This paper articulates the empirical evidence on consumer taste preference and purchase intent of... more This paper articulates the empirical evidence on consumer taste preference and purchase intent of value added products of farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). To meet the study objective, 150 fish consumers in Nyamagana district, Mwanza tasted various fish products including fishballs, samosa, pie and hot-smoked fish. A 3- point Likert scale was used to rank the taste and purchase intent for each product. Percentages and frequency distribution were calculated for descriptive analysis. Kruskal–Wallis test was performed for statistical analysis to find out the significant differences between consumer preference to the taste and willingness to purchase the fish products. Subsequently, Mann-Whitney U test was performed for post hoc tests. Results indicate that, the consumers’ taste preference between African catfish products were significantly different (H (3) = 11.40, p < 0.05) but there was no significant difference on the tilapia product...
Stakeholders&#39; interactions with environmental resources are influenced by their mental mo... more Stakeholders&#39; interactions with environmental resources are influenced by their mental models of the socioecological system of the environmental resource. Individual differences in such mental models are particularly important to identify, as diverse mental models may be associated with different behaviour or policy preferences and affect collaborative conservation efforts. In the present work, we explore stakeholders&#39; mental models of a socio-ecological system and assess content and complexity differences across fishing experience levels, migration status, and regions. We mapped Tanzanian fishers&#39; (N = 185) mental models of the drivers of the Nile perch stock fluctuation at Lake Victoria. The findings show that (1) fishers&#39; mental models were complex and diverse, (2) mental models focused on the causal influence of destructive fishing activities, (3) mental model complexity, but not content, varied across regions, and (4) fishing experience and migration status were not consistently related to mental model complexity or content. These results have important implications for environmental resource management at Lake Victoria.
10 Like many common-pool resources, the Lake Victoria fisheries are characterized by poor complia... more 10 Like many common-pool resources, the Lake Victoria fisheries are characterized by poor compliance with production input regulations that are intended to reduce overexploitation. To explore the use of input subsidies to increase compliance, we determine the subsidy level required to induce demand for legal fishing nets, thereby compensating fishermen for loss of productivity net of enforcement risk. Our study 15 additionally tests the subsidy-enhancing effect of a norm-nudge. A new multiple price list mechanism for eliciting revealed willingness to pay for multiple units of a production input is developed, adapted to the demands of a challenging field setting, and implemented with 462 fishermen at 20 landings sites on the Tanzanian lakeshore. Consistent with the high prevalence of illegal fishing gear at our sites, we 20 find a zero median demand for legal net panels at local market prices. The subsidy required to shift median demand to at least one legal net panel is a 21% discou...
Mental models influence how individuals think and act in relation to their external environment a... more Mental models influence how individuals think and act in relation to their external environment and have been identified as leverage points to address sustainability challenges. Given the importance of mental models, a new tool to assess mental models has been developed: the Mental Model Mapping Tool (M-Tool). M-Tool was designed to have a standardized format and to be user-friendly for low literacy populations, using pictograms and audio instructions. In this paper, we evaluate M-Tool’s application in two studies with Tanzanian fishers. In Study 1, we investigated M-tool’s convergent validity compared to standard interviewing methods (n = 30). Study 2 investigated M-Tool’s construct validity by relating mental model complexity to participants’ education level (n = 185), a relationship that has been well established. The findings show that (1) mental models produced with M-Tool are more complex than mental models obtained through interviewing techniques; (2) model composition is sim...
Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists
Preventing overfishing at Lake Victoria is a typical situation where policies have to rely on nor... more Preventing overfishing at Lake Victoria is a typical situation where policies have to rely on norm-based interventions to improve outcomes. Our lab-in-the-field experiment (N=588) studies how information about high or low levels of previous cooperation affects the creation of social norms in a three-player prisoner's dilemma game with/without a feedback mechanism. The provision of social information succeeds in creating norms of cooperation only if a feedback mechanism is available. Without feedback, social information cannot prevent the decline of cooperation rates. Exploring the role of the reference network, we find that the effect increases with social proximity among participants.
The global increase in diseases transmitted by the vector Aedes aegypti, new and re-emerging, und... more The global increase in diseases transmitted by the vector Aedes aegypti, new and re-emerging, underscores the need for alternative and more effective methods of controlling mosquitoes. Our aim was to identify fungal strains from the Amazon rain forest that produce metabolites with larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. Thirty-six fungal strains belonging to 23 different genera of fungi, isolated from water samples collected in the state of Amazonas, Brazil were cultivated. The liquid medium was separated from the mycelium by filtration. Medium fractions were extracted with ethyl acetate and isopropanol 9:1 volume:volume, and the mycelia with ethyl acetate and methanol 1:1. The extracts were vacuum dried and the larvicidal activity was evaluated in selective bioassays containing 500 µg/ml of the dried fungal extracts. Larval mortality was evaluated up to 72 h. None of the mycelium extracts showed larvicidal activity greater than 50% at 72 h. In contrast, 15 culture medium extracts had larvicidal activity equal to or greater than 50% and eight killed more than 90% of the larvae within 72 h. These eight extracts from fungi belonging to seven different genera (Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Trichoderma, Diaporthe, Albifimbria, Emmia, and Sarocladium) were selected for the determination of LC 50 and LC 90. Albifimbria lateralis (1160) medium extracts presented the lowest LC 50 value (0.268 µg/ml) after 24 h exposure. Diaporthe ueckerae (1203) medium extracts presented the lowest value of LC 90 (2.928 µg/ml) at 24 h, the lowest values of LC 50 (0.108 µg/ml) and LC 90 (0.894 µg/ml) at 48 h and also at 72 h (LC 50 = 0.062 µg/ml and LC 90 = 0.476 µg/ml). Extracts from Al. lateralis (1160) and D. ueckerae (1203) showed potential for developing new, naturally derived products, to be applied in integrated vector management programs against Ae. aegypti.
African Journal of Tropical Hydrobiology and Fisheries, Jun 18, 2018
Illegal fishing is a threat to the sustainability of fisheries in Lake Victoria and this paper ex... more Illegal fishing is a threat to the sustainability of fisheries in Lake Victoria and this paper examines the influence of socio-economic factors on illegal fishing practices. The study was conducted in three villages around Nyegezi Bay of Lake Victoria where a total of 240 households were surveyed. Results indicate that there is highly significant correlation between illegal fishing and ages in one of the study villages, but this was not the case in the others, which suggests that age alone is not a sufficient factor to explain illegality. Further findings reveal that there is highly significant positive correlation between income and education on one hand and on another hand income and residence, which suggests that poverty is a driver of illegalities when linked to the education and residence. In addition, there is highly significant negative correlation between residence and education revealing a migration of poorly-educated people, probably for search of employment opportunities. Generally, the study has shown that there exists direct correlation between socio-economic factors with illegal fishing practices. Based on the findings, we suggest that improving the social and economic statuses of these community through improving education and increasing opportunities for alternative sources of livelihoods may help address the issue of illegality in these areas. Keywords: Age, Employment, Illegal fishing, Income, management measures, Poverty,
The paper discusses the contribution of the Lake Victoria fisheries resources to the riparian sta... more The paper discusses the contribution of the Lake Victoria fisheries resources to the riparian states as well as the communities. The paper has used data from studies conducted simultaneously and by reviewing documents from government and other studies reports. Results indicate that in addition to GDP, fisheries have also generated income and revenue, provided employment and brought in substantial foreign exchange. Other findings also reveal direct and indirect contribution of the fishing industries in the improvement of services and quality of life among the dependant community. However, the lake is still faced with the challenges of poor business environment, inadequate technologies for value addition and poor local markets for fish among others. In conclusion, Lake Victoria is an important resource among the partner states as well as the riparian communities. Control of fishing illegalities and promotion of economic value of other fish species especially dagaa will increase benefi...
This thesis employs interactive governance theory and governability assessment framework to exami... more This thesis employs interactive governance theory and governability assessment framework to examine why illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is persistent in Lake Victoria, despite efforts to combat it. IUU fishing threatens sustainable management of fish stocks and livelihoods of fisheries dependent communities. At the same time, inadequacies of the technical and regulatory measures implemented to control it have resulted in calls for alternative approaches. This thesis takes a whole system approach to examine underlying governance issues that pose challenges to tackling IUU problems. The study involved two parts. First, it evaluated the extent to which the properties of the system-to-be-governed, the governing system and the governing interactions contribute to fisheries governance challenges. Second, a survey using paired comparison questionnaires was undertaken to determine fisheries stakeholders’ judgements about the level of damages associated with different fishi...
The Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries (SSF Guidelines) places r... more The Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries (SSF Guidelines) places responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in small-scale fisheries as central for the realization of human rights, food security, poverty eradication, sustainable livelihoods, social stability, housing security, economic growth, and rural and social development. As such, this report aims to determine how responsible governance of tenure can be implemented in accordance with the SSF Guidelines in Lake Victoria, Tanzania. In this study, qualitative and quantitative research methods, including focus group discussion (FGDs), survey questionnaires were conducted in five (5) fishing villages around Lake Victoria, Tanzania. The respondents were mainly drawn from the elderly people who have knowledge on tenure systems in Lake Victoria. The study was conducted from 13 th November to 15 th December 2016. The findings highlight that there have been some norms or rules used by the riparian communities to regulate fishing. These rules of tenure defined how property rights to the lake's resources were exercised. For example, they defined how access was granted, rights to use, control, as well as associated responsibilities. In addition, fishing was only restricted to the riparian communities. However, these relations changed with the coming of colonialists as fisheries became open to all including those who were not originally fishers. Fisheries management was now under the mandate of the State. And the state regulations defined how access and rights were granted. For instance, fisheries was now open to all people, including those coming outside the riparian areas. After the independence, statutory tenure existed until late 1990s when co-management was established in Lake Victoria. Co-management is an arrangement where the State and the fishing community share responsibilities. It is a system that involves more of the statutory than customary system in the sense that state rules and regulations are used to manage the fisheries. For example, fishing regulations are defined and enforced by the State with little involvement of the fishing communities. Under this relation, everyone has a right to fish so long as he/she posses a fishing license. Communal norms have Report on the responsible governance of tenure in lake victoria fisheries International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF March 2017 iv remained largely used in solving conflicts arising at the landing sites. As such, comanagement regime has taken away some rights that existed in the customary system. Therefore, to successfully implement the SSF Guidelines,it is important to tackle the issues of access and resource userrights that the riparian communities have enjoyed from traditional period.
Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a major concern in fisheries management aro... more Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a major concern in fisheries management around the world. Several measures have been taken to address the problem. In Lake Victoria, the alleviation of IUU fishing is implemented through the Regional Plan of Action (RPOA-IUU), which restricts use of certain fishing gear, as well as prohibits fishing in closed areas and during closed seasons. Despite the long-term efforts to monitor and control what goes on in the fisheries, IUU fishing has persisted in Lake Victoria. Inspired by interactive governance theory, this paper argues that the persistence of IUU fishing could be due to different images that stakeholders have about the situation, rather than the lack of management competency. Through structured interviews with 150 fisheries stakeholders on Ijinga Island in the southeastern part of Lake Victoria, Tanzania, using paired comparison questionnaires, the study elicits stakeholders' perspective about the severity of different locally-pertinent fishing-related activities. The results show that while fisheries stakeholder groups agree on their judgments about certain fishing gears, some differences are also apparent. For instance, fisheries managers and scientists do not always agree with fishing people about what activities cause the most damage to fisheries resources and ecosystem. Further, they tend to consider some IUU fishing-related activities less damaging than some non-IUU fishing. Such disparity creates governability challenges, pointing to the need to revisit relevant regulatory measures and to make them consistent with the knowledge and judgments of all stakeholders. Based on these findings, we discuss governing interventions that may contribute to addressing IUU fishing in Lake Victoria and elsewhere.
The change in Lake Victoria fisheries management from centralized to co-management was to address... more The change in Lake Victoria fisheries management from centralized to co-management was to address challenges posed by the former management system. This led to the establishment of Beach Management Units (BMUs) a fishers' association. However, declining fish stocks and claims of poverty within fisheries communities raises concerns about the impacts of comanagement in implementation of fisheries policy. This study addresses these concerns by examining the specific functions and activities of Beach Management Units (BMUs) that are related to regulating fisheries and poverty reduction among the fishers' communities using data collected from two BMUs in Lake Victoria Mwanza, Tanzania. Findings reveal that BMUs have formulated regulatory measures to manage the fishery but have been ineffective in implementing some of the measures. On the other hand, BMUs have no poverty eradication schemes and lack skills and expertise to tackle the challenges posed by poverty. The inability of the BMUs to tackle these challenges threatens the sustainability of the fisheries given that most riparian communities entirely depend on the resources for their livelihood. Luomba UNU-Fisheries Training Programme ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .
The aquaculture sector is often considered a male domain because of the high levels of investment... more The aquaculture sector is often considered a male domain because of the high levels of investments and nature of work. Women's role and participation has often been ignored partly due to socio-cultural taboo against them. This paper therefore highlights that women's play a critical role in the whole chain from pond construction fingerlings sorting, pond stocking, feeding, sex identification and fish harvest. Based on empirical information from two fish farming groups in Ukerewe district Lake Victoria, the paper discusses two issues, first, the potentials women have in aquaculture and secondly, that there challenges they face that need to be addressed.
African Journal of Tropical Hydrobiology and Fisheries, 2010
It is almost 50 years since antimetabolites were first found to have clinical antitumour activity... more It is almost 50 years since antimetabolites were first found to have clinical antitumour activity, with Farber's discovery that aminopterin could cause remission in acute leukaemia. In the following 10 years, methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) found their way into clinical practice. Subsequently, cytosine arabinoside was found to have activity in acute leukaemia, but, until recently, other significant developments have involved optimizing the efficacy of existing antimetabolites, including the use of leucovorin with methotrexate or 5-FU. Recently, new antimetabolites have become a fertile area for anti-cancer drug research. Gemcitabine (GEMZAR®) has emerged as an important new agent in several tumour types, including pancreatic, non-small-cell lung, bladder, breast and ovarian cancers. Capecitabine is an intriguing new prodrug, offering tumour selectivity and prolonged tumour exposure to 5-FU. More potent thymidylate synthase inhibitors have also emerged; raltitrexed is now commercially available for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Others under development include LY231514, which has other sites of action, hence the acronym MTA (multi-targeted antifolate). A novel target is glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT) and LY309887 and AG2034 are undergoing clinical investigation as GARFT inhibitors. A critical element with LY309887 appears to be co-administration of folate. It seems entirely possible that several novel antimetabolites will establish themselves in clinical practice in future for the treatment of solid tumours.
African Journal of Tropical Hydrobiology and Fisheries, 2010
The riparian governments of Lake Victoria have adopted co-management approach in fisheries manage... more The riparian governments of Lake Victoria have adopted co-management approach in fisheries management. This paper discusses gender mainstreaming in fisheries management of Lake Victoria, user rights, successes and challenges of the process. This paper has used gender-disaggregated data from several studies carried out around Lake Victoria using quantitative and qualitative methods. Results revealed an increase in female-headed households in the fisher communities. Men earned an average of $17.8 per landing while females earned about $7.72 per day, signifying unequal distributions of benefits by gender related activities. There has been an increase in registration of both men and women in the BMU, but women were lowly positioned in committees. In conclusion, the representation of women in decision making has improved, but not significantly translated into increased benefits, access to and control of assets and resources. There is a need to achieve an equitable gender responsive fisheries management regime.
Lakes & Reservoirs: Science, Policy and Management for Sustainable Use, 2020
A trend has been unfolding within academia over the past few decades wherein the focus has been s... more A trend has been unfolding within academia over the past few decades wherein the focus has been shifting from research that aims to further development of theory to research that aims to make an impact on societal problems. This impact-focus means research is increasingly focusing on investigating and providing solutions for conservation issues such as climate change, biodiversity protection, and ecosystem management. Further, current research funding is often contingent on the relevance and expected impacts of the research project (Phillipson et al., 2012), and policymakers increasingly consider research findings to develop evidence-based policy. One approach to ensure research impact is through stakeholder engagement. Stakeholder engagement is the active involvement and participation of people directly or indirectly affected by a research project, including all individuals, agencies, and organizations with a substantial stake in a given issue (Durham et al., 2014; Narayan, 1996). Stakeholder engagement can consist of interactions at every stage of a research process, including shaping the direction of the research, participating in the research, collecting and/or analysing
This paper articulates the empirical evidence on consumer taste preference and purchase intent of... more This paper articulates the empirical evidence on consumer taste preference and purchase intent of value added products of farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). To meet the study objective, 150 fish consumers in Nyamagana district, Mwanza tasted various fish products including fishballs, samosa, pie and hot-smoked fish. A 3- point Likert scale was used to rank the taste and purchase intent for each product. Percentages and frequency distribution were calculated for descriptive analysis. Kruskal–Wallis test was performed for statistical analysis to find out the significant differences between consumer preference to the taste and willingness to purchase the fish products. Subsequently, Mann-Whitney U test was performed for post hoc tests. Results indicate that, the consumers’ taste preference between African catfish products were significantly different (H (3) = 11.40, p < 0.05) but there was no significant difference on the tilapia product...
Stakeholders&#39; interactions with environmental resources are influenced by their mental mo... more Stakeholders&#39; interactions with environmental resources are influenced by their mental models of the socioecological system of the environmental resource. Individual differences in such mental models are particularly important to identify, as diverse mental models may be associated with different behaviour or policy preferences and affect collaborative conservation efforts. In the present work, we explore stakeholders&#39; mental models of a socio-ecological system and assess content and complexity differences across fishing experience levels, migration status, and regions. We mapped Tanzanian fishers&#39; (N = 185) mental models of the drivers of the Nile perch stock fluctuation at Lake Victoria. The findings show that (1) fishers&#39; mental models were complex and diverse, (2) mental models focused on the causal influence of destructive fishing activities, (3) mental model complexity, but not content, varied across regions, and (4) fishing experience and migration status were not consistently related to mental model complexity or content. These results have important implications for environmental resource management at Lake Victoria.
10 Like many common-pool resources, the Lake Victoria fisheries are characterized by poor complia... more 10 Like many common-pool resources, the Lake Victoria fisheries are characterized by poor compliance with production input regulations that are intended to reduce overexploitation. To explore the use of input subsidies to increase compliance, we determine the subsidy level required to induce demand for legal fishing nets, thereby compensating fishermen for loss of productivity net of enforcement risk. Our study 15 additionally tests the subsidy-enhancing effect of a norm-nudge. A new multiple price list mechanism for eliciting revealed willingness to pay for multiple units of a production input is developed, adapted to the demands of a challenging field setting, and implemented with 462 fishermen at 20 landings sites on the Tanzanian lakeshore. Consistent with the high prevalence of illegal fishing gear at our sites, we 20 find a zero median demand for legal net panels at local market prices. The subsidy required to shift median demand to at least one legal net panel is a 21% discou...
Mental models influence how individuals think and act in relation to their external environment a... more Mental models influence how individuals think and act in relation to their external environment and have been identified as leverage points to address sustainability challenges. Given the importance of mental models, a new tool to assess mental models has been developed: the Mental Model Mapping Tool (M-Tool). M-Tool was designed to have a standardized format and to be user-friendly for low literacy populations, using pictograms and audio instructions. In this paper, we evaluate M-Tool’s application in two studies with Tanzanian fishers. In Study 1, we investigated M-tool’s convergent validity compared to standard interviewing methods (n = 30). Study 2 investigated M-Tool’s construct validity by relating mental model complexity to participants’ education level (n = 185), a relationship that has been well established. The findings show that (1) mental models produced with M-Tool are more complex than mental models obtained through interviewing techniques; (2) model composition is sim...
Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists
Preventing overfishing at Lake Victoria is a typical situation where policies have to rely on nor... more Preventing overfishing at Lake Victoria is a typical situation where policies have to rely on norm-based interventions to improve outcomes. Our lab-in-the-field experiment (N=588) studies how information about high or low levels of previous cooperation affects the creation of social norms in a three-player prisoner's dilemma game with/without a feedback mechanism. The provision of social information succeeds in creating norms of cooperation only if a feedback mechanism is available. Without feedback, social information cannot prevent the decline of cooperation rates. Exploring the role of the reference network, we find that the effect increases with social proximity among participants.
The global increase in diseases transmitted by the vector Aedes aegypti, new and re-emerging, und... more The global increase in diseases transmitted by the vector Aedes aegypti, new and re-emerging, underscores the need for alternative and more effective methods of controlling mosquitoes. Our aim was to identify fungal strains from the Amazon rain forest that produce metabolites with larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti. Thirty-six fungal strains belonging to 23 different genera of fungi, isolated from water samples collected in the state of Amazonas, Brazil were cultivated. The liquid medium was separated from the mycelium by filtration. Medium fractions were extracted with ethyl acetate and isopropanol 9:1 volume:volume, and the mycelia with ethyl acetate and methanol 1:1. The extracts were vacuum dried and the larvicidal activity was evaluated in selective bioassays containing 500 µg/ml of the dried fungal extracts. Larval mortality was evaluated up to 72 h. None of the mycelium extracts showed larvicidal activity greater than 50% at 72 h. In contrast, 15 culture medium extracts had larvicidal activity equal to or greater than 50% and eight killed more than 90% of the larvae within 72 h. These eight extracts from fungi belonging to seven different genera (Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Trichoderma, Diaporthe, Albifimbria, Emmia, and Sarocladium) were selected for the determination of LC 50 and LC 90. Albifimbria lateralis (1160) medium extracts presented the lowest LC 50 value (0.268 µg/ml) after 24 h exposure. Diaporthe ueckerae (1203) medium extracts presented the lowest value of LC 90 (2.928 µg/ml) at 24 h, the lowest values of LC 50 (0.108 µg/ml) and LC 90 (0.894 µg/ml) at 48 h and also at 72 h (LC 50 = 0.062 µg/ml and LC 90 = 0.476 µg/ml). Extracts from Al. lateralis (1160) and D. ueckerae (1203) showed potential for developing new, naturally derived products, to be applied in integrated vector management programs against Ae. aegypti.
African Journal of Tropical Hydrobiology and Fisheries, Jun 18, 2018
Illegal fishing is a threat to the sustainability of fisheries in Lake Victoria and this paper ex... more Illegal fishing is a threat to the sustainability of fisheries in Lake Victoria and this paper examines the influence of socio-economic factors on illegal fishing practices. The study was conducted in three villages around Nyegezi Bay of Lake Victoria where a total of 240 households were surveyed. Results indicate that there is highly significant correlation between illegal fishing and ages in one of the study villages, but this was not the case in the others, which suggests that age alone is not a sufficient factor to explain illegality. Further findings reveal that there is highly significant positive correlation between income and education on one hand and on another hand income and residence, which suggests that poverty is a driver of illegalities when linked to the education and residence. In addition, there is highly significant negative correlation between residence and education revealing a migration of poorly-educated people, probably for search of employment opportunities. Generally, the study has shown that there exists direct correlation between socio-economic factors with illegal fishing practices. Based on the findings, we suggest that improving the social and economic statuses of these community through improving education and increasing opportunities for alternative sources of livelihoods may help address the issue of illegality in these areas. Keywords: Age, Employment, Illegal fishing, Income, management measures, Poverty,
The paper discusses the contribution of the Lake Victoria fisheries resources to the riparian sta... more The paper discusses the contribution of the Lake Victoria fisheries resources to the riparian states as well as the communities. The paper has used data from studies conducted simultaneously and by reviewing documents from government and other studies reports. Results indicate that in addition to GDP, fisheries have also generated income and revenue, provided employment and brought in substantial foreign exchange. Other findings also reveal direct and indirect contribution of the fishing industries in the improvement of services and quality of life among the dependant community. However, the lake is still faced with the challenges of poor business environment, inadequate technologies for value addition and poor local markets for fish among others. In conclusion, Lake Victoria is an important resource among the partner states as well as the riparian communities. Control of fishing illegalities and promotion of economic value of other fish species especially dagaa will increase benefi...
This thesis employs interactive governance theory and governability assessment framework to exami... more This thesis employs interactive governance theory and governability assessment framework to examine why illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is persistent in Lake Victoria, despite efforts to combat it. IUU fishing threatens sustainable management of fish stocks and livelihoods of fisheries dependent communities. At the same time, inadequacies of the technical and regulatory measures implemented to control it have resulted in calls for alternative approaches. This thesis takes a whole system approach to examine underlying governance issues that pose challenges to tackling IUU problems. The study involved two parts. First, it evaluated the extent to which the properties of the system-to-be-governed, the governing system and the governing interactions contribute to fisheries governance challenges. Second, a survey using paired comparison questionnaires was undertaken to determine fisheries stakeholders’ judgements about the level of damages associated with different fishi...
The Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries (SSF Guidelines) places r... more The Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries (SSF Guidelines) places responsible governance of tenure of land, fisheries and forests in small-scale fisheries as central for the realization of human rights, food security, poverty eradication, sustainable livelihoods, social stability, housing security, economic growth, and rural and social development. As such, this report aims to determine how responsible governance of tenure can be implemented in accordance with the SSF Guidelines in Lake Victoria, Tanzania. In this study, qualitative and quantitative research methods, including focus group discussion (FGDs), survey questionnaires were conducted in five (5) fishing villages around Lake Victoria, Tanzania. The respondents were mainly drawn from the elderly people who have knowledge on tenure systems in Lake Victoria. The study was conducted from 13 th November to 15 th December 2016. The findings highlight that there have been some norms or rules used by the riparian communities to regulate fishing. These rules of tenure defined how property rights to the lake's resources were exercised. For example, they defined how access was granted, rights to use, control, as well as associated responsibilities. In addition, fishing was only restricted to the riparian communities. However, these relations changed with the coming of colonialists as fisheries became open to all including those who were not originally fishers. Fisheries management was now under the mandate of the State. And the state regulations defined how access and rights were granted. For instance, fisheries was now open to all people, including those coming outside the riparian areas. After the independence, statutory tenure existed until late 1990s when co-management was established in Lake Victoria. Co-management is an arrangement where the State and the fishing community share responsibilities. It is a system that involves more of the statutory than customary system in the sense that state rules and regulations are used to manage the fisheries. For example, fishing regulations are defined and enforced by the State with little involvement of the fishing communities. Under this relation, everyone has a right to fish so long as he/she posses a fishing license. Communal norms have Report on the responsible governance of tenure in lake victoria fisheries International Collective in Support of Fishworkers (ICSF March 2017 iv remained largely used in solving conflicts arising at the landing sites. As such, comanagement regime has taken away some rights that existed in the customary system. Therefore, to successfully implement the SSF Guidelines,it is important to tackle the issues of access and resource userrights that the riparian communities have enjoyed from traditional period.
Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a major concern in fisheries management aro... more Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is a major concern in fisheries management around the world. Several measures have been taken to address the problem. In Lake Victoria, the alleviation of IUU fishing is implemented through the Regional Plan of Action (RPOA-IUU), which restricts use of certain fishing gear, as well as prohibits fishing in closed areas and during closed seasons. Despite the long-term efforts to monitor and control what goes on in the fisheries, IUU fishing has persisted in Lake Victoria. Inspired by interactive governance theory, this paper argues that the persistence of IUU fishing could be due to different images that stakeholders have about the situation, rather than the lack of management competency. Through structured interviews with 150 fisheries stakeholders on Ijinga Island in the southeastern part of Lake Victoria, Tanzania, using paired comparison questionnaires, the study elicits stakeholders' perspective about the severity of different locally-pertinent fishing-related activities. The results show that while fisheries stakeholder groups agree on their judgments about certain fishing gears, some differences are also apparent. For instance, fisheries managers and scientists do not always agree with fishing people about what activities cause the most damage to fisheries resources and ecosystem. Further, they tend to consider some IUU fishing-related activities less damaging than some non-IUU fishing. Such disparity creates governability challenges, pointing to the need to revisit relevant regulatory measures and to make them consistent with the knowledge and judgments of all stakeholders. Based on these findings, we discuss governing interventions that may contribute to addressing IUU fishing in Lake Victoria and elsewhere.
The change in Lake Victoria fisheries management from centralized to co-management was to address... more The change in Lake Victoria fisheries management from centralized to co-management was to address challenges posed by the former management system. This led to the establishment of Beach Management Units (BMUs) a fishers' association. However, declining fish stocks and claims of poverty within fisheries communities raises concerns about the impacts of comanagement in implementation of fisheries policy. This study addresses these concerns by examining the specific functions and activities of Beach Management Units (BMUs) that are related to regulating fisheries and poverty reduction among the fishers' communities using data collected from two BMUs in Lake Victoria Mwanza, Tanzania. Findings reveal that BMUs have formulated regulatory measures to manage the fishery but have been ineffective in implementing some of the measures. On the other hand, BMUs have no poverty eradication schemes and lack skills and expertise to tackle the challenges posed by poverty. The inability of the BMUs to tackle these challenges threatens the sustainability of the fisheries given that most riparian communities entirely depend on the resources for their livelihood. Luomba UNU-Fisheries Training Programme ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .
The aquaculture sector is often considered a male domain because of the high levels of investment... more The aquaculture sector is often considered a male domain because of the high levels of investments and nature of work. Women's role and participation has often been ignored partly due to socio-cultural taboo against them. This paper therefore highlights that women's play a critical role in the whole chain from pond construction fingerlings sorting, pond stocking, feeding, sex identification and fish harvest. Based on empirical information from two fish farming groups in Ukerewe district Lake Victoria, the paper discusses two issues, first, the potentials women have in aquaculture and secondly, that there challenges they face that need to be addressed.
African Journal of Tropical Hydrobiology and Fisheries, 2010
It is almost 50 years since antimetabolites were first found to have clinical antitumour activity... more It is almost 50 years since antimetabolites were first found to have clinical antitumour activity, with Farber's discovery that aminopterin could cause remission in acute leukaemia. In the following 10 years, methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) found their way into clinical practice. Subsequently, cytosine arabinoside was found to have activity in acute leukaemia, but, until recently, other significant developments have involved optimizing the efficacy of existing antimetabolites, including the use of leucovorin with methotrexate or 5-FU. Recently, new antimetabolites have become a fertile area for anti-cancer drug research. Gemcitabine (GEMZAR®) has emerged as an important new agent in several tumour types, including pancreatic, non-small-cell lung, bladder, breast and ovarian cancers. Capecitabine is an intriguing new prodrug, offering tumour selectivity and prolonged tumour exposure to 5-FU. More potent thymidylate synthase inhibitors have also emerged; raltitrexed is now commercially available for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Others under development include LY231514, which has other sites of action, hence the acronym MTA (multi-targeted antifolate). A novel target is glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT) and LY309887 and AG2034 are undergoing clinical investigation as GARFT inhibitors. A critical element with LY309887 appears to be co-administration of folate. It seems entirely possible that several novel antimetabolites will establish themselves in clinical practice in future for the treatment of solid tumours.
African Journal of Tropical Hydrobiology and Fisheries, 2010
The riparian governments of Lake Victoria have adopted co-management approach in fisheries manage... more The riparian governments of Lake Victoria have adopted co-management approach in fisheries management. This paper discusses gender mainstreaming in fisheries management of Lake Victoria, user rights, successes and challenges of the process. This paper has used gender-disaggregated data from several studies carried out around Lake Victoria using quantitative and qualitative methods. Results revealed an increase in female-headed households in the fisher communities. Men earned an average of $17.8 per landing while females earned about $7.72 per day, signifying unequal distributions of benefits by gender related activities. There has been an increase in registration of both men and women in the BMU, but women were lowly positioned in committees. In conclusion, the representation of women in decision making has improved, but not significantly translated into increased benefits, access to and control of assets and resources. There is a need to achieve an equitable gender responsive fisheries management regime.
Lakes & Reservoirs: Science, Policy and Management for Sustainable Use, 2020
A trend has been unfolding within academia over the past few decades wherein the focus has been s... more A trend has been unfolding within academia over the past few decades wherein the focus has been shifting from research that aims to further development of theory to research that aims to make an impact on societal problems. This impact-focus means research is increasingly focusing on investigating and providing solutions for conservation issues such as climate change, biodiversity protection, and ecosystem management. Further, current research funding is often contingent on the relevance and expected impacts of the research project (Phillipson et al., 2012), and policymakers increasingly consider research findings to develop evidence-based policy. One approach to ensure research impact is through stakeholder engagement. Stakeholder engagement is the active involvement and participation of people directly or indirectly affected by a research project, including all individuals, agencies, and organizations with a substantial stake in a given issue (Durham et al., 2014; Narayan, 1996). Stakeholder engagement can consist of interactions at every stage of a research process, including shaping the direction of the research, participating in the research, collecting and/or analysing
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Papers by Joseph Luomba