Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2002
Background: Myocardial opacification by myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) is naturally h... more Background: Myocardial opacification by myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) is naturally homogeneous in the normal heard. However, the opacffication was not always homogeneous, because of weak acoustic power in the lateral field at use of electronic sector probe. Recently, a new device has been developed to compensate the heterogeneous power. Purpose: The aim was to elucidate the efficacy of lateral compensation at myocardial contrast echocardiography. Methods: Toshiba SSA-770A (Aplio) with a new transducer (1.4/2.8 MHz) was used, in which lateral compensation was performed at both transmission and receiving. In tilted scan line, at transmission, the aperture of acoustic source was expanded in expectation of decline of beam intensity according to element factor. At receiving, the beam intensity was compensated by gain control in every scan line. The contrast intensity of the antedor and lateral walls in the short axis view was examined during Definity infusion in open chest dogs. Other setup of equipment was the same between on and off of lateral compensation mode. Results: The intensity ratio of lateral to anterior walls was 75±17% without lateral compensation, showing heterogeneous opacification. On the other hand, its ratio was 97±8% with lateral compensation, showing homogeneous opacification. The intensity of the antedor wall was equivalent between on and off of lateral compensation. Conclusions: The new lateral compensation mode is superior for homogenous myocaP dial opacification in comparison with conventional transmitting mode.
Background: Dysregulation of the immune system has been shown to occur during spaceflight, althou... more Background: Dysregulation of the immune system has been shown to occur during spaceflight, although the detailed nature of the phenomenon and the clinical risks for exploration class missions have yet to be established. Also, the growing clinical significance of immune system evaluation combined with epidemic infectious disease rates in third world countries provides a strong rationale for the development of field-compatible clinical immunology techniques and equipment. In July 2002 NASA performed a comprehensive immune assessment on field team members participating in the Haughton-Mars Project (HMP) on Devon Island in the high Canadian Arctic. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of mission-associated stressors on the human immune system. To perform the study, the development of techniques for processing immune samples in remote field locations was required. Ten HMP-2002 participants volunteered for the study. A field protocol was developed at NASA-JSC for performing sample collection, blood staining/processing for immunophenotype analysis, wholeblood mitogenic culture for functional assessments and cell-sample preservation on-location at Devon Island. Specific assays included peripheral leukocyte distribution; constitutively activated T cells, intracellular cytokine profiles, plasma cortisol and EBV viral antibody levels. Study timepoints were 30 days prior to mission start, midmission and 60 days after mission completion. Results: The protocol developed for immune sample processing in remote field locations functioned properly. Samples were processed on Devon Island, and stabilized for subsequent analysis at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. The data indicated that some phenotype, immune function and stress hormone changes occurred in the HMP field participants that were largely distinct from pre-mission baseline and post-mission recovery data. These immune changes appear similar to those observed in astronauts following spaceflight. Conclusion: The immune system changes described during the HMP field deployment validate the use of the HMP as a ground-based spaceflight/planetary exploration analog for some aspects of human physiology. The sample processing protocol developed for this study may have applications for immune studies in remote terrestrial field locations. Elements of this protocol could possibly be adapted for future in-flight immunology studies conducted during space missions.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2002
Background: Myocardial opacification by myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) is naturally h... more Background: Myocardial opacification by myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) is naturally homogeneous in the normal heard. However, the opacffication was not always homogeneous, because of weak acoustic power in the lateral field at use of electronic sector probe. Recently, a new device has been developed to compensate the heterogeneous power. Purpose: The aim was to elucidate the efficacy of lateral compensation at myocardial contrast echocardiography. Methods: Toshiba SSA-770A (Aplio) with a new transducer (1.4/2.8 MHz) was used, in which lateral compensation was performed at both transmission and receiving. In tilted scan line, at transmission, the aperture of acoustic source was expanded in expectation of decline of beam intensity according to element factor. At receiving, the beam intensity was compensated by gain control in every scan line. The contrast intensity of the antedor and lateral walls in the short axis view was examined during Definity infusion in open chest dogs. Other setup of equipment was the same between on and off of lateral compensation mode. Results: The intensity ratio of lateral to anterior walls was 75±17% without lateral compensation, showing heterogeneous opacification. On the other hand, its ratio was 97±8% with lateral compensation, showing homogeneous opacification. The intensity of the antedor wall was equivalent between on and off of lateral compensation. Conclusions: The new lateral compensation mode is superior for homogenous myocaP dial opacification in comparison with conventional transmitting mode.
Background: Dysregulation of the immune system has been shown to occur during spaceflight, althou... more Background: Dysregulation of the immune system has been shown to occur during spaceflight, although the detailed nature of the phenomenon and the clinical risks for exploration class missions have yet to be established. Also, the growing clinical significance of immune system evaluation combined with epidemic infectious disease rates in third world countries provides a strong rationale for the development of field-compatible clinical immunology techniques and equipment. In July 2002 NASA performed a comprehensive immune assessment on field team members participating in the Haughton-Mars Project (HMP) on Devon Island in the high Canadian Arctic. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of mission-associated stressors on the human immune system. To perform the study, the development of techniques for processing immune samples in remote field locations was required. Ten HMP-2002 participants volunteered for the study. A field protocol was developed at NASA-JSC for performing sample collection, blood staining/processing for immunophenotype analysis, wholeblood mitogenic culture for functional assessments and cell-sample preservation on-location at Devon Island. Specific assays included peripheral leukocyte distribution; constitutively activated T cells, intracellular cytokine profiles, plasma cortisol and EBV viral antibody levels. Study timepoints were 30 days prior to mission start, midmission and 60 days after mission completion. Results: The protocol developed for immune sample processing in remote field locations functioned properly. Samples were processed on Devon Island, and stabilized for subsequent analysis at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. The data indicated that some phenotype, immune function and stress hormone changes occurred in the HMP field participants that were largely distinct from pre-mission baseline and post-mission recovery data. These immune changes appear similar to those observed in astronauts following spaceflight. Conclusion: The immune system changes described during the HMP field deployment validate the use of the HMP as a ground-based spaceflight/planetary exploration analog for some aspects of human physiology. The sample processing protocol developed for this study may have applications for immune studies in remote terrestrial field locations. Elements of this protocol could possibly be adapted for future in-flight immunology studies conducted during space missions.
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