Papers by James Madzimure
East African journal of agriculture and biotechnology, Dec 18, 2023
East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology
Insect meals have been proposed as a potential alternative protein source for replacing fishmeal ... more Insect meals have been proposed as a potential alternative protein source for replacing fishmeal (FM), the key ingredient in aquaculture diets, yet is the most scarce and expensive. However, not much work has been done on the effects of replacing FM with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (BSFLM) on the growth and economic performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. This study investigated the effect of replacing FM with BSFLM on the growth and economic performance of African catfish. Five isonitrogenous (40% CP) diets were formulated to replace 100% FM, 75% FM, 50% FM, 25% FM and 0% FM with BSFLM, hereafter referred to as BSFLM0, BSFLM25, BSFLM50, BSFLM75 and BSFLM100 diets, respectively. Six hundred mixed-sex fingerlings of mean weight 0.46±0.02g were stocked in 15 plastic tanks (40 fingerlings/tank, three replicates/treatment). Fish were hand-fed at 6% body weight twice a day for 12 weeks. Significant differences (P<0.05) were found in final...
A 42 day trial was carried out at Chinhoyi University of Technology’s Farm to measure growth perf... more A 42 day trial was carried out at Chinhoyi University of Technology’s Farm to measure growth performance, carcass quality and sensory attributes of meat produced from broilers fed lucerne (Medicago sativa) based diets (MSD). A total of 240 Cobb 500 broilers were used in a completely randomised design. Sixty (60) birds were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments (0% control, 5%, 10% and 15% MSD). Each treatment had 3 replicates of 20 chicks per pen. The 10% and 15% MSD resulted in increased (P<0.05) cumulative feed intake (CFI) of 1637.20g and 1683.90g respectively. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the 15% MSD at 2.2. Average daily gain (ADG) was significantly lower at 59.90g in the 15% MSD. The highest (P < 0.05) dressed weight (DW) was found in the 5% MSD at 1936.80g. The 15% MSD produced the lowest (P < 0.05) live weight (LW) at 1795.00g. No significant treatment differences were noted amongst broiler portion cuts. The 15% MSD had the ...
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Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment
Poultry feeds are formulated using soybean meal and animal by-products as sources of protein. Ani... more Poultry feeds are formulated using soybean meal and animal by-products as sources of protein. Animal proteins like fish meal, blood meal, meat and bone meal are being shunned in formulating poultry feeds nowadays because they are associated with zoonotic diseases like salmonellosis and this has left soy-How to cite this paper: Bumhira, E. and Madzimure, J. (2023) Effect of Incorporating Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Meal into Broiler Diets on Environmental Pollution by Nitrogen from Poultry Excreta: A Review.
International journal of natural sciences research, Oct 6, 2022
Contribution/Originality: Traditional methods of processing cowpea such as dehulling, roasting an... more Contribution/Originality: Traditional methods of processing cowpea such as dehulling, roasting and boiling partially remove anti-nutritional factors when used singly to process cowpea. A combination of either dehulling and roasting or dehulling and boiling need to be explored in order to come up with a processing technique which entirely removes anti-nutrients in cowpea to improve nutrient content and protein digestibility. 1. INTRODUCTION Poultry production in Zimbabwe has been growing tremendously over the past two decades [1]. It is claimed that 18 million and 90.8 million broiler chicks were sold in Zimbabwe during year 2009 and 2019, respectively [1]. This growth is attributed to high demand for poultry meat due to changes in eating habits, population growth, urbanisation and increase in disposable incomes [1]. Poultry production is being negatively affected by the scarcity of soybean meal which is the major supplier of dietary protein to broiler feeds [2]. The shortage of soybean meal is causing a high demand and increase of prices for this commodity making poultry production unviable [3]. Researchers are searching for other potential alternative sources of vegetable protein to soybean meal [2, 4, 5]. Cowpea is a suitable alternative since it is locally grown, drought tolerant, cheap and has comparable amino acids to
Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2022
The objective of the scoping research was to evaluate the current situation, constraints and oppo... more The objective of the scoping research was to evaluate the current situation, constraints and opportunities of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) silage production and utilisation by the smallholder dairy farmers in Zimbabwe. Cross sectional surveys were conducted from 61 households of six milk producers' associations (MPAs) in Chipinge, Gokwe, Mutasa, Seke, and Umzingwane districts, which were in different agro-ecological regions of Zimbabwe. Purposive and stratified random sampling was done to select households to administer structured questionnaires so as to collect data on socio-economic characteristics and dairy production. Key informant' interviews, case studies, and focus group discussions were the other data collection tools used. Total MPA dairy herd size mean differed (P < 0.05) in all MPAs averaging 16, ranging from 1 to 41 herd. Mafumise MPA had the least (P < 0.05) dairy herd size (7), whilst Gokwe, Tsonzo, Marirangwe, Claremont, and Umzingwane MPAs, had similar herd sizes (P > 0.05). There were positive (P < 0.001) relations between MPAs by seasonal milk yields, lactation days, calving intervals, dry days for different dairy breeds. Milk yields across MPAs and breeds were seasonally sensitive, being high in the wet season than dry season. All farmers (100%) had access to formal milk markets such as Milk Collection Centres, large dairy processors, and parallel markets. Farmers indicated non preference of sweet sorghum silage by their cattle as well as recurring drought affected their maize silage production. Farmers lacked knowledge on how to improve utilisation of sweet sorghum silage by using yeast, and bacteria and this justifies the need to use these probiotics in mitigating utilisation challenges for sustainable milk production.
Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2022
Sesamum indicum (sesame) is a small seed legume, which is of nutritional and medicinal value to l... more Sesamum indicum (sesame) is a small seed legume, which is of nutritional and medicinal value to livestock. Sesame is a legume with positive attributes that include drought tolerance (owing to its extensive rooting system), low input demand for growth, and reduction of soil nematodes (in crop rotation systems). Attention in research has been shifted towards usage of sesame as human food to exploitation as livestock feed because of its high levels in crude protein (CP), minerals, amino acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, it is underutilized as a livestock feed resource in Southern Africa. In recent years, there has been increasing interest to cultivate the crop in Southern African countries through non-governmental organizations (NGOs) initiatives. The focus of such initiatives has been mainly production without value addition of the seed. At present in Southern Africa, widespread adoption of feeding strategies based on sesame has been restricted mainly due to lack of knowledge on production, marketing and value addition, availability of the seed, and technology adoption. Technology adoption is often limited specifically when oil extraction is considered, where by-products such as the meal are useful in animal production. This paper reviews the potential use of sesame to improve growth rates, feed intake, carcass qualities, meat quality, milk quality, milk yield, and blood metabolite levels of small ruminants. Production potential, economic feasibility, and strategies of using sesame in small-ruminant feeding programs are also outlined.
In search for low-cost, safe and environmentally benign plant-based alternatives to commercial pe... more In search for low-cost, safe and environmentally benign plant-based alternatives to commercial pesticides, the efficacy of Lippia javanica aqueous leaf extracts in controlling ticks on cattle, acute oral toxicity in mice and phytochemistry were evaluated. L. javanica aqueous leaf extracts at 10 % and 20 % w/v were effective at controlling cattle ticks but not as good as an amitraz-based acaricide Tickbuster®. However, they can provide an effective tick control option where synthetic products are unavailable or unaffordable, particularly in remote parts of southern Africa. Peripheral blood samples collected showed no haemoparasites in treated cattle implying that animals did not suffer from clinical tick-borne diseases. The leaf aqueous extracts of L. javanica were tested for toxicity in BALB/c mice. While anecdotal evidence suggests L. javanica has low mammalian toxicity, within 48 h all mice fed with the L. javanica leaf aqueous extract at 12.5–37.5% v/v were lethargic, and overall...
Farmer perceptions of classical swine fever outbreak in communal pig production systems of South ... more Farmer perceptions of classical swine fever outbreak in communal pig production systems of South Africa
Melia azedarach, commonly known as Syringa is a potential forage tree that has a relatively high ... more Melia azedarach, commonly known as Syringa is a potential forage tree that has a relatively high crude protein and mostly used in feeding ruminant animals. Twelve Small East African goats were used in this experiment in a completely randomised design. Each goat was randomly allotted to four different treatments. This was done to evaluate the effects of graded levels of Melia azedarach-based pellets on feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio and nematode egg count per gram during feeding for 56 days at Chinhoyi University of Technology farm. Feed formulation was done using I. D. T Try and Error Iteration software. Air dried Syringa leaves were used to produce four iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic treatment diets with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% M. azedarach in pellet form. Each treatment had 3 goats and each goat was a replicate. Increase in the inclusion level of had a negative effect on feed intake (P<0.05). Feed conversion ratio and average daily weight gain had no signi...
The objectives of the current study were to determine sensory characteristics of Large White and ... more The objectives of the current study were to determine sensory characteristics of Large White and Windsnyer gilts’ pork cooked by either microwaving or boiling. Pork from 12 pigs of each breed (aged 21 weeks) was served to a semi-trained panel of 66 participants. Windsnyer pork had higher (P < 0.05) scores on initial and sustained impression of juiciness than Large White pork. Microwaved pork had higher (P < 0.05) scores for aroma, first bite impression, sustained juiciness, and the amount of connective tissue, fibre and overall flavour intensity when compared to boiled pork. Most sensory attributes were positively correlated (P < 0.05) to each other with higher coefficients being found in microwaved Windsnyer pork than in microwaved Large White pork. Gender affected sensory attributes with female consumers giving higher scores than male consumers for aroma intensity, initial impression of juiciness and a-typical flavour. The results may suggest that Windsnyer pork cooked by...
Introduction Indigenous pigs are a major source of livelihood for many communities worldwide (Hal... more Introduction Indigenous pigs are a major source of livelihood for many communities worldwide (Halimani et al., 2010), particularly the resource-poor smallholder farmers whose majority are found in developing countries. The diverse roles of indigenous pigs entail that there is need for conservation of livestock diversity to support sustainable agricultural development. The indigenous pig genetic resources in South Africa are threatened by sporadic disease outbreaks and indiscriminate crossbreeding. The severe outbreak of Classical Swine Fever three years ago led to a significant drop in the number of indigenous pigs in the Eastern Cape Province. A successful restocking programme should consider urgently involving farmers in identifying the pig breeds best suited to their resource limited environments. In order to understand the pig breeding practices, there is need to establish the selection criteria used by farmers. The productive traits like litter size and mortality rates are also...
An experiment was done to fabricate summer and winter optimized ash-based vitamin-mineral block l... more An experiment was done to fabricate summer and winter optimized ash-based vitamin-mineral block lick specimens using cement, bentonite, kaolinite and a combination of these as binders in a ratio of 1:1(w/w) at 15% and 20% inclusion levels, respectively. Treatments were: cement, bentonite, kaolinite, bentonite + cement, bentonite + kaolinite and cement + kaolinite. Bentonite, kaolinite and ash (prime ingredient) were analyzed for mineral profile prior to fabrication. Resulting block specimens were analyzed for compressive strength and water absorption as a measure of the binding efficacy. There was no significant difference (P>0.001) in compressive strength (525± 11.43kPa) for cement and bentonite + cement summer blocks. Compressive strength was significantly higher (P<0.001) in winter block specimens made from the combination of cement and bentonite (47.33± 1.37 kPa). Clays as sole binder could not agglutinate winter blocks. Summer block specimens comprising of cement had the ...
Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2020
The South Pacific island countries (SPIC) are among the most vulnerable countries in the world to... more The South Pacific island countries (SPIC) are among the most vulnerable countries in the world to economic shocks, climate change and natural disasters. Agriculture including livestock production makes important contribution to socioeconomic development in the region. However, the livestock sector is marred by many livestock diseases, which are crippling the economies as well as threatening the food security of the island nations, most of which have high dependence on imports. Limited veterinary medical facilities, high cost of conventional medicine and remoteness of some rural farming communities make it difficult for farmers to treat their diseased animals. Nevertheless, the island nations are endowed with vast reserves of medicinal plants in diverse ecosystems including mangroves, rainforests and tropical dry forests. Despite the ubiquity of traditional medicine systems, most of the plant species have been used to treat human aliments in the SPIC and very few farmers utilise herbal medicine to treat their animals. This review highlights the common diseases affecting livestock production in the SPIC, threats to ethno-veterinary knowledge, and potential plant species and their efficacies to treat animal diseases and parasites. It also discusses the common methods of preparation of veterinary herbal medicine and possible ways of making the medicine available in the formal and informal markets in the region. It is envisaged that the review will stimulate further ethno-veterinary research among livestock disease management practices in the SPIC.
Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2018
The objective of the study was to determine growth performance, viscera organ development, econom... more The objective of the study was to determine growth performance, viscera organ development, economic benefit and sensory characteristics of meat from broilers finished on Acacia anguistissima leaf meal-based diets. One hundred and eighty Cobb 500day-old chicks were used in the study. Acacia anguistissima was used as a protein source and included in broiler diets at 0, 50 and 100 g/kg. Total feed intake (TFI), average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) and cost benefit analysis were determined. There were no differences in TFI of broilers across treatments diets. Average daily gain and gain to feed (G:F) ratio were low (P < 0.05) for broilers feeding on diet with100 g/kg acacia meal. Highest returns from weight gain were obtained from broiler chickens fed on diet with 50 g/kg inclusion level of A. anguistissima (P < 0.05). Intestinal length increased with inclusion level of A. anguistissima whereas liver and spleen weight decreased with inclusion level of A. anguistissima (P < 0.05). Female consumers gave higher scores for overall flavour intensity than male consumers (P < 0.05). Treatment diets influenced consumer sensory characteristics of broiler meat (P < 0.05). High sensory scores were observed for overall flavour intensity (OFI) for both boiled and deep fried meat from broilers fed 100 g/kg A. anguistissima. It can be concluded that A. anguistissima meal can be used effectively up to 50 g/kg in broiler diets without compromising performance of chickens and can influence a few sensory characteristics.
Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2017
In a completely randomized block design with 96 Cobb-500 broilers, a study was conducted to evalu... more In a completely randomized block design with 96 Cobb-500 broilers, a study was conducted to evaluate the potential of dietary inclusion of sprouted then roasted guar bean in broiler diets. The 96 male day-old broiler chicks, blocked by pen into equal weight groups of six chicks replicated four times per treatment, were randomly allocated to treatment diets containing graded levels of sprouted then roasted guar bean meal (GBM) at 0, 50, 100 and 150 g kg −1 inclusion level. The guar bean was sprouted and roasted to reduce guar gum effect. Total feed intake decreased significantly as the guar bean meal content increased in the starter phase (P < 0.05), but no significant differences in intake of the finisher phase (P > 0.05) were observed. Diets containing 0 and 50 g kg −1 GBM recorded significantly higher total feed intake compared to the diet containing 150 g kg −1 GBM. Although average weight gain was not significantly different in birds fed 0 and 50 g kg −1 GBM diets, it was significantly higher than in birds fed on 100 and 150 g kg −1 GBM diets. Feed conversion ratio was not significantly different among treatment groups (P > 0.05) but showed a general decreasing trend with increasing guar bean meal inclusion level, the effect being more pronounced during the starter phase. In conclusion, the optimum inclusion level of sprouted then roasted guar bean meal in broiler diets is 50 g kg −1 .
South African Journal of Animal Science, 2017
The objective of the study was to assess the physico-chemical pork quality attributes and fatty a... more The objective of the study was to assess the physico-chemical pork quality attributes and fatty acid profiles of indigenous Windsnyer (WS) and Large White (LW) gilts. Twelve gilts of each breed were fed similar commercial diets from weaning until slaughter at the age of 21 weeks. The m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum was sampled. Differences in muscle pH values obtained 24 hours post mortem (pH 24) were not significant in pork from the WS or LW gilts. Pork lightness 24 hours post mortem (L * 24) was significantly lower in WS gilts than in LW gilts. Muscle saturated fatty acids (SFA) were higher in WS gilts than LW gilts. Fat of LW gilts had higher polyunsaturated (PUFA), n-6 fatty acids, n-3 fatty acids and PUFA: SFA ratio than WS gilts. The study showed preferential attributes of pork from LW gilts than from WS gilts. The accrued information could benefit the food industry by assisting researchers and nutritionists to interpret the quality of pork from different pig genotypes for health-conscious consumers. Furthermore, it aids in determining the concern about pork as a cardiovascular risk factor and acts as a planning tool for public-health programmes.
Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2016
The objective of the study was to determine effect of feeding fibrous diets on performance and bi... more The objective of the study was to determine effect of feeding fibrous diets on performance and biochemical profiles of finishing pigs. A total of 84 clinically healthy male pigs were used in the experiment. Body weight of the pigs at the beginning of the experiment was 85 ± 10.1 kg. Maize cob (MC), sunflower hulls (SH), lucerne hay (LH) and dried citrus pulp (PU) were incorporated in a basal diet for finishing pigs at different inclusion levels of 0, 80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 g/kg. Effects of week of feeding, fibre source and inclusion level of fibre were significant (P &lt; 0.05). Pigs consumed more LH compared to MC, SH and PU. Average daily gain was high for pigs consuming diets with inclusion levels of 0, 80, 160 and 240 g/kg and low for pigs consuming 320 and 400 g/kg inclusion level of fibre in a diet. There was an increase in serum total concentration (TP) with an increase in PU, MC and LH in pig diets (P &lt; 0.05). Creatine kinase (CK) concentrations decreased as levels of PU, LH and MC increased (P &lt; 0.05). Increasing inclusion level of LH and SH in pig diets resulted in an increase in glycated haemoglobin concentration (P &lt; 0.05). It can be concluded that level of PU, LH, MC and SH in diets of finishing pigs negatively influences average daily feed intake, average daily gain and biochemical profiles.
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Papers by James Madzimure