wound on each forelimb on days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Expression levels of FGF-7, TGF-β1, IGF-1, PDGF, and VEGF were assessed in tissue samples from the horses' necks and forelimbs. Results-In surgically created wounds, ESWT treatment was associated with reduced TGF-β1 expression, compared with expression in control wounds, during the entire study period. At 28 days following wound creation, IGF-1 expression was significantly increased for treated and untreated wounds, compared with findings on days 7, 14, 21, and 35. There was no significant effect of treatment on FGF-7, TGF-β1, IGF-1, PDGF, or VEGF expression in intact skin. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Intervention with ESWT to suppress TGF-β1 may decrease granulation tissue production, resulting in improved wound healing on the distal portion of horses' limbs. (
SummaryComplications with castrations occur commonly and are usually not life‐threatening, with t... more SummaryComplications with castrations occur commonly and are usually not life‐threatening, with the exception of evisceration or haemorrhage, which are uncommon. Primary closure castration (closing deeper tissue layers and skin) or use of a transfixation ligature alone to prevent evisceration has been recommended. The goal of this study was to investigate the use of a closed technique with multifilament suture for transfixation of the spermatic cord alone in field castrations. The results of this study support our hypothesis that a closed castration technique with a multifilament, transfixing ligature (No. 2 polyglactin 910) did not result in additional post‐operative complications when compared with a closed castration technique without ligature placement or a primary closure castration technique in a hospital setting.
A cicatrizacao de feridas distais dos membros dos cavalos e considerada complicada e associada co... more A cicatrizacao de feridas distais dos membros dos cavalos e considerada complicada e associada com a producao de tecido de granulacao exuberante, o qual e associado a expressao reduzida, porem, prolongada de mediadores inflamatorios e fatores de crescimento como o fator de crescimento Beta (TGF-β1). A terapia por ondas de choque extracorporeas (TOCE) foi estudada em diversas especies, sendo demonstrado que as ondas de choque podem melhorar a cicatrizacao tecidual por alterar a expressao de diversos fatores de crescimento e citocinas. Alguns estudos registraram os efeitos beneficos da TOCE na cicatrizacao de feridas distais dos membros dos cavalos, porem, nao houve constatacao da expressao dos fatores inflamatorios relacionados a esse efeito clinico.
Recently, equine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have received significant attention ... more Recently, equine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have received significant attention as therapy for various conditions due to their proposed regenerative and immune-modulating capacity. MSC are commonly administered to the patient through a hypodermic needle. Currently, little information is available on the effect of such injection has on equine MSC immediate and delayed viability. We hypothesize that viability of equine MSC is not correlated with needle diameter during aspiration and injection. Using a 3 mL syringe, manual injection of equine cord blood (CB) or bone marrow-derived (BM) MSC with no needle and needles ranging in size from 18 to 30 Ga did not affect immediate MSC viability. Similarly, 24 h post-injection, MSC delayed viability was not different between any of the tested needles as determined by a resazurin-based proliferation assay. Using a 3 mL syringe, aspiration of MSC through 20, 25, and 30 Ga needles resulted in significant decreases in immediate via...
Improvement has been reported following intra-articular (i.a.) injection of mesenchymal stromal c... more Improvement has been reported following intra-articular (i.a.) injection of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in several species. These observations have led to the use of i.a. MSCs in equine practice with little understanding of the mechanisms by which perceived improvement occurs. To evaluate the effect of i.a. allogeneic umbilical cord blood (CB-) derived MSCs using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced synovitis model. We hypothesised that i.a. CB-MSCs would reduce the inflammatory response associated with LPS injection. Randomised, blinded experimental study. Feasibility studies evaluated i.a. LPS or CB-MSCs alone into the tarsocrural joint. In the principal study, middle carpal joint synovitis was induced bilaterally with LPS and then CB-MSCs were injected into one middle carpal joint. Lameness, routine synovial fluid analysis, and synovial fluid biomarkers were evaluated at 0, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h. LPS injection alone resulted in transient lameness and signs of inflammation. In joi...
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Observations A 26-year-old male white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), weighing approximately 20... more Observations A 26-year-old male white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), weighing approximately 2000 kg was anesthetized for an exploratory celiotomy. Sedation was achieved with intramuscular butorphanol (0.04 mg kg)1) and detomidine (0.025 mg kg)1) and induction of anesthesia with intravenous glyceryl guaiacolate (50 g) and three intravenous boluses of ketamine (200 mg, each); the trachea was then intubated and anesthesia maintained with isoflurane in oxygen using a circle breathing system. Positioning in dorsal recumbency for the surgery and later in sternal recumbency for the recovery represented challenges that added to the prolonged anesthesia time and surgical approach to partially correct an impaction. The rhinoceros recovered uneventfully after 10.4 hours of recumbency. Conclusions Anesthetic management for an exploratory celiotomy with a midline approach is possible in rhinoceroses, although planning and extensive staff support is necessary to adequately position the patient.
The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 2022
The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the occurrence of joint-related compli... more The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the occurrence of joint-related complications after elective arthroscopy of the tibiotarsal joint (TTJ) in 329 horses, and the association with specific clinical parameters. Data were collected from medical records of horses undergoing elective tibiotarsal joint arthroscopy for fragment removal. Exact conditional univariate regression was used to determine significant risk factors for joint-related post-operative complications. Of 485 joints, 2 (0.4%) developed surgical site infection, 4 (0.8%) developed septic arthritis, 1 (0.2%) developed synovial fistula. There was a significantly increased odds of having septic arthritis as height and length of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT) lesion increased. The median height and length of the DIRT fragments in affected cases was 13.5 mm and 18.0 mm, respectively. For each unit (1 mm) increase in height, there was a 42% increase in the risk of septic arthritis occurre...
During exploratory laparotomy of a foal with colic, a congenital abnormally developed large colon... more During exploratory laparotomy of a foal with colic, a congenital abnormally developed large colon was identified incidentally. Long-term follow-up showed that the colt was more prone to gas-colic with diet and exercise changes than were other horses, due possibly to the short colon.
The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 2006
Colic is a common problem encountered in equine practice. Alteration of gastrointestinal motility... more Colic is a common problem encountered in equine practice. Alteration of gastrointestinal motility is often the underlying cause for abdominal pain. Gastrointestinal motility can be measured as myoelectric activity, mechanical activity, and transit of intraluminal contents. Regulation of motility is based on a complex interaction between central innervation, autonomic innervation, and the enteric nervous system. Various humoral and neurochemical substances are required to interact flawlessly to allow propulsive motility. Ileus is defined as the absence of propulsive aboral movement of gastrointestinal contents, irrespective of its pathophysiology. Potential etiologies for ileus are described in this review. The prokinetic drugs available for clinical use are discussed. Choosing the appropriate prokinetic drug requires knowledge about the complex nature of gastrointestinal motility and its abnormalities.
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche veterinaire, 2003
The objective of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the accuracy of pulse oximetry a... more The objective of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the accuracy of pulse oximetry and capnography in healthy and compromised horses during general anesthesia with spontaneous and controlled ventilation. Horses anesthetized in a dorsal recumbency position for arthroscopy (n = 20) or colic surgery (n = 16) were instrumented with an earlobe probe from the pulse oximeter positioned on the tip of the tongue and a sample line inserted at the Y-piece for capnography. The horses were allowed to breathe spontaneously (SV) for the first 20 min after induction, and thereafter ventilation was controlled (IPPV). Arterial blood, for blood gas analysis, was drawn 20 min after induction and 20 min after IPPV was started. Relationships between oxygen saturation as determined by pulse oximetry (SpO2), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2), and end tidal carbon dioxide (P(et)CO2), several physiological variables, and the accuracy of pulse oxi...
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