1 in 1992, requests for accommodations on the bar examination have grown steadily. While bar exam... more 1 in 1992, requests for accommodations on the bar examination have grown steadily. While bar examiners may be better equipped than other testing organizations to under- stand the legal ramifications of this legislation, they have still been caught up in the general confusion about definitions and procedures that so often envelops introduction of a new law. No amount of legal sophistication could prepare them to grapple with the tide of requests based on psychiatric diag- noses, especially Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities. It was within this context that I was hired as a consultant to various state bar examining authorities to explain diagnostic evaluation issues related to adult ADHD, to make recommendations regarding accommoda- tions requests submitted by examinees, and to assist in development of review procedures for submission of these requests. My experience as a consultant has challenged me to bridge the divide between psychiatry and th...
The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 2012
The DSM-5 Task Force is presently considering whether to adopt parental alienation disorder (PAD)... more The DSM-5 Task Force is presently considering whether to adopt parental alienation disorder (PAD) as a mental illness. Although controversy has surrounded PAD since its inception in 1985, pro-PAD groups and individuals have breathed new life into the push to establish it as a mental health diagnosis. In this analysis, we argue that it would be a serious mistake to adopt parental alienation disorder as a formal mental illness in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).
It is stimulating to see ideas regarding ADHD debated in a competitive, lively and mildly mean–sp... more It is stimulating to see ideas regarding ADHD debated in a competitive, lively and mildly mean–spirited manner in the ADHD Report (Barkley, 2000; Barkley, 2001; Triolo, 2001; Gordon & Barkley, 1999; Brown, 1999). From my vantage it appears that Barkley (assisted by Gordon and others) is scoring more points, perhaps aided by a superior offense and home field advantage. But, the other team will not likely go away nor should they. Even if getting pummeled due to a weak scientific defense, these opponents at least raise two questions worth further discussion: What was ADHD in the past and what will it be in the future?
The present example illustrates a method for assessing pattern similarity for correlation matrice... more The present example illustrates a method for assessing pattern similarity for correlation matrices from populations known to differ in clinically important respects. The data underlying previously published confirmatory factor analyses of neuropsychological traits are presented in two methods for assessing whether the matrices are similar enough to justify their aggregation into a single composite matrix. The significance of this procedure for research in applied neuropsychology is commented upon in terms of the benefits to model diagnostics.
Trait analyses of the Luria-Nebraska's Intellectual Processes, Motor Functions, and Memor... more Trait analyses of the Luria-Nebraska's Intellectual Processes, Motor Functions, and Memory Scales were performed using multitrait-multimethod procedures and confirmatory factor analysis. Three measures each of intellectual, motor, and memory functions were administered to 161 neuropsychiatric patients. Intellectual scales (viz., Luria-Nebraska and WAIS-R) were found to have convincing discriminant properties, but motor and memory measures demonstrated visibly less such robustness. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a three-factor model of the 9 x 9 matrix, in which each of the three Luria-Nebraska scales serves as a marker for the factors. Issues related to the neuropsychological constructs, test construction, and construct validity of measurement procedures employed in clinical neuropsychology are discussed.
ADHD diagnosis and the prevalence of nonmedical prescription stimulant use among a sample of medi... more ADHD diagnosis and the prevalence of nonmedical prescription stimulant use among a sample of medical students. Methods: An anonymous survey was administered to 388 medical students (84.0% return rate) across all 4 years of education at a public medical college. Results: Eighteen medical students (5.5%) reported being diagnosed with ADHD and 72.2% of those students were diagnosed after the age of 18. Thirty-three medical students (10.1%) reported using prescription stimulants for nonmedical purposes during their lifetime. The most commonly reported motivation for nonmedical prescription stimulant use was to improve academic performance. There was no significant correlation between an ADHD diagnosis and a history of nonmedical prescription stimulant use (pϭ0.072). Conclusion: This survey suggests that medical students appear to be a relatively high-risk population for nonmedical prescription stimulant use.
Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 1998
As a psychologist, you may be asked to provide a university or professional licensing board with ... more As a psychologist, you may be asked to provide a university or professional licensing board with recommendations concerning special test accommodations for a student you diagnosed with a learning problem. In this article, the author discusses experience consulting with states administering the bar examination to law graduates diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who requested test accommodations; this experience illustrates the controversies surrounding this issue. Psychologists 1 recommendations for test accommodations are too often based on incomplete evaluations with unclear rationale for their support. Test agencies lack research to support their concern that validity is altered when test accommodations are granted.
O ver 20 years ago, bar examiners began to receive requests for accommoda tions on the bar exam b... more O ver 20 years ago, bar examiners began to receive requests for accommoda tions on the bar exam based on diagno ses of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other mental conditions. The examinees requesting accommodations based on ADHD described problems such as inattention and distractibility that they purported to experience when taking exams. Requests for extended exam time and/or a separate room became the norm. Bar examiners were often baffled by the range and seemingly diverse quality of psychiatric and psy chological evaluations submitted in support of these requests. Bar examiners expressed concerns regard ing fairness and exam validity in situations where a select group is allowed accommodations that many examinees might find beneficial. Without clinical training and with little history of providing accom modations to those with a diagnosis of ADHD, they sought help from professionals like me with clin ical background in various diagnostic conditions to unders...
The legal basis for receiving exam accommodation within postsecondary educational environments, o... more The legal basis for receiving exam accommodation within postsecondary educational environments, on university entrance exams and licensing exams, is the ADA. Even when evaluations are conducted to recommend accommodation on licensing exams, where a clear forensic perspective should be the norm, this perspective is not routinely adopted. To explain why the gap between suggested and actual practice continues to be so wide, these types of accommodation-focused evaluations are contrasted with two other areas of forensic evaluation practice, competency to stand trial and worker's compensation disability, for which a forensic perspective is the norm. Factors influencing the lack of forensic perspective adopted in accommodation-focused assessments include general problems with current clinical practice, the lack of a set of clearly defined forensic guidelines for performing these evaluations, the ongoing confusion regarding the standard for disability determination under the ADA, and the difficulty of obtaining evidence that would directly support the provision or denial of specific exam accommodations.
The authors review several brief mental status examinations which are currently used to assess ge... more The authors review several brief mental status examinations which are currently used to assess geriatric patients. The strengths and weaknesses of these measures are discussed in light of standard test construction procedures, including validity of the mental status examination and correlation with standard psychological tests. Additional data are presented for several mental status examinations used to evaluate general neurologic patients and patients with Alzheimer's disease.
The authors review recent literature on four medical conditions that constitute important example... more The authors review recent literature on four medical conditions that constitute important examples of organic mental disorders: AIDS dementia complex, cocaine abuse, cerebrovascular accident, and traumatic brain injury. These disorders are of particular interest because they are frequently the result of high-risk behaviors and the patients are often young adults. Progress in classification and diagnosis, along with greater understanding of patbophysiological mechanisms, has facilitated therapies to ameliorate some symptoms. More specific classification oforganic mental disorders shouldfacilltate the examination of biological factors believed responsible forfunctional psychiatric disturbances. Organic mental syndromes are rapidly increasing in frequency in the patient populations seen by psychiatnists. Rapid advances in medical technology, an agingpopulation, and some recent epidemics have created large numbers of patients who have altered behavior due to brain disease
Recently there has been growing concern that college students may feign symptoms of ADHD in order... more Recently there has been growing concern that college students may feign symptoms of ADHD in order to obtain academic accommodations and stimulant medication. Unfortunately research has only begun to validate detection tools for malingered ADHD. The present study cross-validated the results of Sollman, Ranseen, and Berry (2010) on the efficacy of several symptom validity tests for detection of simulated ADHD among college students. Undergraduates with a history of diagnosed ADHD were randomly assigned either to respond honestly or exaggerate symptoms, and were compared to undergraduates with no history of ADHD or other psychiatric disorders who were also randomly assigned to respond honestly or feign symptoms of ADHD. Similar to Sollman et al. (2010) and other recent research on feigned ADHD, several symptom validity tests, including the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM), Letter Memory Test (LMT), Digit Memory Test (DMT), Nonverbal Medical Symptom Validity Test (NV-MSVT), and the b Test were reasonably successful at discriminating feigned and genuine ADHD. When considered as a group, the criterion of failure of 2 or more of these SVTs had a sensitivity of .475 and a specificity of 1.00.
Legal wrangling precipitated by the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) has resulted in courts ... more Legal wrangling precipitated by the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) has resulted in courts adopting a narrow view of disability. This narrow categorical disability definition is in conflict with current mental health and educational practice that presumes an inclusive view of disability. Test accommodations for licensing exams based on learning impairments provide an example of the conflict generated by legal
Significant motivations and incentives exist for young-adult students to seek a diagnosis of atte... more Significant motivations and incentives exist for young-adult students to seek a diagnosis of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). With ADHD information readily accessible on the Internet, today's students are likely to be symptom educated prior to evaluation. This may result in false-positive diagnoses, particularly when students are motivated to convey symptoms. We evaluated the utility of ADHD symptom checklists, neurocognitive tests, and measures initially developed to detect feigned neurocognitive or psychiatric dysfunction (symptom validity tests [SVTs]). The performance of 31 undergraduates financially motivated and coached about ADHD via Internet-derived information was compared to that of 29 ADHD undergraduates following medication washout and 14 students not endorsing symptomatology. Results indicated malingerers readily produced ADHD-consistent profiles. Symptom checklists, including the ADHD Rating Scale and Conners's Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self-Rating Form: Long, were particularly susceptible to faking. Conners's Continuous Performance Test-II findings appeared more related to motivation than condition. Promising results were seen with all cognitive SVTs (Test of Memory Malingering [TOMM], Digit Memory Test, Letter Memory Test, and Nonverbal-Medical Symptom Validity Test), particularly TOMM Trial 1 when scored using Trial 2 criteria. All SVTs demonstrated very high specificity for the ADHD condition and moderate sensitivity to faking, which translated into high positive predictive values at rising base rates of feigning. Combining 2 or more failures resulted in only modest declines in sensitivity but robust specificity. Results point to the need for a thorough evaluation of history, cognitive and emotional functioning, and the consideration of exaggerated symptomatology in the diagnosis of ADHD.
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1992
This study investigated the intellectual functioning of a large group of eating disorder patients... more This study investigated the intellectual functioning of a large group of eating disorder patients to examine two previously reported findings: (1) this population exhibits above-average general intellectual skills; and (2) a specific pattern of strength in verbal abilities. Standard intellectual testing of 100 consecutive inpatient females with eating disorder diagnoses was performed. Results indicate intellectual performance conforming to a normal distribution with no specific pattern of strengths or weaknesses.
The pattern and level of performance on the WAIS-R and the Luria-Nebraska's Intelligence, Mem... more The pattern and level of performance on the WAIS-R and the Luria-Nebraska's Intelligence, Memory, and Motor Scales were examined for 93 neurologically impaired adults. Maximum likelihood factor analyses of the WAIS-R indicated the presence of strongly correlated (.72) Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization dimensions. Comparisons of these factors to those of the standardization group revealed an acceptable level of similarity (.94) for Verbal Comprehension, but not for Perceptual Organization (.53). Canonical correlations between WAIS-R factor scores and the three Luria-Nebraska scaled scores accounted for 82% of the total variance. Each set of procedures evidently is indexing the same theoretical constructs. Implications of these findings for our understanding of the measurement models that underlie clinical neuropsychology are discussed.
Objective: In preclinical studies, lobeline inhibited hyperactivity induced by nicotine and amphe... more Objective: In preclinical studies, lobeline inhibited hyperactivity induced by nicotine and amphetamine, and improved performance and learning in studies utilizing radial-arm maze and spatial-discrimination water maze. This laboratory proof-of-concept study investigated lobeline as a treatment for ADHD symptoms in adults (31.11 ± 7.08 years). Method: Using cognitive tasks and self-report measures, the effects of lobeline (0, 7.5, 15, or 30 mg, s.l.) and methylphenidate (0, 15, or 30 mg, p.o.) were assessed in nine volunteers with ADHD. Results: Evidence suggested that lobeline could modestly improve working memory in adults with ADHD, but no significant improvement in attention was observed. Lobeline administration was associated with mild adverse side effects (nausea). Conclusion: Further investigation of lobeline on working memory may be warranted.
1 in 1992, requests for accommodations on the bar examination have grown steadily. While bar exam... more 1 in 1992, requests for accommodations on the bar examination have grown steadily. While bar examiners may be better equipped than other testing organizations to under- stand the legal ramifications of this legislation, they have still been caught up in the general confusion about definitions and procedures that so often envelops introduction of a new law. No amount of legal sophistication could prepare them to grapple with the tide of requests based on psychiatric diag- noses, especially Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities. It was within this context that I was hired as a consultant to various state bar examining authorities to explain diagnostic evaluation issues related to adult ADHD, to make recommendations regarding accommoda- tions requests submitted by examinees, and to assist in development of review procedures for submission of these requests. My experience as a consultant has challenged me to bridge the divide between psychiatry and th...
The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 2012
The DSM-5 Task Force is presently considering whether to adopt parental alienation disorder (PAD)... more The DSM-5 Task Force is presently considering whether to adopt parental alienation disorder (PAD) as a mental illness. Although controversy has surrounded PAD since its inception in 1985, pro-PAD groups and individuals have breathed new life into the push to establish it as a mental health diagnosis. In this analysis, we argue that it would be a serious mistake to adopt parental alienation disorder as a formal mental illness in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).
It is stimulating to see ideas regarding ADHD debated in a competitive, lively and mildly mean–sp... more It is stimulating to see ideas regarding ADHD debated in a competitive, lively and mildly mean–spirited manner in the ADHD Report (Barkley, 2000; Barkley, 2001; Triolo, 2001; Gordon & Barkley, 1999; Brown, 1999). From my vantage it appears that Barkley (assisted by Gordon and others) is scoring more points, perhaps aided by a superior offense and home field advantage. But, the other team will not likely go away nor should they. Even if getting pummeled due to a weak scientific defense, these opponents at least raise two questions worth further discussion: What was ADHD in the past and what will it be in the future?
The present example illustrates a method for assessing pattern similarity for correlation matrice... more The present example illustrates a method for assessing pattern similarity for correlation matrices from populations known to differ in clinically important respects. The data underlying previously published confirmatory factor analyses of neuropsychological traits are presented in two methods for assessing whether the matrices are similar enough to justify their aggregation into a single composite matrix. The significance of this procedure for research in applied neuropsychology is commented upon in terms of the benefits to model diagnostics.
Trait analyses of the Luria-Nebraska's Intellectual Processes, Motor Functions, and Memor... more Trait analyses of the Luria-Nebraska's Intellectual Processes, Motor Functions, and Memory Scales were performed using multitrait-multimethod procedures and confirmatory factor analysis. Three measures each of intellectual, motor, and memory functions were administered to 161 neuropsychiatric patients. Intellectual scales (viz., Luria-Nebraska and WAIS-R) were found to have convincing discriminant properties, but motor and memory measures demonstrated visibly less such robustness. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a three-factor model of the 9 x 9 matrix, in which each of the three Luria-Nebraska scales serves as a marker for the factors. Issues related to the neuropsychological constructs, test construction, and construct validity of measurement procedures employed in clinical neuropsychology are discussed.
ADHD diagnosis and the prevalence of nonmedical prescription stimulant use among a sample of medi... more ADHD diagnosis and the prevalence of nonmedical prescription stimulant use among a sample of medical students. Methods: An anonymous survey was administered to 388 medical students (84.0% return rate) across all 4 years of education at a public medical college. Results: Eighteen medical students (5.5%) reported being diagnosed with ADHD and 72.2% of those students were diagnosed after the age of 18. Thirty-three medical students (10.1%) reported using prescription stimulants for nonmedical purposes during their lifetime. The most commonly reported motivation for nonmedical prescription stimulant use was to improve academic performance. There was no significant correlation between an ADHD diagnosis and a history of nonmedical prescription stimulant use (pϭ0.072). Conclusion: This survey suggests that medical students appear to be a relatively high-risk population for nonmedical prescription stimulant use.
Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 1998
As a psychologist, you may be asked to provide a university or professional licensing board with ... more As a psychologist, you may be asked to provide a university or professional licensing board with recommendations concerning special test accommodations for a student you diagnosed with a learning problem. In this article, the author discusses experience consulting with states administering the bar examination to law graduates diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who requested test accommodations; this experience illustrates the controversies surrounding this issue. Psychologists 1 recommendations for test accommodations are too often based on incomplete evaluations with unclear rationale for their support. Test agencies lack research to support their concern that validity is altered when test accommodations are granted.
O ver 20 years ago, bar examiners began to receive requests for accommoda tions on the bar exam b... more O ver 20 years ago, bar examiners began to receive requests for accommoda tions on the bar exam based on diagno ses of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other mental conditions. The examinees requesting accommodations based on ADHD described problems such as inattention and distractibility that they purported to experience when taking exams. Requests for extended exam time and/or a separate room became the norm. Bar examiners were often baffled by the range and seemingly diverse quality of psychiatric and psy chological evaluations submitted in support of these requests. Bar examiners expressed concerns regard ing fairness and exam validity in situations where a select group is allowed accommodations that many examinees might find beneficial. Without clinical training and with little history of providing accom modations to those with a diagnosis of ADHD, they sought help from professionals like me with clin ical background in various diagnostic conditions to unders...
The legal basis for receiving exam accommodation within postsecondary educational environments, o... more The legal basis for receiving exam accommodation within postsecondary educational environments, on university entrance exams and licensing exams, is the ADA. Even when evaluations are conducted to recommend accommodation on licensing exams, where a clear forensic perspective should be the norm, this perspective is not routinely adopted. To explain why the gap between suggested and actual practice continues to be so wide, these types of accommodation-focused evaluations are contrasted with two other areas of forensic evaluation practice, competency to stand trial and worker's compensation disability, for which a forensic perspective is the norm. Factors influencing the lack of forensic perspective adopted in accommodation-focused assessments include general problems with current clinical practice, the lack of a set of clearly defined forensic guidelines for performing these evaluations, the ongoing confusion regarding the standard for disability determination under the ADA, and the difficulty of obtaining evidence that would directly support the provision or denial of specific exam accommodations.
The authors review several brief mental status examinations which are currently used to assess ge... more The authors review several brief mental status examinations which are currently used to assess geriatric patients. The strengths and weaknesses of these measures are discussed in light of standard test construction procedures, including validity of the mental status examination and correlation with standard psychological tests. Additional data are presented for several mental status examinations used to evaluate general neurologic patients and patients with Alzheimer's disease.
The authors review recent literature on four medical conditions that constitute important example... more The authors review recent literature on four medical conditions that constitute important examples of organic mental disorders: AIDS dementia complex, cocaine abuse, cerebrovascular accident, and traumatic brain injury. These disorders are of particular interest because they are frequently the result of high-risk behaviors and the patients are often young adults. Progress in classification and diagnosis, along with greater understanding of patbophysiological mechanisms, has facilitated therapies to ameliorate some symptoms. More specific classification oforganic mental disorders shouldfacilltate the examination of biological factors believed responsible forfunctional psychiatric disturbances. Organic mental syndromes are rapidly increasing in frequency in the patient populations seen by psychiatnists. Rapid advances in medical technology, an agingpopulation, and some recent epidemics have created large numbers of patients who have altered behavior due to brain disease
Recently there has been growing concern that college students may feign symptoms of ADHD in order... more Recently there has been growing concern that college students may feign symptoms of ADHD in order to obtain academic accommodations and stimulant medication. Unfortunately research has only begun to validate detection tools for malingered ADHD. The present study cross-validated the results of Sollman, Ranseen, and Berry (2010) on the efficacy of several symptom validity tests for detection of simulated ADHD among college students. Undergraduates with a history of diagnosed ADHD were randomly assigned either to respond honestly or exaggerate symptoms, and were compared to undergraduates with no history of ADHD or other psychiatric disorders who were also randomly assigned to respond honestly or feign symptoms of ADHD. Similar to Sollman et al. (2010) and other recent research on feigned ADHD, several symptom validity tests, including the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM), Letter Memory Test (LMT), Digit Memory Test (DMT), Nonverbal Medical Symptom Validity Test (NV-MSVT), and the b Test were reasonably successful at discriminating feigned and genuine ADHD. When considered as a group, the criterion of failure of 2 or more of these SVTs had a sensitivity of .475 and a specificity of 1.00.
Legal wrangling precipitated by the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) has resulted in courts ... more Legal wrangling precipitated by the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) has resulted in courts adopting a narrow view of disability. This narrow categorical disability definition is in conflict with current mental health and educational practice that presumes an inclusive view of disability. Test accommodations for licensing exams based on learning impairments provide an example of the conflict generated by legal
Significant motivations and incentives exist for young-adult students to seek a diagnosis of atte... more Significant motivations and incentives exist for young-adult students to seek a diagnosis of attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). With ADHD information readily accessible on the Internet, today's students are likely to be symptom educated prior to evaluation. This may result in false-positive diagnoses, particularly when students are motivated to convey symptoms. We evaluated the utility of ADHD symptom checklists, neurocognitive tests, and measures initially developed to detect feigned neurocognitive or psychiatric dysfunction (symptom validity tests [SVTs]). The performance of 31 undergraduates financially motivated and coached about ADHD via Internet-derived information was compared to that of 29 ADHD undergraduates following medication washout and 14 students not endorsing symptomatology. Results indicated malingerers readily produced ADHD-consistent profiles. Symptom checklists, including the ADHD Rating Scale and Conners's Adult ADHD Rating Scale-Self-Rating Form: Long, were particularly susceptible to faking. Conners's Continuous Performance Test-II findings appeared more related to motivation than condition. Promising results were seen with all cognitive SVTs (Test of Memory Malingering [TOMM], Digit Memory Test, Letter Memory Test, and Nonverbal-Medical Symptom Validity Test), particularly TOMM Trial 1 when scored using Trial 2 criteria. All SVTs demonstrated very high specificity for the ADHD condition and moderate sensitivity to faking, which translated into high positive predictive values at rising base rates of feigning. Combining 2 or more failures resulted in only modest declines in sensitivity but robust specificity. Results point to the need for a thorough evaluation of history, cognitive and emotional functioning, and the consideration of exaggerated symptomatology in the diagnosis of ADHD.
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1992
This study investigated the intellectual functioning of a large group of eating disorder patients... more This study investigated the intellectual functioning of a large group of eating disorder patients to examine two previously reported findings: (1) this population exhibits above-average general intellectual skills; and (2) a specific pattern of strength in verbal abilities. Standard intellectual testing of 100 consecutive inpatient females with eating disorder diagnoses was performed. Results indicate intellectual performance conforming to a normal distribution with no specific pattern of strengths or weaknesses.
The pattern and level of performance on the WAIS-R and the Luria-Nebraska's Intelligence, Mem... more The pattern and level of performance on the WAIS-R and the Luria-Nebraska's Intelligence, Memory, and Motor Scales were examined for 93 neurologically impaired adults. Maximum likelihood factor analyses of the WAIS-R indicated the presence of strongly correlated (.72) Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization dimensions. Comparisons of these factors to those of the standardization group revealed an acceptable level of similarity (.94) for Verbal Comprehension, but not for Perceptual Organization (.53). Canonical correlations between WAIS-R factor scores and the three Luria-Nebraska scaled scores accounted for 82% of the total variance. Each set of procedures evidently is indexing the same theoretical constructs. Implications of these findings for our understanding of the measurement models that underlie clinical neuropsychology are discussed.
Objective: In preclinical studies, lobeline inhibited hyperactivity induced by nicotine and amphe... more Objective: In preclinical studies, lobeline inhibited hyperactivity induced by nicotine and amphetamine, and improved performance and learning in studies utilizing radial-arm maze and spatial-discrimination water maze. This laboratory proof-of-concept study investigated lobeline as a treatment for ADHD symptoms in adults (31.11 ± 7.08 years). Method: Using cognitive tasks and self-report measures, the effects of lobeline (0, 7.5, 15, or 30 mg, s.l.) and methylphenidate (0, 15, or 30 mg, p.o.) were assessed in nine volunteers with ADHD. Results: Evidence suggested that lobeline could modestly improve working memory in adults with ADHD, but no significant improvement in attention was observed. Lobeline administration was associated with mild adverse side effects (nausea). Conclusion: Further investigation of lobeline on working memory may be warranted.
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Papers by John Ranseen