Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jun 7, 2022
This study found out how effective Social Entrepreneurship in the Philippines is in supporting lo... more This study found out how effective Social Entrepreneurship in the Philippines is in supporting local Small-Medium Enterprises. This research paper determined the status of local businesses in the Philippines, measured the stance and growth of social entrepreneurship in our country, sought the relevance of social enterprises in the local Small-Medium Enterprises and analyzed the efficiency and effectiveness of the said social entrepreneurial approach to the local Small-Medium enterprises. The researchers utilized Qualitative research because this is the appropriate in purposive sampling and targets specific participants in order to gain detailed knowledge about the expertise of a specific population. The researchers picked acquaintances with small to medium enterprises because they were more closely related to our issue than other interests, and they chose 15 respondents since the study instrument was an interview with questions prepared by the researchers to answer the problem of this study. This study paper also addresses the critical and practical topics about social entrepreneurship and social activities in SMEs: What pushes SMEs to participate in social activities? What are the obstacles that SMEs confront while engaging in social activities? What kinds of social activities do SMEs participate in? The essay includes rough responses to such concerns as well as research ideas.
There is no previous work on the relationship between a virtual visit for viral upper respiratory... more There is no previous work on the relationship between a virtual visit for viral upper respiratory tract infection and improved outcome, even though there is data on the prevalence and other descriptors. We do not know if a virtual visit is an independent prognostic factor in communitybased patients. With the exponential growth of this type of clinical visit, it is important for both clinical and planning considerations to evaluate this question. We analyzed a cohort of adult patients with newly diagnosed viral upper respiratory tract infection from a database of health plan patients seen virtually on telemedicine and in person at urgent cares in Las Vegas, Nevada between January 2014 and September 2014. Logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and Cox proportional hazard model were used. Among the final 6,756 patients selected with upper respiratory tract infections (median age of 41.5), 6% had virtual visits, while the rest were seen in person at urgent cares. Patients who had virtual visits were more likely to be younger, but had no other firm demographic differences from those seen for upper respiratory tract infections in urgent care. Hazard ratio for 2-week follow-up (= failure), with no significant effect from covariates, was 0.55 (confidence interval 0.324-0.939, p < 0.05) in virtual patients. In this cohort of patients with upper respiratory tract infection, a virtual visit, compared to an in-person one at urgent care, is an independent prognostic factor for less follow-up within 2 weeks. Further research into other age groups, time periods, and different diagnoses using similar methodology is warranted.
AIT-082 (Neotrofin), a hypoxanthine derivative, has been shown to improve memory in both animals ... more AIT-082 (Neotrofin), a hypoxanthine derivative, has been shown to improve memory in both animals and humans. In animals, adrenal hormones modulate the efficacy of many memory-enhancing compounds, including piracetam and tacrine (Cognex). To investigate the role of adrenal hormones in the memory-enhancing action of AIT-082. Plasma levels of adrenal hormones (corticosterone and aldosterone) in mice were significantly reduced by surgical or chemical (aminoglutethimide) adrenalectomy or significantly elevated by oral administration of corticosterone. The effects of these hormone level manipulations on the memory-enhancing activity of AIT-082 and piracetam were evaluated using a cycloheximide-induced amnesia/passive avoidance model. As previously reported by others, the memory enhancing action of piracetam was abolished by adrenalectomy. In contrast, the memory enhancement by 60 mg/kg AIT-082 (IP) was unaffected. However, a sub-threshold dose of AIT-082 (0.1 mg/kg, IP) that did not impro...
We have previously shown that hypothalamic injections of glutamate, or agonists of its ionotropic... more We have previously shown that hypothalamic injections of glutamate, or agonists of its ionotropic receptors (iGluRs), elicit intense feeding responses in satiated rats [Brain Res. 613 (1993) 88, Brain Res. 630 (1993) 41]. While attempting to clarify the role of the AMPA and kainate (KA) receptor subtypes in glutamatergic feeding systems, we discovered that lateral hypothalamic (LH) injection of high doses of the competitive AMPA/KA receptor antagonist, NBQX (10 and 30 nmol), elicited a pronounced feeding response. We questioned whether this effect was due to inactivation of AMPA or possibly KA receptors. To determine whether other AMPA/KA antagonists can also elicit feeding, we tested whether injection of CNQX, another AMPA/KA receptor antagonist, also stimulates eating and whether these feeding stimulatory effects were due to antagonists' actions in the LH or in other hypothalamic sites. Here we report that NBQX and CNQX elicit feeding in a dose dependent manner and are most effective when injected into the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH), or into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and, to a lesser extent, into the LH of satiated rats. In contrast, AMPA was most effective in stimulating feeding when injected into the LH, confirming previous reports. These data suggest that either activation or inactivation of AMPA/KA receptors in distinct but overlapping hypothalamic sites may be sufficient to induce feeding behavior, indicating a broadened role for glutamate in hypothalamic feeding mechanisms.
Glutamate or its ionotropic receptor (iGluR) agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hyd... more Glutamate or its ionotropic receptor (iGluR) agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxale propionate (AMPA), and kainate (KA) elicit feeding when microinjected into the lateral hypothalamus (LH) of satiated rats. In the present study we investigated the contributions of AMPA and KA receptors (AMPARs and KARs) to feeding initiation. Intense feeding was elicited by LH injection of RS-AMPA (1 and 10 nmol) but not by the isolated, inactive R-AMPA enantiomer (1 and 10 nmol). Further, LH pretreatment with either the non-selective AMPAR/KAR antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 4 nmol) or the selective AMPAR antagonist, GYKI 52466 (10 nmol), suppressed AMPAelicited food intake and, when combined, blocked AMPA-elicited food intake. These findings suggest that LH AMPARs mediate AMPA injection-elicited feeding with a possible contribution by KARs. In contrast, CNQX or GYKI 52466 injected into the LH at the onset of the nocturnal period or into fasted rats did not suppress the feeding produced by either condition. RS-AMPA injected into the LH of fasted or nocturnal feeding subjects elicited eating in both conditions; however, the magnitude of the increase was greater in fasted rats. These data suggest that selective stimulation of AMPAR in the LH is sufficient to elicit feeding. In contrast, the results did not provide evidence that AMPAR stimulation is necessary for deprivation-induced or nocturnal eating; however, they did suggest that modulatory interactions may exist between these receptors and these forms of naturally occurring eating behavior.
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Jun 7, 2022
This study found out how effective Social Entrepreneurship in the Philippines is in supporting lo... more This study found out how effective Social Entrepreneurship in the Philippines is in supporting local Small-Medium Enterprises. This research paper determined the status of local businesses in the Philippines, measured the stance and growth of social entrepreneurship in our country, sought the relevance of social enterprises in the local Small-Medium Enterprises and analyzed the efficiency and effectiveness of the said social entrepreneurial approach to the local Small-Medium enterprises. The researchers utilized Qualitative research because this is the appropriate in purposive sampling and targets specific participants in order to gain detailed knowledge about the expertise of a specific population. The researchers picked acquaintances with small to medium enterprises because they were more closely related to our issue than other interests, and they chose 15 respondents since the study instrument was an interview with questions prepared by the researchers to answer the problem of this study. This study paper also addresses the critical and practical topics about social entrepreneurship and social activities in SMEs: What pushes SMEs to participate in social activities? What are the obstacles that SMEs confront while engaging in social activities? What kinds of social activities do SMEs participate in? The essay includes rough responses to such concerns as well as research ideas.
There is no previous work on the relationship between a virtual visit for viral upper respiratory... more There is no previous work on the relationship between a virtual visit for viral upper respiratory tract infection and improved outcome, even though there is data on the prevalence and other descriptors. We do not know if a virtual visit is an independent prognostic factor in communitybased patients. With the exponential growth of this type of clinical visit, it is important for both clinical and planning considerations to evaluate this question. We analyzed a cohort of adult patients with newly diagnosed viral upper respiratory tract infection from a database of health plan patients seen virtually on telemedicine and in person at urgent cares in Las Vegas, Nevada between January 2014 and September 2014. Logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and Cox proportional hazard model were used. Among the final 6,756 patients selected with upper respiratory tract infections (median age of 41.5), 6% had virtual visits, while the rest were seen in person at urgent cares. Patients who had virtual visits were more likely to be younger, but had no other firm demographic differences from those seen for upper respiratory tract infections in urgent care. Hazard ratio for 2-week follow-up (= failure), with no significant effect from covariates, was 0.55 (confidence interval 0.324-0.939, p < 0.05) in virtual patients. In this cohort of patients with upper respiratory tract infection, a virtual visit, compared to an in-person one at urgent care, is an independent prognostic factor for less follow-up within 2 weeks. Further research into other age groups, time periods, and different diagnoses using similar methodology is warranted.
AIT-082 (Neotrofin), a hypoxanthine derivative, has been shown to improve memory in both animals ... more AIT-082 (Neotrofin), a hypoxanthine derivative, has been shown to improve memory in both animals and humans. In animals, adrenal hormones modulate the efficacy of many memory-enhancing compounds, including piracetam and tacrine (Cognex). To investigate the role of adrenal hormones in the memory-enhancing action of AIT-082. Plasma levels of adrenal hormones (corticosterone and aldosterone) in mice were significantly reduced by surgical or chemical (aminoglutethimide) adrenalectomy or significantly elevated by oral administration of corticosterone. The effects of these hormone level manipulations on the memory-enhancing activity of AIT-082 and piracetam were evaluated using a cycloheximide-induced amnesia/passive avoidance model. As previously reported by others, the memory enhancing action of piracetam was abolished by adrenalectomy. In contrast, the memory enhancement by 60 mg/kg AIT-082 (IP) was unaffected. However, a sub-threshold dose of AIT-082 (0.1 mg/kg, IP) that did not impro...
We have previously shown that hypothalamic injections of glutamate, or agonists of its ionotropic... more We have previously shown that hypothalamic injections of glutamate, or agonists of its ionotropic receptors (iGluRs), elicit intense feeding responses in satiated rats [Brain Res. 613 (1993) 88, Brain Res. 630 (1993) 41]. While attempting to clarify the role of the AMPA and kainate (KA) receptor subtypes in glutamatergic feeding systems, we discovered that lateral hypothalamic (LH) injection of high doses of the competitive AMPA/KA receptor antagonist, NBQX (10 and 30 nmol), elicited a pronounced feeding response. We questioned whether this effect was due to inactivation of AMPA or possibly KA receptors. To determine whether other AMPA/KA antagonists can also elicit feeding, we tested whether injection of CNQX, another AMPA/KA receptor antagonist, also stimulates eating and whether these feeding stimulatory effects were due to antagonists' actions in the LH or in other hypothalamic sites. Here we report that NBQX and CNQX elicit feeding in a dose dependent manner and are most effective when injected into the perifornical hypothalamus (PFH), or into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and, to a lesser extent, into the LH of satiated rats. In contrast, AMPA was most effective in stimulating feeding when injected into the LH, confirming previous reports. These data suggest that either activation or inactivation of AMPA/KA receptors in distinct but overlapping hypothalamic sites may be sufficient to induce feeding behavior, indicating a broadened role for glutamate in hypothalamic feeding mechanisms.
Glutamate or its ionotropic receptor (iGluR) agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hyd... more Glutamate or its ionotropic receptor (iGluR) agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxale propionate (AMPA), and kainate (KA) elicit feeding when microinjected into the lateral hypothalamus (LH) of satiated rats. In the present study we investigated the contributions of AMPA and KA receptors (AMPARs and KARs) to feeding initiation. Intense feeding was elicited by LH injection of RS-AMPA (1 and 10 nmol) but not by the isolated, inactive R-AMPA enantiomer (1 and 10 nmol). Further, LH pretreatment with either the non-selective AMPAR/KAR antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 4 nmol) or the selective AMPAR antagonist, GYKI 52466 (10 nmol), suppressed AMPAelicited food intake and, when combined, blocked AMPA-elicited food intake. These findings suggest that LH AMPARs mediate AMPA injection-elicited feeding with a possible contribution by KARs. In contrast, CNQX or GYKI 52466 injected into the LH at the onset of the nocturnal period or into fasted rats did not suppress the feeding produced by either condition. RS-AMPA injected into the LH of fasted or nocturnal feeding subjects elicited eating in both conditions; however, the magnitude of the increase was greater in fasted rats. These data suggest that selective stimulation of AMPAR in the LH is sufficient to elicit feeding. In contrast, the results did not provide evidence that AMPAR stimulation is necessary for deprivation-induced or nocturnal eating; however, they did suggest that modulatory interactions may exist between these receptors and these forms of naturally occurring eating behavior.
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