Laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed priming using botanical leaf extr... more Laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed priming using botanical leaf extract on seed quality characters of blackgram. The present study will emphasize on the effect of seed priming using various leaf extracts like moringa, prosopis, neem, pungam and arappu on seed and seedling quality characteristics like germination percentage, speed of germination, root length, shoot length, seedling length, dry matter production, vigour index-I and vigour index-II of blackgram CO 6. The results concluded that blackgram seeds should be primed with 1% prosopis leaf extract for 4 hours @ 1/3 rd volume of solution to enhance the seed and seedling characteristics under adverse environmental conditions. In addition, blackgram seeds may also be primed with 1% moringa leaf extract to get the similar results.
Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, Apr 1, 2021
Wear takes predominant role in reducing the life time of moving parts in machines having rotating... more Wear takes predominant role in reducing the life time of moving parts in machines having rotating and sliding motion and also the cutting life time of tool materials. Hard wear resistant coatings have been used to increase the wear resistance of these parts. This investigation focuses on the influence of FUTURA NANO(TiAlN) and ALCRONA PRO(AlCrN) coatings on mild steel (ms) material. TiAlN and AlCrN were coated on two different mild steel discs by using physical vapour deposition (PVD) technique. The stainless steel pins are selected as a work piece material. Methods for determining the wear on surfaces can be categorized according to the type of relative movement of the tested material and the applied bodies and the method of contact and its geometry. One of the method is more frequently used for wear on surfaces is the pin on disc method. The wear characteristics were analysed and compared between two different coatings(TiAlN and AlCrN) upon machining the stainless steel pins. The performance parameters were calculated by using coefficient of friction values which were obtained from the pin on disc test. Substantial resistance to wear has been achieved by the coatings. IndexTerms-FUTURA NANO(TiAlN), ALCRONA PRO(AlCrN), Wear, pin on disc method I.
The physical properties of arecanut kernels were determined in the moisture range from 88.91 to 1... more The physical properties of arecanut kernels were determined in the moisture range from 88.91 to 10.51% d.b. The kernel shape can be treated as ovate. As the moisture content decreased from 88.91 to 10.51% d.b., the dimensions of the major, medium and minor axes decreased by 10.45, 10.49 and 22.84%, respectively. The mean values of roundness and sphericity of the kernel decreased by 5.69 and 8.13%, respectively, as the moisture content decreased from 88.91 to 10.51% d.b. One hundred kernel weights of arecanut were 1.159 and 0.594 kg at moisture contents of 88.91 and 10.51% d.b., respectively. The bulk and true densities increased linearly whereas the porosity and angle of repose decreased linearly as the moisture content decreased from 88.91 to 10.51% d.b. The static and kinetic coefficients of friction were maximum on mild steel surface and the values on mild steel, galvanized iron, aluminium, stainless steel and hard board decreased curvilinearly from 88.91 to 30.24% d.b. and afterwards the values increased.
In the high rainfall zone of Tamil Nadu, an energy audit was conducted to assess the impact of en... more In the high rainfall zone of Tamil Nadu, an energy audit was conducted to assess the impact of energy consumption pattern in paddy cultivation due to improved package of practices and mechanization. The study was carried out in two crop years namely 1989-90 and 1997- 98 for Kar season. The study was conducted from one hundred randomly selected paddy growing farmers in the zone. It was found out from the analyzed data, that the total energy utilized has increased from 15.801 MJha' in 1989-90 to 18,964 MJ ha in 1997-98 and the productivity has increased from 3,060 kg ha in 1989-90 to 4,442 kg ha in 1997-98. Quadratic model was fitted to understand the spatial variation in total energy consumption and yield. It was found out that the productivity level was proportionately reducing beyond certain level of energy utilization.
Energy is critical aspect of a national development process. It is expended in agricultural opera... more Energy is critical aspect of a national development process. It is expended in agricultural operations, food processing, transportation and production of fertilizers, pesticides and farm equipments. Mechanical energy is necessary for all sorts of physical movements like soil manipulation, material input application, transportation etc. In our agriculture it is supplied by human labourers, draft animals, electric motors, diesel engines and tractors. But in earlier days it was dominated by animal power only. To assess the change in commercial and non-commercial energy use for rainfed sorghum cultivation, a study was conducted in the western zone of Tamil Nadu. Total energy utilized in the zone for rainfed sorghum cultivation was 21.76,669 GJ in 1986-87 and 11,72,986 GJ in 1997-98. The reduction in the usage of 10,03,683 GJ was mainly due to the reduction in cultivation area by 2,12,821 ha in the period. Commercial energy utilization was increased by 7.20 per cent though the area has r...
Laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed priming using botanical leaf extr... more Laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed priming using botanical leaf extract on seed quality characters of blackgram. The present study will emphasize on the effect of seed priming using various leaf extracts like moringa, prosopis, neem, pungam and arappu on seed and seedling quality characteristics like germination percentage, speed of germination, root length, shoot length, seedling length, dry matter production, vigour index-I and vigour index-II of blackgram CO 6. The results concluded that blackgram seeds should be primed with 1% prosopis leaf extract for 4 hours @ 1/3rd volume of solution to enhance the seed and seedling characteristics under adverse environmental conditions. In addition, blackgram seeds may also be primed with 1% moringa leaf extract to get the similar results.
The physical properties of arecanut kernels were determined in the moisture range from 88·91 to 1... more The physical properties of arecanut kernels were determined in the moisture range from 88·91 to 10·51% d.b. The kernel shape can be treated as ovate. As the moisture content decreased from 88·91 to 10·51% d.b., the dimensions of the major, medium and minor axes decreased by 10·45, 10·49 and 22·84%, respectively. The mean values of roundness and sphericity of the kernel decreased by 5·69 and 8·13%, respectively, as the moisture content decreased from 88·91 to 10·51% d.b. One hundred kernel weights of arecanut were 1·159 and 0·594 kg at moisture contents of 88·91 and 10·51% d.b., respectively. The bulk and true densities increased linearly whereas the porosity and angle of repose decreased linearly as the moisture content decreased from 88·91 to 10·51% d.b. The static and kinetic coefficients of friction were maximum on mild steel surface and the values on mild steel, galvanized iron, aluminium, stainless steel and hard board decreased curvilinearly from 88·91 to 30·24% d.b. and afterwards the values increased.
Indian journal of agricultural research, May 4, 2022
Background: To meet the requirements of sustainable growth for feeding the increasing population ... more Background: To meet the requirements of sustainable growth for feeding the increasing population in a changing world, farmers and scientists have developed many eco-agricultural practices. Although researchers have developed many eco-agricultural techniques, there remain challenges in terms of integrating their advantages and overcoming their limitations. Here we advocate the intercropping of groundnut and blackgram with different crop ratios to study the production potential and economics of groundnut cum black-gram based intercropping system. Methods: The experiment was laid out in 2020-2021 with random block design consisting twelve treatments comprising of groundnut as base crop and blackgram as intercrop in the replacement series or crop ratios
Background: Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) palm is an important cash crop in India and third-largest... more Background: Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) palm is an important cash crop in India and third-largest producer of coconut in the world. In general, the skilled workers climb to harvest the coconuts from the tree without any safety device. The coconut trees are very tall and injuries associated with coconut tree climbing, particularly falling from coconut trees is common in coconut plantations. In order to rectify the problem, an appropriate cutting system needs to be developed. Hence the characterizing physical and mechanical properties viz., peduncle thickness, width, shape, size, moisture content, density and also the cutting blade characteristics, were studied. Methods: The observed characteristics were used for the effective design of the cutting module. The cutting blades were selected for the investigation viz, circular saw blade and saw tooth blade. The parameters selected for the investigation are cutting speed (S) at three levels (15.70, 20.94 and 26.17 ms-1), the inclination a...
Background: Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) is a significant cash crop in the humid tropics of Indi... more Background: Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) is a significant cash crop in the humid tropics of India. The quality, variety and types of coconut palm vary from one place to other. Nowadays, the lack of skilled climbers for tree climbing is a serious problem experienced by coconut farmers. The adoption of drone technology in coconut cultivation is considered to enhance the productivity of coconut. The current study aimed to study the biometrics of different varieties of coconut trees to design and develop a drone-based spraying and harvesting system which suits all types of coconut palms. Methods: The major parameters influencing drone spraying and harvesting design are crop, machine and meteorological parameters. The crop parameters for the palms were measured by using standard techniques. The prominent varieties include West coast tall, Coconut - ALR (CN) 1, Coconut - ALR (CN) 3, Chowghat orange dwarf, Chowghat green dwarf, Malaysian yellow dwarf, East coast tall and Chandra Kalpa wer...
Research on the kinetics of convection drying of vegetables has shown that the "rst period of dry... more Research on the kinetics of convection drying of vegetables has shown that the "rst period of drying exists, and non-linear changes in water content of the vegetables occur. The non-linear changes in the water content result from shrinkage of the drying materials. A mathematical, non-linear theoretical model for the "rst period of drying contains a coe$cient N, the value of which depends on the surface shrinkage of the dried material. Up to now, the value of N has been determined by a process of trial and error. In this paper, a method is presented for determining the value of the coe$cient N analytically for cut vegetables. Models for the coe$cient N for bodies having the shape of either a cuboid or a circular cylinder are formulated. For cut vegetables, the value of the coe$cient N can also be determined by the Monte-Carlo method, using a reversed distribution function of the coe$cient N treated as a random variable, and established on the basis of its empirical distribution. This method can be useful in practical applications. The proposed models were veri"ed empirically for cut vegetables, such as garden beet and carrots.
Agriculture as a source of food is becoming increasingly important in a world of diminishing reso... more Agriculture as a source of food is becoming increasingly important in a world of diminishing resources and an ever-increasing global population. It is necessary to utilize future ready solutions like nanotechnology to increase global food production, enhance food quality, and reduce waste for sustainable intensification. The potential uses and benefits of nanotechnology are enormous. Productivity enhancement through nanotechnology-driven precision farming and maximization of output and minimization of inputs through better monitoring and targeted action is desirable. Nanotechnology is the creation of devices and machines on an atomic level which will be a driving force for the next generation. Nano can be technically defined as manipulation of matter with at one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (0.000000001 m). The nanotechnology revolution had a groundbreaking impact in multidisciplinary fields, and there are likely to be considerable advantages in the field of agricultural engineering in the near future. Nanotechnology is expected to have a massive impact on the world food supply chain. It was found that nanotechnology can impact so many areas of farm machinery, and it has created a more significant impact on the manufacturing and service sectors. The recent advances in nanotechnology-based tools and techniques can address the various problems of conventional agriculture and can revolutionize the industry. In the present scenario, Nanotechnology is used in the manufacturing of agricultural equipment, production of nano-polymer composites, metal nanocomposites, paints, resistivity coatings in machinery, sensors used for precision farming, and lubricants.
Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, Nov 28, 2020
Physical and frictional properties of black gram seeds play an essential role in designing a seed... more Physical and frictional properties of black gram seeds play an essential role in designing a seeder in order to decide cell size, shape, thickness of metering disc and material, inclination of seed hopper. The present study aimed to determine the physical and frictional properties of black gram seeds of three varieties viz., VBN 6, ADT 5 & T9. Length, breadth, thickness, roundness, thousand seed weight, geometric mean diameter, sphericity were evaluated for designing metering disc of seeder. Bulk density, true density, angle of repose, coefficient of restitution and coefficient of static friction were evaluated for designing seed hopper of seeder. Cell diameters and thickness of the seed metering discs were designed based on the maximum breadth and length of seeds. Seed flow through the various components of the seeder were affected by both roundness and sphericity. Roundness of VBN 6, ADT 5 and T9 were 0.52, 0.49 and 0.51 respectively, while sphericity in the natural rest position of these seeds were 0.85±0.05, 0.85±0.06 and 0.85±0.04 respectively. The slope of the seed hopper was fixed at 30 , which is moderately higher than the average angle of
Laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed priming using botanical leaf extr... more Laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed priming using botanical leaf extract on seed quality characters of blackgram. The present study will emphasize on the effect of seed priming using various leaf extracts like moringa, prosopis, neem, pungam and arappu on seed and seedling quality characteristics like germination percentage, speed of germination, root length, shoot length, seedling length, dry matter production, vigour index-I and vigour index-II of blackgram CO 6. The results concluded that blackgram seeds should be primed with 1% prosopis leaf extract for 4 hours @ 1/3 rd volume of solution to enhance the seed and seedling characteristics under adverse environmental conditions. In addition, blackgram seeds may also be primed with 1% moringa leaf extract to get the similar results.
Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, Apr 1, 2021
Wear takes predominant role in reducing the life time of moving parts in machines having rotating... more Wear takes predominant role in reducing the life time of moving parts in machines having rotating and sliding motion and also the cutting life time of tool materials. Hard wear resistant coatings have been used to increase the wear resistance of these parts. This investigation focuses on the influence of FUTURA NANO(TiAlN) and ALCRONA PRO(AlCrN) coatings on mild steel (ms) material. TiAlN and AlCrN were coated on two different mild steel discs by using physical vapour deposition (PVD) technique. The stainless steel pins are selected as a work piece material. Methods for determining the wear on surfaces can be categorized according to the type of relative movement of the tested material and the applied bodies and the method of contact and its geometry. One of the method is more frequently used for wear on surfaces is the pin on disc method. The wear characteristics were analysed and compared between two different coatings(TiAlN and AlCrN) upon machining the stainless steel pins. The performance parameters were calculated by using coefficient of friction values which were obtained from the pin on disc test. Substantial resistance to wear has been achieved by the coatings. IndexTerms-FUTURA NANO(TiAlN), ALCRONA PRO(AlCrN), Wear, pin on disc method I.
The physical properties of arecanut kernels were determined in the moisture range from 88.91 to 1... more The physical properties of arecanut kernels were determined in the moisture range from 88.91 to 10.51% d.b. The kernel shape can be treated as ovate. As the moisture content decreased from 88.91 to 10.51% d.b., the dimensions of the major, medium and minor axes decreased by 10.45, 10.49 and 22.84%, respectively. The mean values of roundness and sphericity of the kernel decreased by 5.69 and 8.13%, respectively, as the moisture content decreased from 88.91 to 10.51% d.b. One hundred kernel weights of arecanut were 1.159 and 0.594 kg at moisture contents of 88.91 and 10.51% d.b., respectively. The bulk and true densities increased linearly whereas the porosity and angle of repose decreased linearly as the moisture content decreased from 88.91 to 10.51% d.b. The static and kinetic coefficients of friction were maximum on mild steel surface and the values on mild steel, galvanized iron, aluminium, stainless steel and hard board decreased curvilinearly from 88.91 to 30.24% d.b. and afterwards the values increased.
In the high rainfall zone of Tamil Nadu, an energy audit was conducted to assess the impact of en... more In the high rainfall zone of Tamil Nadu, an energy audit was conducted to assess the impact of energy consumption pattern in paddy cultivation due to improved package of practices and mechanization. The study was carried out in two crop years namely 1989-90 and 1997- 98 for Kar season. The study was conducted from one hundred randomly selected paddy growing farmers in the zone. It was found out from the analyzed data, that the total energy utilized has increased from 15.801 MJha' in 1989-90 to 18,964 MJ ha in 1997-98 and the productivity has increased from 3,060 kg ha in 1989-90 to 4,442 kg ha in 1997-98. Quadratic model was fitted to understand the spatial variation in total energy consumption and yield. It was found out that the productivity level was proportionately reducing beyond certain level of energy utilization.
Energy is critical aspect of a national development process. It is expended in agricultural opera... more Energy is critical aspect of a national development process. It is expended in agricultural operations, food processing, transportation and production of fertilizers, pesticides and farm equipments. Mechanical energy is necessary for all sorts of physical movements like soil manipulation, material input application, transportation etc. In our agriculture it is supplied by human labourers, draft animals, electric motors, diesel engines and tractors. But in earlier days it was dominated by animal power only. To assess the change in commercial and non-commercial energy use for rainfed sorghum cultivation, a study was conducted in the western zone of Tamil Nadu. Total energy utilized in the zone for rainfed sorghum cultivation was 21.76,669 GJ in 1986-87 and 11,72,986 GJ in 1997-98. The reduction in the usage of 10,03,683 GJ was mainly due to the reduction in cultivation area by 2,12,821 ha in the period. Commercial energy utilization was increased by 7.20 per cent though the area has r...
Laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed priming using botanical leaf extr... more Laboratory experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed priming using botanical leaf extract on seed quality characters of blackgram. The present study will emphasize on the effect of seed priming using various leaf extracts like moringa, prosopis, neem, pungam and arappu on seed and seedling quality characteristics like germination percentage, speed of germination, root length, shoot length, seedling length, dry matter production, vigour index-I and vigour index-II of blackgram CO 6. The results concluded that blackgram seeds should be primed with 1% prosopis leaf extract for 4 hours @ 1/3rd volume of solution to enhance the seed and seedling characteristics under adverse environmental conditions. In addition, blackgram seeds may also be primed with 1% moringa leaf extract to get the similar results.
The physical properties of arecanut kernels were determined in the moisture range from 88·91 to 1... more The physical properties of arecanut kernels were determined in the moisture range from 88·91 to 10·51% d.b. The kernel shape can be treated as ovate. As the moisture content decreased from 88·91 to 10·51% d.b., the dimensions of the major, medium and minor axes decreased by 10·45, 10·49 and 22·84%, respectively. The mean values of roundness and sphericity of the kernel decreased by 5·69 and 8·13%, respectively, as the moisture content decreased from 88·91 to 10·51% d.b. One hundred kernel weights of arecanut were 1·159 and 0·594 kg at moisture contents of 88·91 and 10·51% d.b., respectively. The bulk and true densities increased linearly whereas the porosity and angle of repose decreased linearly as the moisture content decreased from 88·91 to 10·51% d.b. The static and kinetic coefficients of friction were maximum on mild steel surface and the values on mild steel, galvanized iron, aluminium, stainless steel and hard board decreased curvilinearly from 88·91 to 30·24% d.b. and afterwards the values increased.
Indian journal of agricultural research, May 4, 2022
Background: To meet the requirements of sustainable growth for feeding the increasing population ... more Background: To meet the requirements of sustainable growth for feeding the increasing population in a changing world, farmers and scientists have developed many eco-agricultural practices. Although researchers have developed many eco-agricultural techniques, there remain challenges in terms of integrating their advantages and overcoming their limitations. Here we advocate the intercropping of groundnut and blackgram with different crop ratios to study the production potential and economics of groundnut cum black-gram based intercropping system. Methods: The experiment was laid out in 2020-2021 with random block design consisting twelve treatments comprising of groundnut as base crop and blackgram as intercrop in the replacement series or crop ratios
Background: Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) palm is an important cash crop in India and third-largest... more Background: Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) palm is an important cash crop in India and third-largest producer of coconut in the world. In general, the skilled workers climb to harvest the coconuts from the tree without any safety device. The coconut trees are very tall and injuries associated with coconut tree climbing, particularly falling from coconut trees is common in coconut plantations. In order to rectify the problem, an appropriate cutting system needs to be developed. Hence the characterizing physical and mechanical properties viz., peduncle thickness, width, shape, size, moisture content, density and also the cutting blade characteristics, were studied. Methods: The observed characteristics were used for the effective design of the cutting module. The cutting blades were selected for the investigation viz, circular saw blade and saw tooth blade. The parameters selected for the investigation are cutting speed (S) at three levels (15.70, 20.94 and 26.17 ms-1), the inclination a...
Background: Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) is a significant cash crop in the humid tropics of Indi... more Background: Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) is a significant cash crop in the humid tropics of India. The quality, variety and types of coconut palm vary from one place to other. Nowadays, the lack of skilled climbers for tree climbing is a serious problem experienced by coconut farmers. The adoption of drone technology in coconut cultivation is considered to enhance the productivity of coconut. The current study aimed to study the biometrics of different varieties of coconut trees to design and develop a drone-based spraying and harvesting system which suits all types of coconut palms. Methods: The major parameters influencing drone spraying and harvesting design are crop, machine and meteorological parameters. The crop parameters for the palms were measured by using standard techniques. The prominent varieties include West coast tall, Coconut - ALR (CN) 1, Coconut - ALR (CN) 3, Chowghat orange dwarf, Chowghat green dwarf, Malaysian yellow dwarf, East coast tall and Chandra Kalpa wer...
Research on the kinetics of convection drying of vegetables has shown that the "rst period of dry... more Research on the kinetics of convection drying of vegetables has shown that the "rst period of drying exists, and non-linear changes in water content of the vegetables occur. The non-linear changes in the water content result from shrinkage of the drying materials. A mathematical, non-linear theoretical model for the "rst period of drying contains a coe$cient N, the value of which depends on the surface shrinkage of the dried material. Up to now, the value of N has been determined by a process of trial and error. In this paper, a method is presented for determining the value of the coe$cient N analytically for cut vegetables. Models for the coe$cient N for bodies having the shape of either a cuboid or a circular cylinder are formulated. For cut vegetables, the value of the coe$cient N can also be determined by the Monte-Carlo method, using a reversed distribution function of the coe$cient N treated as a random variable, and established on the basis of its empirical distribution. This method can be useful in practical applications. The proposed models were veri"ed empirically for cut vegetables, such as garden beet and carrots.
Agriculture as a source of food is becoming increasingly important in a world of diminishing reso... more Agriculture as a source of food is becoming increasingly important in a world of diminishing resources and an ever-increasing global population. It is necessary to utilize future ready solutions like nanotechnology to increase global food production, enhance food quality, and reduce waste for sustainable intensification. The potential uses and benefits of nanotechnology are enormous. Productivity enhancement through nanotechnology-driven precision farming and maximization of output and minimization of inputs through better monitoring and targeted action is desirable. Nanotechnology is the creation of devices and machines on an atomic level which will be a driving force for the next generation. Nano can be technically defined as manipulation of matter with at one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (0.000000001 m). The nanotechnology revolution had a groundbreaking impact in multidisciplinary fields, and there are likely to be considerable advantages in the field of agricultural engineering in the near future. Nanotechnology is expected to have a massive impact on the world food supply chain. It was found that nanotechnology can impact so many areas of farm machinery, and it has created a more significant impact on the manufacturing and service sectors. The recent advances in nanotechnology-based tools and techniques can address the various problems of conventional agriculture and can revolutionize the industry. In the present scenario, Nanotechnology is used in the manufacturing of agricultural equipment, production of nano-polymer composites, metal nanocomposites, paints, resistivity coatings in machinery, sensors used for precision farming, and lubricants.
Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, Nov 28, 2020
Physical and frictional properties of black gram seeds play an essential role in designing a seed... more Physical and frictional properties of black gram seeds play an essential role in designing a seeder in order to decide cell size, shape, thickness of metering disc and material, inclination of seed hopper. The present study aimed to determine the physical and frictional properties of black gram seeds of three varieties viz., VBN 6, ADT 5 & T9. Length, breadth, thickness, roundness, thousand seed weight, geometric mean diameter, sphericity were evaluated for designing metering disc of seeder. Bulk density, true density, angle of repose, coefficient of restitution and coefficient of static friction were evaluated for designing seed hopper of seeder. Cell diameters and thickness of the seed metering discs were designed based on the maximum breadth and length of seeds. Seed flow through the various components of the seeder were affected by both roundness and sphericity. Roundness of VBN 6, ADT 5 and T9 were 0.52, 0.49 and 0.51 respectively, while sphericity in the natural rest position of these seeds were 0.85±0.05, 0.85±0.06 and 0.85±0.04 respectively. The slope of the seed hopper was fixed at 30 , which is moderately higher than the average angle of
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