BY DR. EMRICH ULMAN OF VIZNiA IF one removes a portion of tissue from the body, it does not die a... more BY DR. EMRICH ULMAN OF VIZNiA IF one removes a portion of tissue from the body, it does not die at once, it retains its viability for a variable length of time. The viability of this removed tissue vanres according to the nature of the source and the type of the tissue, the duration of its life depends upon its environment, as the temperature, etc. Plant grafts survive their removal for a long period of time; animal tissues a shorter period, and tissue from the more highly differentiated and organized animals dies sooner than that from the lower species. Should the removed portion of tissue be replanted into the body from which it was taken, regardless of whether it is replaced on the same site or in a more remote location, it is called autoplastic transplantation. If the tissue is planted into an individual of a like species, it is termed homoplastic transplantation; if into one of another species, heteroplastic transplantation has been performed. On the other hand, grafting of tissues from the cadaver or of dead tissues is known as implantation. Tissue transplantation has been employed for a long time, but organ transplantation has been made possible only during the last fifteen years, coincident with improved operative technic, namely, the perfection of the blood-vessel suture. (The author then covers the ground of skin, mucous membrane, subcutaneous tissue, fat, muscle, bone, epiphyseal cartilage and joint transplantation. This portion is omitted since these subjects are also fully treated in the paper of Prof. Lexer, to which reference should be made.) Blood-Vessel Transplantation.-After the failures of Gliick, Exner and H6phner, Carrel and Mosel first were able to transplant veins into arteries. Carrel and Guthrie both made the observation that the vein becomes wider and the walls accommodate themselves to the increased pressure. Since then, due to the investigations of Borst, Enderlen and Stich (with an observation extending over 409 days) the possibility of autoplastic vein transplantation into arteries has been realized.
It is well known that profound immunological disturbances often occur as a result of thermal or t... more It is well known that profound immunological disturbances often occur as a result of thermal or traumatic injuries (1,2). These changes, which include serum protein alterations (e.g. complement activation, fibronectin depletion, and the generation of immune complexes) as well as compromise of cellular functions (e.g. depressed neutrophil chemotaxis and intracellular killing, suppressor T-cell activation and depression of lymphocyte blastogenesis), have been summarized elsewhere (3). Immune problems in patients are so far reaching that it has been cynically suggested that the study of any immunologic parameter following injury is sure to reveal defects of potential clinical importance. Unfortunately, this statement is basically true. In general, the greater the extent of the injury, the greater the likelihood that clinically significant immunological depression will occur. In burn patients, this means that all patients with a greater than 40% body surface area injury can be expected to have serious, multiple immunological problems and, therefore, be at high risk to sepsis.
Trauma, considered as a whole, remains the greatest single killer of the US adult population. A s... more Trauma, considered as a whole, remains the greatest single killer of the US adult population. A significant component of mortality after injury is due to an induced immunological deficiency, a defect responsible for septic death. While discussion of immune deficiency states usually brings to mind AIDS, or well defined congenital diseases, there has been increasing interest in and concern for immunological depression acquired as a result of accidental or operative injury in an otherwise normal host. An excellent recent sampling of the literature, for example, can be found in the November/December 1987 issue of the Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, which contains papers from a recent conference on the subject. The material for this review, in fact, is taken from one of the papers in this volume (Ninnemann 1987). In the case of major injuries, immunological changes can be precipitous and leave the host vulnerable to life-threatening sepsis. Fortunately, however, injury induced immune depression is completely reversible, and with an understanding of its causes has come the hope of controlling immunity in favor of the host.
The separation of cells using 1.077 g/ml density Ficoll-sodium metrizoate may not be appropriate ... more The separation of cells using 1.077 g/ml density Ficoll-sodium metrizoate may not be appropriate for the study of lymphocyte mitogen responses, or probably other tests as well, as it appears to selectively delete an immunoregulatory lymphocyte subpopulation. We have evaluated two common methods of separating lymphocytes for study from peripheral whole blood, Ficoll-sodium metrizoate centrifugation and simple sedimentation/cotton column purification, which yield cell populations quite similar in viability and in proportion of E-rosetting cells. Yet cultures of lymphocytes isolated by the two methods differ considerably in their response to PHA stimulation and in the suppressibility of this response by the addition of serum from cancer patients. By sequentially separating peripheral blood first by sedimentation/cotton column purification, then again by Ficollsodium metrizoate centrifugation, two distinct populations of cells were obtained, neither of which could respond well to PHA stimulation alone, nor exhibit suppression by cancer serum supplementation. However, when the two lymphocyte populations were mixed in proportions similar to those found in whole blood, PHA stimulatory and suppressor activities were restored. The lymphocyte subpopulation with density greater than the 1.077 g/ml Ficoll-sodium metrizoate was found to regulate in vitro lymphocyte response to PHA.
Successful treatment of severely burned patients with the Chinese method of intermingled skin gru... more Successful treatment of severely burned patients with the Chinese method of intermingled skin grufting has raised questions concerning the pathophysiological and immunological mechanisms which allow the survival of mixed allogeneic and autologow tissue. In creafing a rat model and measuring systemic immunological status by means of mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and histology, we found comparable levels of sensitization in intermingled ad allografted rats; however, allografts were rejected and intermingled graft survival was significantly prolonged. We interpret our results to indicate that the survival of intermingled grafts is dependent upon an as yet undefined local protective effect exerted by the presence of auto-skin islands in the allotypic portion of intermingled grafts.
Archaeoastronomy is a discipline born at the intersection of cultural anthropology and the scienc... more Archaeoastronomy is a discipline born at the intersection of cultural anthropology and the science of astronomy. As such, practitioners apply a variety of approaches. It is agreed, however, that casual naked-eye observation is not enough to convincingly assert the significance of prehistoric structures, alignments, and symbols. Although they can be equally creative, science differs from literary fiction in its strong preference for hypotheses that are testable and falsifiable by reproducible evidence. Digital photography is one of several tools in the field that bridges the gap between observation, essential documentation, and a search for meaning. A digital file yields both an archival image and unalterable EXIF time/date metadata. We present examples of the utility of digital photography in our studies of archaeoastronomy in the southwestern United States featuring Chimney Rock Pueblo, Yucca House Pueblo, Yellow Jacket Pueblo, Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde National Park, and Fajada B...
BY DR. EMRICH ULMAN OF VIZNiA IF one removes a portion of tissue from the body, it does not die a... more BY DR. EMRICH ULMAN OF VIZNiA IF one removes a portion of tissue from the body, it does not die at once, it retains its viability for a variable length of time. The viability of this removed tissue vanres according to the nature of the source and the type of the tissue, the duration of its life depends upon its environment, as the temperature, etc. Plant grafts survive their removal for a long period of time; animal tissues a shorter period, and tissue from the more highly differentiated and organized animals dies sooner than that from the lower species. Should the removed portion of tissue be replanted into the body from which it was taken, regardless of whether it is replaced on the same site or in a more remote location, it is called autoplastic transplantation. If the tissue is planted into an individual of a like species, it is termed homoplastic transplantation; if into one of another species, heteroplastic transplantation has been performed. On the other hand, grafting of tissues from the cadaver or of dead tissues is known as implantation. Tissue transplantation has been employed for a long time, but organ transplantation has been made possible only during the last fifteen years, coincident with improved operative technic, namely, the perfection of the blood-vessel suture. (The author then covers the ground of skin, mucous membrane, subcutaneous tissue, fat, muscle, bone, epiphyseal cartilage and joint transplantation. This portion is omitted since these subjects are also fully treated in the paper of Prof. Lexer, to which reference should be made.) Blood-Vessel Transplantation.-After the failures of Gliick, Exner and H6phner, Carrel and Mosel first were able to transplant veins into arteries. Carrel and Guthrie both made the observation that the vein becomes wider and the walls accommodate themselves to the increased pressure. Since then, due to the investigations of Borst, Enderlen and Stich (with an observation extending over 409 days) the possibility of autoplastic vein transplantation into arteries has been realized.
It is well known that profound immunological disturbances often occur as a result of thermal or t... more It is well known that profound immunological disturbances often occur as a result of thermal or traumatic injuries (1,2). These changes, which include serum protein alterations (e.g. complement activation, fibronectin depletion, and the generation of immune complexes) as well as compromise of cellular functions (e.g. depressed neutrophil chemotaxis and intracellular killing, suppressor T-cell activation and depression of lymphocyte blastogenesis), have been summarized elsewhere (3). Immune problems in patients are so far reaching that it has been cynically suggested that the study of any immunologic parameter following injury is sure to reveal defects of potential clinical importance. Unfortunately, this statement is basically true. In general, the greater the extent of the injury, the greater the likelihood that clinically significant immunological depression will occur. In burn patients, this means that all patients with a greater than 40% body surface area injury can be expected to have serious, multiple immunological problems and, therefore, be at high risk to sepsis.
Trauma, considered as a whole, remains the greatest single killer of the US adult population. A s... more Trauma, considered as a whole, remains the greatest single killer of the US adult population. A significant component of mortality after injury is due to an induced immunological deficiency, a defect responsible for septic death. While discussion of immune deficiency states usually brings to mind AIDS, or well defined congenital diseases, there has been increasing interest in and concern for immunological depression acquired as a result of accidental or operative injury in an otherwise normal host. An excellent recent sampling of the literature, for example, can be found in the November/December 1987 issue of the Journal of Burn Care and Rehabilitation, which contains papers from a recent conference on the subject. The material for this review, in fact, is taken from one of the papers in this volume (Ninnemann 1987). In the case of major injuries, immunological changes can be precipitous and leave the host vulnerable to life-threatening sepsis. Fortunately, however, injury induced immune depression is completely reversible, and with an understanding of its causes has come the hope of controlling immunity in favor of the host.
The separation of cells using 1.077 g/ml density Ficoll-sodium metrizoate may not be appropriate ... more The separation of cells using 1.077 g/ml density Ficoll-sodium metrizoate may not be appropriate for the study of lymphocyte mitogen responses, or probably other tests as well, as it appears to selectively delete an immunoregulatory lymphocyte subpopulation. We have evaluated two common methods of separating lymphocytes for study from peripheral whole blood, Ficoll-sodium metrizoate centrifugation and simple sedimentation/cotton column purification, which yield cell populations quite similar in viability and in proportion of E-rosetting cells. Yet cultures of lymphocytes isolated by the two methods differ considerably in their response to PHA stimulation and in the suppressibility of this response by the addition of serum from cancer patients. By sequentially separating peripheral blood first by sedimentation/cotton column purification, then again by Ficollsodium metrizoate centrifugation, two distinct populations of cells were obtained, neither of which could respond well to PHA stimulation alone, nor exhibit suppression by cancer serum supplementation. However, when the two lymphocyte populations were mixed in proportions similar to those found in whole blood, PHA stimulatory and suppressor activities were restored. The lymphocyte subpopulation with density greater than the 1.077 g/ml Ficoll-sodium metrizoate was found to regulate in vitro lymphocyte response to PHA.
Successful treatment of severely burned patients with the Chinese method of intermingled skin gru... more Successful treatment of severely burned patients with the Chinese method of intermingled skin grufting has raised questions concerning the pathophysiological and immunological mechanisms which allow the survival of mixed allogeneic and autologow tissue. In creafing a rat model and measuring systemic immunological status by means of mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and histology, we found comparable levels of sensitization in intermingled ad allografted rats; however, allografts were rejected and intermingled graft survival was significantly prolonged. We interpret our results to indicate that the survival of intermingled grafts is dependent upon an as yet undefined local protective effect exerted by the presence of auto-skin islands in the allotypic portion of intermingled grafts.
Archaeoastronomy is a discipline born at the intersection of cultural anthropology and the scienc... more Archaeoastronomy is a discipline born at the intersection of cultural anthropology and the science of astronomy. As such, practitioners apply a variety of approaches. It is agreed, however, that casual naked-eye observation is not enough to convincingly assert the significance of prehistoric structures, alignments, and symbols. Although they can be equally creative, science differs from literary fiction in its strong preference for hypotheses that are testable and falsifiable by reproducible evidence. Digital photography is one of several tools in the field that bridges the gap between observation, essential documentation, and a search for meaning. A digital file yields both an archival image and unalterable EXIF time/date metadata. We present examples of the utility of digital photography in our studies of archaeoastronomy in the southwestern United States featuring Chimney Rock Pueblo, Yucca House Pueblo, Yellow Jacket Pueblo, Cliff Palace at Mesa Verde National Park, and Fajada B...
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Papers by John Ninnemann