Archivos Españoles de Urología (Ed. impresa), 2007
Permanent drainage of the urinary tract by catheters or tubes causes bacteriuria. The potential h... more Permanent drainage of the urinary tract by catheters or tubes causes bacteriuria. The potential harmful effects of the indwelling catheter`s bacteriuria are related to: time since the insertion of the catheter; location of the catheter (urethra, bladder, kidney); catheter composition (latex, silicone, etc.); type of ineffective bacteria and specific pathogenic mechanisms; health status of the urinary tract being drained (prior radiation therapy, tumors, etc.); patient`s health status (diabetes, immunodeficiency) and mobility; incidents and manipulations of the catheter, such as obstruction, irrigation, or retrieval. The evaluation of all mentioned factors enables strategies for prevention of septic episodes in relation with indwelling catheters, strategies that can be individualized for greater efficiency.
No existe una historia de Mórrope, aparte de algunos artículos escritos por entusiastas estudioso... more No existe una historia de Mórrope, aparte de algunos artículos escritos por entusiastas estudiosos locales, con escasa documentación. Tiene mucho que ver con esto el descuido en la conservación de los archivos locales: los libros parroquiales son de muy difícil acceso y han resistido a un intento de expoliación, estando actualmente en proceso de restauración. Los antiguos archivos municipales se han perdido, por lo que para reconstruir la historia de Mórrope debemos recurrir a los archivos de Lambayeque, Trujillo y Lima. Por lo tanto, en este artículo trataremos de organizar las informaciones dispersas de que disponemos, tanto de fuentes primarias como secundarias, tratando de encontrar un sentido y una caracterización histórica de largo plazo a Mórrope, lo cual es importante desde nuestra perspectiva, dada la íntima relación entre lo sociocultural y la historia.
Observations in the millimetre bands of maser-emitting planetary nebulae (PNe) are crucial to stu... more Observations in the millimetre bands of maser-emitting planetary nebulae (PNe) are crucial to study their circumstellar molecular gas at the beginning of the PN phase. Maser-emitting PNe are in the earliest phases of PN formation; therefore, these sources are key objects to study the molecular content during the early evolution of PNe. These circumstellar envelopes are active sites for the formation of molecules. We present preliminary results of millimetre observations with the IRAM 30 m telescope towards one PN (IRAS 17393−2727) of a sample of five maser-emitting PNe, where we detect 12CO and 13CO lines in both J=1→0 and J=2→1 transitions.
Este libro recoge los trabajos de investigación que se realizaron en el marco del Proyecto PROPOM... more Este libro recoge los trabajos de investigación que se realizaron en el marco del Proyecto PROPOMAC, una importante experiencia de cooperación al desarrollo, financiada por el FIP (Fondo Italo Peruano), y ejecutado por Cáritas del Perú, en calidad de Unidad Ejecutora, por el MNS (Museo Nacional de Sicán), responsable de los aspectos arqueológicos, y por la UNIMI (Universidad de Milán), en calidad de supervisor científico.
This study uses an approach derived from models of the private and public characteristics of good... more This study uses an approach derived from models of the private and public characteristics of goods to illustrate (1) the overriding importance of variety attributes in farmers' decisions to allocate area among varieties of maize landraces and (2) the significance of farmers' perceptions of changes in the maize germplasm base in the surrounding community in their choices. Diversity indices and the concept of 'scale', as understood in ecology, are adapted and employed to test hypotheses empirically. Though a case study of maize farmers in Southeastern Guanajuato, the research raises methodological issues for models of variety choice and has policy implications for the potential to conserve maize genetic diversity on farms in Mexico.
In this paper we analyze multi-epoch Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) water maser observa... more In this paper we analyze multi-epoch Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) water maser observations carried out with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) toward the high-mass star-forming region AFGL 2591. We detected maser emission associated with the radio continuum sources VLA 2 and VLA 3. In addition, a water maser cluster, VLA 3-N, was detected ∼ 0.5 ′′ north of VLA 3. We concentrate the discussion of this paper on the spatio-kinematical distribution of the water masers towards VLA 3-N. The water maser emission toward the region VLA 3-N shows two bow shock-like structures, Northern and Southern, separated from each other by ∼ 100 mas (∼ 330 AU). The spatial distribution and kinematics of the water masers in this cluster have persisted over a time span of seven years. The Northern bow shock has a somewhat irregular morphology, while the Southern one has a remarkably smooth morphology. We measured the proper motions of 33 water maser features, which have an average proper motion velocity of ∼ 1.3 mas yr −1 (∼ 20 km s −1). The morphology and the proper motions of this cluster of water masers show systematic expanding motions that could imply one or two different centers of star formation activity. We made a detailed model for the Southern structure, proposing two different kinematic models to explain the 3-dimensional spatio-kinematical distribution of the water masers: (1) a static central source driving the two bow-shock structures; (2) two independent driving sources, one of them exciting the Northern bow-shock structure, and the other one, a young runaway star moving in the local molecular medium exciting and molding the remarkably smoother Southern bow-shock structure. Future observations will be necessary to discriminate between the two scenarios, in particular by identifying the still unseen driving source(s).
En el marco de un Estado Social de Derecho y de las recientes negociaciones entre el Gobierno y l... more En el marco de un Estado Social de Derecho y de las recientes negociaciones entre el Gobierno y las FARC es de primera necesidad instrumentar el acervo de datos disponibles para entender sinergicamente la problematica de la violencia y la pobreza en Colombia y asi, formular y ejecutar politicas adecuadas a nivel Nacional y Regional. En este contexto el presente trabajo busca identificar los departamentos colombianos con mayor incidencia de la violencia y pobreza en Colombia a traves de la metodologia de analisis de componentes principales, para que, con la menor perdida de informacion, estos datos puedan ser interpretados en indices de violencia y pobreza.
El articulo expone un acercamiento filosofico al concepto de violencia. Para lograrlo se analizan... more El articulo expone un acercamiento filosofico al concepto de violencia. Para lograrlo se analizan diversos usos o sentidos del termino. En la introduccion se analiza una version preliminar de violencia. En la segunda seccion se discute la violencia como ruptura personal. En la tercera seccion se analizan un par de argumentos al usar el termino violencia y asi entresacar su definicion. Se cierra con las conclusiones.
El objetivo de este trabajo es resaltar la importancia de incluir la educacion interprofesional (... more El objetivo de este trabajo es resaltar la importancia de incluir la educacion interprofesional (EI) en los planes de estudios de las profesiones de atencion de la salud y dar a conocer algunas acciones que se han llevado a cabo en ese sentido. La colaboracion interprofesional consiste en que los profesionales de la salud trabajen juntos y con los usuarios para lograr atencion de alta calidad que beneficie a pacientes, familias, comunidades, prestadores de atencion y sistemas de salud. La Organizacion Mundial de la Salud ha destacado la importancia de que los planes de estudios promuevan la formacion de equipos interprofesionales. Se han identificado diversos obstaculos para el desarrollo de la EI, entre los que destacan la escasa difusion y comprension del concepto de interprofesionalidad, las diferencias culturales entre las profesiones para la atencion de la salud, el diseno curricular de los planes de estudios y problemas logisticos y de organizacion. Incorporar actividades de E...
A b s t r a c t Hooded Warbler, a new record to Jalisco State, Mexico We report Wilsonia citrina ... more A b s t r a c t Hooded Warbler, a new record to Jalisco State, Mexico We report Wilsonia citrina (Hooded Warbler) as new record to the State of Jalisco, Mexico. The individual was captured in the riparian zone of the Ayuquila River, bordering the Biosphere Reserve Sierra de Manantlan, Jalisco. This record, the only to now, is considered as unusual because the individual is outside the wintering common range of the species.
The function of Sex‐determining Region Y (SRY)‐related high‐mobility‐group box (Sox) family of tr... more The function of Sex‐determining Region Y (SRY)‐related high‐mobility‐group box (Sox) family of transcription factors in cell fate decisions during embryonic development are well‐established. Accumulating evidence indicates that the Sox family of transcription factors are fundamental in adult tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and physiology. The SoxD subfamily of genes are expressed in various cell types of different organs during embryogenesis and adulthood and have been involved in cell‐fate determination, cellular proliferation and survival, differentiation, and terminal maturation in a number of cell lineages. The dysregulation in the function of SoxD proteins (i.e. Sox5, Sox6, Sox13, and Sox23) have been implicated in different disease conditions such as chondrodysplasia, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, osteoarthritis among others. In this minireview, we present recent developments related to the transcription factor Sox6, which is involved in a number of diseases such as diabetic nephropathy, adipogenesis, cardiomyopathy, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. Sox6 has been implicated in the regulation of renin expression and JG cell recruitment in mice during sodium depletion and dehydration. We provide a current perspective of Sox6 research developments in last five years, and the implications of Sox6 functions in cardiovascular physiology and disease conditions.
BackgroundRenal artery stenosis (RAStenosis) or renal artery occlusion is an intractable problem ... more BackgroundRenal artery stenosis (RAStenosis) or renal artery occlusion is an intractable problem affecting about 6% of people >65 and up to 40% of people with coronary or peripheral vascular disease in the Unites States. The renal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a key role in RAStenosis, with renin (which is mainly produced in the kidney) being recognized as the driver of the disease. In this study, we will determine a new function for the transcription factor Sox6 in the control of renal renin during RAStenosis.MethodsWe hypothesize that knocking out Sox6 in Ren1d-positive cells will protect mice against renovascular hypertension and kidney injury. To test our hypothesis, we used a new transgenic mouse model, Ren1dcre/Sox6fl/fl (Sox6 KO), in which Sox6 is knocked out in renin-expressing cells. We used a modified two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) Goldblatt mouse model to induce RAStenosis and renovascular hypertension. BP was measured using the tail-cuff method. Renin, prore...
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2021
In this paper, we present a robotic workcell for task automation in footwear manufacturing such a... more In this paper, we present a robotic workcell for task automation in footwear manufacturing such as sole digitization, glue dispensing, and sole manipulation from different places within the factory plant. We aim to make progress towards shoe industry 4.0. To achieve it, we have implemented a novel sole grasping method, compatible with soles of different shapes, sizes, and materials, by exploiting the particular characteristics of these objects. Our proposal is able to work well with low density point clouds from a single RGBD camera and also with dense point clouds obtained from a laser scanner digitizer. The method computes antipodal grasping points from visual data in both cases and it does not require a previous recognition of sole. It relies on sole contour extraction using concave hulls and measuring the curvature on contour areas. Our method was tested both in a simulated environment and in real conditions of manufacturing at INESCOP facilities, processing 20 soles with differ...
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which... more This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Thrombocytopenia is one of the major side effects of cancer chemotherapy. To prevent the chemothe... more Thrombocytopenia is one of the major side effects of cancer chemotherapy. To prevent the chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, the protection of megakaryocytes from drug-induced apoptosis is necessary. Caspase inhibitor and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 are often employed for the protection of cells from drug-induced apoptosis in other cell types. However, it has been reported that (1) caspase inhibitors markedly decrease platelet formation because caspase activity is required for platelet cleavage from megakaryocytes, and (2) Bcl-2 exhibited reduced platelet formation probably due to the attenuation of cell division. Therefore, new cell death inhibitors are needed to maintain platelet formation during cancer chemotherapy. Previously, we reported a new type of cell death inhibitors, named Bax Inhibiting Peptide (BIP) (Nature Cell Biol, p352-357, 5, 2003, BBRC, p961-966, 321, 2004). BIP is designed from the amino acid sequence of Ku70 protein that protect cells from apoptosis by inhi...
In this paper we …nd empirical evidence of bank lending channel for Colombia, using a balanced pa... more In this paper we …nd empirical evidence of bank lending channel for Colombia, using a balanced panel data of about four thousand non-…nancial …rms. We …nd that increases in the interest rate, proxiing for the monetary policy instrument, lead to a reduction in the proportion of bank loans, out of total debt, of the …rms. This bank lending channel am-pli…es the e¤ect of the traditional interest rate channel, which leads to a reduction in total debt and spending when monetary policy tightens. Our evidence suggests that …rm size matters in the transmission of monetary policy through the bank lending channel: smaller …rms have a higher probability of being credit rationed after a tightening of monetary policy than (otherwise identical) larger …rms.
Archivos Españoles de Urología (Ed. impresa), 2007
Permanent drainage of the urinary tract by catheters or tubes causes bacteriuria. The potential h... more Permanent drainage of the urinary tract by catheters or tubes causes bacteriuria. The potential harmful effects of the indwelling catheter`s bacteriuria are related to: time since the insertion of the catheter; location of the catheter (urethra, bladder, kidney); catheter composition (latex, silicone, etc.); type of ineffective bacteria and specific pathogenic mechanisms; health status of the urinary tract being drained (prior radiation therapy, tumors, etc.); patient`s health status (diabetes, immunodeficiency) and mobility; incidents and manipulations of the catheter, such as obstruction, irrigation, or retrieval. The evaluation of all mentioned factors enables strategies for prevention of septic episodes in relation with indwelling catheters, strategies that can be individualized for greater efficiency.
No existe una historia de Mórrope, aparte de algunos artículos escritos por entusiastas estudioso... more No existe una historia de Mórrope, aparte de algunos artículos escritos por entusiastas estudiosos locales, con escasa documentación. Tiene mucho que ver con esto el descuido en la conservación de los archivos locales: los libros parroquiales son de muy difícil acceso y han resistido a un intento de expoliación, estando actualmente en proceso de restauración. Los antiguos archivos municipales se han perdido, por lo que para reconstruir la historia de Mórrope debemos recurrir a los archivos de Lambayeque, Trujillo y Lima. Por lo tanto, en este artículo trataremos de organizar las informaciones dispersas de que disponemos, tanto de fuentes primarias como secundarias, tratando de encontrar un sentido y una caracterización histórica de largo plazo a Mórrope, lo cual es importante desde nuestra perspectiva, dada la íntima relación entre lo sociocultural y la historia.
Observations in the millimetre bands of maser-emitting planetary nebulae (PNe) are crucial to stu... more Observations in the millimetre bands of maser-emitting planetary nebulae (PNe) are crucial to study their circumstellar molecular gas at the beginning of the PN phase. Maser-emitting PNe are in the earliest phases of PN formation; therefore, these sources are key objects to study the molecular content during the early evolution of PNe. These circumstellar envelopes are active sites for the formation of molecules. We present preliminary results of millimetre observations with the IRAM 30 m telescope towards one PN (IRAS 17393−2727) of a sample of five maser-emitting PNe, where we detect 12CO and 13CO lines in both J=1→0 and J=2→1 transitions.
Este libro recoge los trabajos de investigación que se realizaron en el marco del Proyecto PROPOM... more Este libro recoge los trabajos de investigación que se realizaron en el marco del Proyecto PROPOMAC, una importante experiencia de cooperación al desarrollo, financiada por el FIP (Fondo Italo Peruano), y ejecutado por Cáritas del Perú, en calidad de Unidad Ejecutora, por el MNS (Museo Nacional de Sicán), responsable de los aspectos arqueológicos, y por la UNIMI (Universidad de Milán), en calidad de supervisor científico.
This study uses an approach derived from models of the private and public characteristics of good... more This study uses an approach derived from models of the private and public characteristics of goods to illustrate (1) the overriding importance of variety attributes in farmers' decisions to allocate area among varieties of maize landraces and (2) the significance of farmers' perceptions of changes in the maize germplasm base in the surrounding community in their choices. Diversity indices and the concept of 'scale', as understood in ecology, are adapted and employed to test hypotheses empirically. Though a case study of maize farmers in Southeastern Guanajuato, the research raises methodological issues for models of variety choice and has policy implications for the potential to conserve maize genetic diversity on farms in Mexico.
In this paper we analyze multi-epoch Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) water maser observa... more In this paper we analyze multi-epoch Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) water maser observations carried out with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) toward the high-mass star-forming region AFGL 2591. We detected maser emission associated with the radio continuum sources VLA 2 and VLA 3. In addition, a water maser cluster, VLA 3-N, was detected ∼ 0.5 ′′ north of VLA 3. We concentrate the discussion of this paper on the spatio-kinematical distribution of the water masers towards VLA 3-N. The water maser emission toward the region VLA 3-N shows two bow shock-like structures, Northern and Southern, separated from each other by ∼ 100 mas (∼ 330 AU). The spatial distribution and kinematics of the water masers in this cluster have persisted over a time span of seven years. The Northern bow shock has a somewhat irregular morphology, while the Southern one has a remarkably smooth morphology. We measured the proper motions of 33 water maser features, which have an average proper motion velocity of ∼ 1.3 mas yr −1 (∼ 20 km s −1). The morphology and the proper motions of this cluster of water masers show systematic expanding motions that could imply one or two different centers of star formation activity. We made a detailed model for the Southern structure, proposing two different kinematic models to explain the 3-dimensional spatio-kinematical distribution of the water masers: (1) a static central source driving the two bow-shock structures; (2) two independent driving sources, one of them exciting the Northern bow-shock structure, and the other one, a young runaway star moving in the local molecular medium exciting and molding the remarkably smoother Southern bow-shock structure. Future observations will be necessary to discriminate between the two scenarios, in particular by identifying the still unseen driving source(s).
En el marco de un Estado Social de Derecho y de las recientes negociaciones entre el Gobierno y l... more En el marco de un Estado Social de Derecho y de las recientes negociaciones entre el Gobierno y las FARC es de primera necesidad instrumentar el acervo de datos disponibles para entender sinergicamente la problematica de la violencia y la pobreza en Colombia y asi, formular y ejecutar politicas adecuadas a nivel Nacional y Regional. En este contexto el presente trabajo busca identificar los departamentos colombianos con mayor incidencia de la violencia y pobreza en Colombia a traves de la metodologia de analisis de componentes principales, para que, con la menor perdida de informacion, estos datos puedan ser interpretados en indices de violencia y pobreza.
El articulo expone un acercamiento filosofico al concepto de violencia. Para lograrlo se analizan... more El articulo expone un acercamiento filosofico al concepto de violencia. Para lograrlo se analizan diversos usos o sentidos del termino. En la introduccion se analiza una version preliminar de violencia. En la segunda seccion se discute la violencia como ruptura personal. En la tercera seccion se analizan un par de argumentos al usar el termino violencia y asi entresacar su definicion. Se cierra con las conclusiones.
El objetivo de este trabajo es resaltar la importancia de incluir la educacion interprofesional (... more El objetivo de este trabajo es resaltar la importancia de incluir la educacion interprofesional (EI) en los planes de estudios de las profesiones de atencion de la salud y dar a conocer algunas acciones que se han llevado a cabo en ese sentido. La colaboracion interprofesional consiste en que los profesionales de la salud trabajen juntos y con los usuarios para lograr atencion de alta calidad que beneficie a pacientes, familias, comunidades, prestadores de atencion y sistemas de salud. La Organizacion Mundial de la Salud ha destacado la importancia de que los planes de estudios promuevan la formacion de equipos interprofesionales. Se han identificado diversos obstaculos para el desarrollo de la EI, entre los que destacan la escasa difusion y comprension del concepto de interprofesionalidad, las diferencias culturales entre las profesiones para la atencion de la salud, el diseno curricular de los planes de estudios y problemas logisticos y de organizacion. Incorporar actividades de E...
A b s t r a c t Hooded Warbler, a new record to Jalisco State, Mexico We report Wilsonia citrina ... more A b s t r a c t Hooded Warbler, a new record to Jalisco State, Mexico We report Wilsonia citrina (Hooded Warbler) as new record to the State of Jalisco, Mexico. The individual was captured in the riparian zone of the Ayuquila River, bordering the Biosphere Reserve Sierra de Manantlan, Jalisco. This record, the only to now, is considered as unusual because the individual is outside the wintering common range of the species.
The function of Sex‐determining Region Y (SRY)‐related high‐mobility‐group box (Sox) family of tr... more The function of Sex‐determining Region Y (SRY)‐related high‐mobility‐group box (Sox) family of transcription factors in cell fate decisions during embryonic development are well‐established. Accumulating evidence indicates that the Sox family of transcription factors are fundamental in adult tissue homeostasis, regeneration, and physiology. The SoxD subfamily of genes are expressed in various cell types of different organs during embryogenesis and adulthood and have been involved in cell‐fate determination, cellular proliferation and survival, differentiation, and terminal maturation in a number of cell lineages. The dysregulation in the function of SoxD proteins (i.e. Sox5, Sox6, Sox13, and Sox23) have been implicated in different disease conditions such as chondrodysplasia, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune diseases, osteoarthritis among others. In this minireview, we present recent developments related to the transcription factor Sox6, which is involved in a number of diseases such as diabetic nephropathy, adipogenesis, cardiomyopathy, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. Sox6 has been implicated in the regulation of renin expression and JG cell recruitment in mice during sodium depletion and dehydration. We provide a current perspective of Sox6 research developments in last five years, and the implications of Sox6 functions in cardiovascular physiology and disease conditions.
BackgroundRenal artery stenosis (RAStenosis) or renal artery occlusion is an intractable problem ... more BackgroundRenal artery stenosis (RAStenosis) or renal artery occlusion is an intractable problem affecting about 6% of people >65 and up to 40% of people with coronary or peripheral vascular disease in the Unites States. The renal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a key role in RAStenosis, with renin (which is mainly produced in the kidney) being recognized as the driver of the disease. In this study, we will determine a new function for the transcription factor Sox6 in the control of renal renin during RAStenosis.MethodsWe hypothesize that knocking out Sox6 in Ren1d-positive cells will protect mice against renovascular hypertension and kidney injury. To test our hypothesis, we used a new transgenic mouse model, Ren1dcre/Sox6fl/fl (Sox6 KO), in which Sox6 is knocked out in renin-expressing cells. We used a modified two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) Goldblatt mouse model to induce RAStenosis and renovascular hypertension. BP was measured using the tail-cuff method. Renin, prore...
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2021
In this paper, we present a robotic workcell for task automation in footwear manufacturing such a... more In this paper, we present a robotic workcell for task automation in footwear manufacturing such as sole digitization, glue dispensing, and sole manipulation from different places within the factory plant. We aim to make progress towards shoe industry 4.0. To achieve it, we have implemented a novel sole grasping method, compatible with soles of different shapes, sizes, and materials, by exploiting the particular characteristics of these objects. Our proposal is able to work well with low density point clouds from a single RGBD camera and also with dense point clouds obtained from a laser scanner digitizer. The method computes antipodal grasping points from visual data in both cases and it does not require a previous recognition of sole. It relies on sole contour extraction using concave hulls and measuring the curvature on contour areas. Our method was tested both in a simulated environment and in real conditions of manufacturing at INESCOP facilities, processing 20 soles with differ...
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which... more This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Thrombocytopenia is one of the major side effects of cancer chemotherapy. To prevent the chemothe... more Thrombocytopenia is one of the major side effects of cancer chemotherapy. To prevent the chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia, the protection of megakaryocytes from drug-induced apoptosis is necessary. Caspase inhibitor and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 are often employed for the protection of cells from drug-induced apoptosis in other cell types. However, it has been reported that (1) caspase inhibitors markedly decrease platelet formation because caspase activity is required for platelet cleavage from megakaryocytes, and (2) Bcl-2 exhibited reduced platelet formation probably due to the attenuation of cell division. Therefore, new cell death inhibitors are needed to maintain platelet formation during cancer chemotherapy. Previously, we reported a new type of cell death inhibitors, named Bax Inhibiting Peptide (BIP) (Nature Cell Biol, p352-357, 5, 2003, BBRC, p961-966, 321, 2004). BIP is designed from the amino acid sequence of Ku70 protein that protect cells from apoptosis by inhi...
In this paper we …nd empirical evidence of bank lending channel for Colombia, using a balanced pa... more In this paper we …nd empirical evidence of bank lending channel for Colombia, using a balanced panel data of about four thousand non-…nancial …rms. We …nd that increases in the interest rate, proxiing for the monetary policy instrument, lead to a reduction in the proportion of bank loans, out of total debt, of the …rms. This bank lending channel am-pli…es the e¤ect of the traditional interest rate channel, which leads to a reduction in total debt and spending when monetary policy tightens. Our evidence suggests that …rm size matters in the transmission of monetary policy through the bank lending channel: smaller …rms have a higher probability of being credit rationed after a tightening of monetary policy than (otherwise identical) larger …rms.
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