Papers by Jerzy Walendziewski
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
On the basis of the 1 H, 13 C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic results, elemental analysis and acid hy... more On the basis of the 1 H, 13 C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic results, elemental analysis and acid hydroxide group content analysis, the chemical structure of liquid fractions from pyrolysis of rapeseed treatment products was discussed. All the examined pyrolysis products contain a large number of unstable olefins as well as oxygen and nitrogen in aromatic rings or side hydrocarbon chains in aromatics. Although the liquid fractions obtained by pyrolysis of rapeseed and rapeseed processing products are potentially valuable fuel or fuel components, they need refining treatment. The best method, in this case, seems to be the hydrorefining process. It was shown that the hydrotreatment of such a complex composition requires incurring the costs of hydrogen for refining and construction costs of relevant installations or using existing ones in the nearest refinery. The costs of biofuel production from studied liquid pyrolysis products and other biomass-derived fractions should include the raw material costs as the logistics, i.e. transport of biomass and pyrolytic oils to the place of their pyrolysis or refining. In many cases, the costs of producing liquid fuels by biomass pyrolysis can be comparable or even higher than the value of the biofuel produced.
In the pilot plant for pyrolysis of whole tyres for passenger cars and vans we received a liquid ... more In the pilot plant for pyrolysis of whole tyres for passenger cars and vans we received a liquid product, hydrocarbon fraction known as pyrolytic oil, two solid products, i.e. pyrolytic carbon, scrap metal cord and gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons. The main goal of the research was to determine susceptibility of the obtained pyrolytic oils to hydrorefining. The analysis showed that hydrorefining process, carried out in the presence of commercial catalysts, allows for much improvement of its characteristics. However, it is necessary to apply relatively hard process conditions: temperature of at least 360 oC and hydrogen pressure of about 5 MPa. Then the product is desulphurised down to the sulphur content of less than 0.2% by weight and the unsaturated hydrocarbons are partially hydrogenated, which is characterised by the decrease of bromine number to less than 20 g Br2/100 g. As a result of high content of aromatic hydrocarbons, in respect of relatively high sulphur content, high den...
Journal of Energy Resources Technology
The paper presents physicochemical properties of pyrolysis oil (PO) blends obtained from pyrolysi... more The paper presents physicochemical properties of pyrolysis oil (PO) blends obtained from pyrolysis of rubber and spent tires mixed with selected heavy fuel oil (HFO) and the effect of PO properties on physicochemical properties of the final heavy heating oil. On the basis of physicochemical properties determinations, one sample of PO was selected, which was characterized by the best properties from the point of view of technological application. In the next step, physicochemical properties for the selected sample of heavy heating fuel oil consisting of 25% PO and 75% HFO were determined. It was found that the most important property of tire-derived PO is the content of gasoline, i.e., light hydrocarbons with a boiling point below 180 °C, which determine the ignition temperature of the obtained fuel blends. This property determines also the amount of PO that can be added to HFO, on the order of 30 wt % and more. The lower content of light hydrocarbons, the greater the amount of PO ca...
Polimery
Frakcje wêglowodorowe z krakingu termicznego odpadów poliolefinowych-otrzymywanie, uszlachetniani... more Frakcje wêglowodorowe z krakingu termicznego odpadów poliolefinowych-otrzymywanie, uszlachetnianie i zastosowanie Streszczenie-Przeprowadzono kraking mieszanych odpadów poliolefinowych, w ró¿nych warunkach temperatury, cioenienia i czasu, w instalacji przemys³owej lub laboratoryjnej. Produkty rozdzielono na frakcje benzynow¹ i olejowe metod¹ destylacyjn¹, a nastêpnie poddano je hydrorafinacji. Wykazano, ¿e zastosowanie w procesie krakingu ³atwo dostêpnego wodorotlenku wapnia znacznie zmniejsza zawartooeae chloru w ciek³ych frakcjach wêglowodorowych, a hydrorafinacja jest dobr¹ metod¹ uszlachetniania zarówno frakcji benzynowych, jak i olejowych. Przetworzone w ten sposób produkty krakingu odpadów poliolefinowych mog¹, w zale¿nooeci od sk³adu i w³aoeciwooeci, s³u¿yae jako komponenty paliw, do produkcji parafiny sta³ej lub oleju parafinowego. S³owa kluczowe: kraking termiczny, poliolefiny, odchlorowywanie, hydrorafinacja, paliwa, parafiny, w³aoeciwooeci. HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS FROM THE THERMAL CRACKING OF POLYOLEFIN WASTES-SYNTHESIS, PURIFICATION AND APPLICATIONS Summary-The cracking of polyolefin waste mixtures performed in industrial and laboratory scale installations under conditions of varying temperature, pressure and reaction time has been carried out. The obtained products were separated into gasoline and oil fractions and then hydrorefined. The results confirm that the application of the easily available calcium hydroxide significantly reduces the amount of chlorine in the liquid hydrocarbon fractions (Table 1) and that hydrorefining is an effective method for the purification of petrol and oil fractions (Tables 2 and 3). Depending on their composition and properties, the products obtained according to the presented method of cracking of polyolefin wastes can be applied as fuel components, raw materials for the production of solid and oil paraffin (Table 4-7).
Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2017
Applied Catalysis a General, Sep 1, 2003
A series of silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO)-11 molecular sieve samples by using various raw materia... more A series of silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO)-11 molecular sieve samples by using various raw materials and process parameters was prepared. Two of the selected SAPO structure materials were formed in extrudate supports, impregnated with platinum acid solution, thermally treated and tested in hydroisomerization process of so-called "cetane fraction" (mixture of n-C 13-n-C 20 hydrocarbons). It was found that the preferred parameters of SAPO-11 crystallization are: time, 20 h; temperature, 473 K, with use of n-propylamine as a pore shaping reagent. The obtained SAPO-11 samples were micro-porous materials, micropores consists of ca. 65% of total pore volume and 85% of total specific surface area. Application of Pt catalysts supported on SAPO-11 and alumina binder containing carrier (weight ratio 1:1) enabled hydroisomerization of cetane, n-paraffins fraction, with selectivity of 80-84%. At the low conversion levels the main product of isomerization were mono-branched paraffins while higher process temperature and the increase in conversion favoured obtaining of di-and poly-branched isomers.
Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters, Jul 1, 1996
Series of ZSM-5 and Y zeolite catalysts have been prepared. Zeolites were submitted to ion exchan... more Series of ZSM-5 and Y zeolite catalysts have been prepared. Zeolites were submitted to ion exchange, drying, formation with 50 wt.% of aluminium hydroxide as a binder and then to final thermal treatment. Determination of catalysts activity in 1-pentene isomerization reaction was carried out in the temperature range of 175–325°C. The highest activity in isomerization reaction was attained in the presence of ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts with strong and medium strength acidity.
Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters, Apr 30, 1996
Nickel-alumina aerogel catalysts were prepared by three methods: (I) hydrolysis of a mixture of a... more Nickel-alumina aerogel catalysts were prepared by three methods: (I) hydrolysis of a mixture of aerogel precursors, followed by cogelation of the sols obtained and drying under supercritical conditions; (II) impregnation of thermally treated alumina aerogels with nickel salt solutions followed by drying of the suspensions obtained under supercritical or (HI) conventional conditions. Activity of the aerogel catalysts prepared was determined in cyclohexene hydrogenation.
Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis, 2002
International Journal of Photoenergy, 2003
Titania aerogels are suggested as promising photocatalysts [1]. In the present study aerogels wer... more Titania aerogels are suggested as promising photocatalysts [1]. In the present study aerogels were synthesised by sol-gel method combined with supercritical drying. Tetraisopropyl orthotitanate was used as a precursor, anhydrous methanol and isopropanol as solvents. Three aerogels were prepared using different ways of synthesis. Volumes and surface areas of micro- and mesopores of each aerogel were determined. XRD and SEM analyses were carried out. For comparison analyses were also performed forTiO2P25 Degussa. Aerogels' BET surface areas ranged from 73 to 96m2g-1. They indicate the crystalline structure of anatase. Finally photocatalytic tests were performed using water solution of p-chlorophenol and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Experiments were carried out in the Solar box simulating sun irradiation and on location. Aerogel Z513 prepared using 30% of precursor (tetraisopropyl orthotitanate) in isopropanol as a solvent indicates the best photocatalytic activity towards p-chlorophenol...
Fuel Processing Technology, 2014
ABSTRACT Bio-oil from rapeseed cake pyrolysis, bio-oil fraction boiling over 120 °C and bio-oil b... more ABSTRACT Bio-oil from rapeseed cake pyrolysis, bio-oil fraction boiling over 120 °C and bio-oil blended with light gas oil fraction were submitted to the hydrorefining studies. The usability of NiMo/Al2O3 catalyst for pyrolytic oil hydrorefining was tested at the following parameters: temperature (290–350 °C), LHSV (0.5–2.0 h− 1) and 3 MPa hydrogen pressure. The influence of hydrorefining parameters on the physicochemical properties and chemical composition of the obtained products was evaluated. Hydrorefining of raw bio-oil at the temperature of 350 °C, 2.0 h− 1 and 3 MPa of H2 resulted in unsatisfactory level of refining. Removal of low boiling fraction and LHSV until the value of 0.5 h− 1 was reached allowed to deepen the degree of hydrorefining up to the levels of 71.4% of HDS, 29.0% of HDN and 78.8% of HDO. These hydrorefining products cannot be used as internal combustion engine liquid fuels or as their components. Blending of the bio-oil (20% v/v) with petroleum-derived oil fraction and subjecting it to a hydrorefining process made it possible to obtain a fuel component of relatively good quality.
Converting Waste Plastics into Diesel and Other Fuels, 2006
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 2007
In the first research studies series a selection of the quantitative composition of catalyst acti... more In the first research studies series a selection of the quantitative composition of catalyst active phase composition (iron, copper and manganese) deposited on mineral-carbon support was carried out. It was found on the basis of the selection studies series that the best results were attained when copper and manganese were used as catalyst components. The quantitative composition of the denitrogention catalyst was estimated using a statistical method of experiment planning and metals content changed in the range 0.5-1.5wt % for both metals. Catalyst activity in nitric oxide reduction by ammonia was determined in the dependence on an active phase composition in the temperature range 100-200 o C, at GHSV (Gas Hour Space Velocity) 6 000 and 10 000 Nm 3 /m 3 h, NO concentration 400 ppm, NH 3 /NO ratio 1:1. A graphic presentation of the obtained results was made using the UNIPLOT program. The highest activity in nitric oxide reduction by ammonia presented copper-manganese catalysts prepared by the impregnation of mineral-carbon support with active metals salts solutions and calcination after each metal impregnation with copper (up to 1.5 wt %) and manganese (up to 1.5 wt %).
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology, 2007
Photodegradation of organic compounds in water The application of photocatalytic processes for th... more Photodegradation of organic compounds in water The application of photocatalytic processes for the decontamination treatment of polluted water has inspired very extensive studies. Titanium dioxide with its large band gap energy and appropriate redox potential was found as one of the most promising semiconductors for the photodegradation of pollutants in the water as well as in gas phase. The titania-silica aerogels obtained by a simple co-hydrolysis method was applied in the photodegradation of the model organic compound. Different ageing times and heat treatment temperatures were found to influence both the activity and the textural properties of the photocatalysts. The obtained aerogels are efficient photodegradation catalysts of methylene blue and allow a removal up to 98 and 78% of the model pollutant from 20 and 500 ppm solutions, respectively.
Uploads
Papers by Jerzy Walendziewski