Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are a group of genetically derived diseases that are individual... more Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are a group of genetically derived diseases that are individually rare but collectively common and can be very severe. While high-income countries usually employ modern scientific technologies like tandem mass spectrometry for IEM investigation, these disorders are, in contrast, only rarely screened for in developing countries due to misconceptions that the required facilities are beyond the reach of these countries. This paper attempts to educate scientists and clinicians in developing countries on low-technology IEM screening methods that only require moderate facilities. Although a definitive diagnosis of IEM may require specialised laboratory investigations and attendant interpretation, in most cases, the basic facilities available in the average clinical chemistry laboratory in developing countries can allow the early detection of IEM. This early detection would facilitate critical early decision making, thus leading to better management, optim...
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, Dec 31, 2010
... concern Onyeaghala AA1*, Anetor JI1, Nurudeen A.1 and Oyewole OE2 1Department of Chemical pat... more ... concern Onyeaghala AA1*, Anetor JI1, Nurudeen A.1 and Oyewole OE2 1Department of Chemical pathology, University College Hospital, Ibadan. ... INTRODUCTION Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) is a major global cause of morbidity, mortality and impaired develop-ment1. ...
South Asian journal of experimental biology, Sep 15, 2011
In an earlier study, we observed that male Wistar rats administered with toxic doses of methionin... more In an earlier study, we observed that male Wistar rats administered with toxic doses of methionine containing paracetamol formulation (acetaminophen) did not manifest hepatic necrosis even at doses as high as 3000 mg\kg and 5000 mg\kg body weight (BW) yet death occurred. This study sets out to investigate the cause of death by focusing on another sensitive organ to acetaminophen exposure and to highlight the role of some vitamins in this. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups consisting 5 rats in each, and further administered with different doses of paracetamol\ methionine, ranging from 100 mg\kg – 5000 mg\kg. 5 rats, supplied with only physiologic saline were considered as control. Results show that rats exposed to 100mg\kg, 350 mg\kg and 1000 mg\kg BW did not exhibit any form of renal abnormality. The nephrotoxic indices consisting of urea, creatinine and uric acid were not significantly increased in comparison to control (p>0.05). Renal histology was also not identified as abnormal; moreover 0% mortality was recorded for these groups. However, the creatinine was significantly increased in 3000 mg\kg group (p to severe renal tubular necrosis was observed among the rats exposed to 5000 mg\kg BW level of acetaminophen which suffered 100% mortality. Thus, the acute renal failure may be a cause of death of Wistar rats exposed to higher doses. Probably, as the results suggest that generation of other reactive species that could not be detoxified by glutathione or inadequate glutathione synthesis in the renal cells might have been the cause of death at these high levels of exposure.
American Journal of Biopharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022
Objectives: There is increasing exposure to petrochemicals, including benzene, particularly in th... more Objectives: There is increasing exposure to petrochemicals, including benzene, particularly in the low and medium-income countries. Benzene is a component of many petrochemicals and a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. Phenol is one of its principal metabolites and serves as a biomarker of exposure to benzene. The mechanism of its toxicity is incompletely elucidated. Benzene’s interaction with key micronutrients; copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in the haemopoietic system has only been poorly explored, particularly in the developing countries where their status is variable and uncertain, with attendant intense exposure to petrochemicals. Material and Methods: Two groups of 50 gasoline dispensers (GDs) and 50 non-occupationally exposed participants were selected from Oye Local Government Area, Nigeria. The duration of occupational exposure was 2–10 years. Serum levels of Cu, Fe, and Zn were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry while heme and phenol were de...
American Journal of Biopharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022
Chemical pathology (clinical chemistry/biochemistry) is the branch of laboratory medicine concern... more Chemical pathology (clinical chemistry/biochemistry) is the branch of laboratory medicine concerned with the detection of alterations in the chemical constituents and biochemical mechanisms, which ensure health, culminating in disease. The disease itself is a pattern of response to some insult or injury resulting in a disturbed function or structure. It is often difficult to ascertain precisely the point of transition from health to a disease state. Pathological changes, including metabolic and molecular perturbations, with the potential to progress to clinical disease, are also present in healthy populations, noteworthy are the reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals with the propensity to cause oxidative DNA damage. Biochemical profiles or panels such as liver function tests, renal function tests, bone profile, lipid profile, acid-base, and critical care have served as biomarkers employed in indicating the presence of or measuring the progress of the disease, as well as ...
African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2016
BACKGROUND Micronutrients are required by organisms in trace concentrations sufficient to maintai... more BACKGROUND Micronutrients are required by organisms in trace concentrations sufficient to maintain homeostasis. Deficiency of these elements could result in different medical and metabolic abnormalities. There are limited data on micronutrient status in type 2 diabetics with foot ulcer (DM+FU). Premised on this, this study investigated micronutrient levels of DM+FU and examined their effects on glycaemic indices. METHODS One hundred and twenty participants, comprising seventy DM+FU and fifty non-diabetic participants (controls) aged 40-60 years, were recruited for the study. Ten millilitres of fasting blood samples were collected from each participant after obtaining their consent and levels of vitamin C, vitamin E, copper, selenium, zinc, FPG and HbAlc were measured. The data were analyzed using 't'- test and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Statistical significant was considered at p<0.05. RESULTS FPG and HbAlc were significantly higher in DM+FU (12.98±0.43 mmol/...
Autoimmunity and certain micronutrients have been implicated in the pathogenesis of thyroid disor... more Autoimmunity and certain micronutrients have been implicated in the pathogenesis of thyroid disorders such as simple nontoxic goitre (SNTG). Alterations in certain trace elements and autoimmune parameters may arise from an indeterminate autoimmune mechanism. We sought to evaluate the association and interactions between trace elements and autoantibodies in simple nontoxic goitre. All consenting participants based on clinical and thyroid function tests were recruited for this case-control study. Subjects comprised of 37 patients and 44 controls, from the Surgery Outpatient and Endocrinology Clinics of the University College Hospital and the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, respectively. Anthropometric indices were measured, serum trace element were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid function tests were performed in serum using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies were sig...
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2010
Studies’ reports in both humans and experimental animals have supported the use of methionine as ... more Studies’ reports in both humans and experimental animals have supported the use of methionine as an effective antidote to counteract the manifestation of hepatotoxicity, which is a common occurrence of acetaminophen at overdose levels of exposure. This study was embarked on to test the hepatoprotective effect of methionine in acetaminophen tablets, produced by a leading paracetamol brand in Nigeria especially in ameliorating the hepatocellular damage for which acetaminophen is noted for. Ten percent methionine was detected in this formulation using HPLC technique. Twenty male Wistar rats were used for this purpose, they were divided equally into four groups, and the first group served as the control and received 2 ml of physiologic saline per rat. The other three groups served as the test groups and received 100, 350 and 1000 mg\kg BW of acetaminophen dissolved in 2 ml of physiologic saline per rat. The drug was introduced into the rats by intra-peritoneal route of administration. T...
Lead is an occupational toxicant and a recognised health threat particularly in developing countr... more Lead is an occupational toxicant and a recognised health threat particularly in developing countries. Hence, this study explored the interaction of blood lead level (BLL), a conventional marker of lead exposure, with indices of calcium metabolism and biomarkers of bone-turnover in 120 adult male automobile technicians (AT) with ≥ 1 year duration in professional practice. The AT as well as the control group, which comprised 120 age, body-size and socio-economically matched male administrative workers, were recruited from Sagamu, South West Nigeria. Levels of blood lead, serum indices of calcium metabolism [total calcium (tCa), ionised calcium (iCa), phosphate, albumin, magnesium (Mg) and 25-Hydroxycholecalceferol (25-OHCC)], biomarkers of bone formation [bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and osteocalcin (OC)] and biomarkers of bone resorption [tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TACRP-5b) and urinary hydroxyproline (UHYP)] were determined in all participants. The BLL, 25-OHCC, TR...
Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
Objective: This study examined the levels of selected micronutrients and associated biochemical c... more Objective: This study examined the levels of selected micronutrients and associated biochemical changes in rats exposed to BaygonV R insecticide. Arsenic is a toxic metalloid commonly used in insecticides manufacture but unheralded. Methods: Fifteen rats, divided into three equal groups: Group I (control); group II (administered 2.5 mg/kg sodium arsenite (SA) on alternate days for four weeks); group III (exposed to 14.0 mL Baygon V R m À3 cage volume daily for four weeks). Serum levels of arsenic (As), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total protein (TP) were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: Arsenic and Se levels were significantly raised in groups II and III compared with control (p < 0.05), unlike Zn levels that were significantly decreased in groups II and III (p < 0.05) in both. No significant change in the activity of GPx; though the activity increased in the group treated with SA, but decreased in the group treated with Baygon V R compared to control (P < 0.05). Histology of the liver and lung was unaltered in control, but in contrast, the SA-treated group demonstrated moderate fibrous hyperplasia with prominent highly infiltrated portal area in the liver; while the lung revealed thickened alveolar walls from proliferated pneumocytes. In the Baygon V R-treated group, there was mild hyperplasia of the fibrous connective tissue and congested prominent portal areas; while the lung exhibited severe thickened alveolar walls due to proliferated pneumocytes. Conclusion: Exposure of rats to Baygon V R elicited alteration of key trace elements involved in the antioxidant system, culminating in oxidative stress with attendant deleterious effects. One significance of this for humans is that it has great potentials for possible nutritional modulation of insecticide toxicity with micronutrients, especially with zinc, holding great promise in tropical developing countries.
Environmental science and pollution research international, 2018
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) acts on the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, rapidly removing this neurot... more Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) acts on the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, rapidly removing this neurotransmitter at cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular junctions as well as in neuronal growth and differentiation, modulation of cell adhesion ("electrotactins") and aryl-acylamidase activity (AAA). This enzyme is also found in erythrocyte, as 160 kDa dimer that anchors to the plasma membrane via glycophosphatidylinositol. The function of this enzyme in erythrocytes has not yet been elucidated; however, it is suspected to participate in cell-to-cell interactions. Here, a review on erythrocyte AChE characteristics and use as biomarker for organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides is presented since it is the first specific target/barrier of the action of these pesticides, besides plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). However, some past and current methods have disadvantages: (a) not discriminating the activities of AChE and BChE; (b) low accuracy due to interference of hemoglobi...
The nature of biomedical research has been evolving in recent years. Technological advances that ... more The nature of biomedical research has been evolving in recent years. Technological advances that make it easier to study the vast complexity of biological systems have led to the initiation of projects with a larger scale and scope. In many cases, these large-scale analyses may be the most efficient and effective way to extract functional information from complex biological systems. Large-Scale Biomedical Science: Exploring Strategies for Research looks at the role of these new large-scale projects in the biomedical sciences. Though written by the National Academies Cancer Policy Board, this book addresses implications of large-scale science extending far beyond cancer research. It also identifies obstacles to the implementation of these projects, and makes recommendations to improve the process. The ultimate goal of biomedical research is to advance knowledge and provide useful innovations to society. Determining the best and most efficient method for accomplishing that goal, however, is a continuing and evolving challenge. The recommendations presented in Large-Scale Biomedical Science are intended to facilitate a more open, inclusive, and accountable approach to large-scale biomedical research, which in turn will maximize progress in understanding and controlling human disease.
Laboratory science fostered a novel paradigm which assured the verifiability and reproducibility ... more Laboratory science fostered a novel paradigm which assured the verifiability and reproducibility of knowledge underpinning biological phenomena. It also brought about the emergence of exactness and precision into the clinical practice of medicine. However, a number of ethical issues arise in its theory and praxis generally and in its application in the sphere of medicine. This entry engages some of the associated moral quandaries in terms of the nature of laboratory science as well as how it is put to use in the healthcare context. It also examines some of the attendant global ethical dimensions.
British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 2015
Departments of Haematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 2 Departments of ... more Departments of Haematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 2 Departments of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 4 Department of Community Health, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Oxidative Stress Group, University of Leicester, United Kingdom. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Some immunological indices of 80 Nigerian lead workers were assessed. The mean blood lead level (... more Some immunological indices of 80 Nigerian lead workers were assessed. The mean blood lead level (BLL) in the study subjects was significantly higher than in control non-exposed subjects (p < 0.001). The mean values for total globulins and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also significantly raised in the test subjects. (P < 0.001, P < 0.01 respectively). In contrast, levels of IgA and IgT were significantly depressed (P < 0.01, P, 0.001 respectively). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was established between IgA and BLL (r = 0.28 P < 0.009). Ascorbate excretion was also significantly reduced in the exposed workers when compared with control subjects. (P < 0.02) Multiple regression analysis established significant interaction between BLL and total globulin and IgA I(P < 0.01, P < 0.01, 0.28 and P < 0.009 respectively). Principal component analysis showed that CRP, TLC, IgA and IgC have strong interactions with BLL. These data suggest depressed imm...
African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2010
Increased reliance on chemicals in the industrializing developing countries places new demands on... more Increased reliance on chemicals in the industrializing developing countries places new demands on them, as they have limited resources to adequately regulate exposure to these chemicals. Majority of the chemicals cause mutation in DNA among others. The consequences of increased exposure to chemicals on the genome and their mitigation by Nutrigenomics, a science concerned with the prevention of genome damage by nutritional factors is poorly recognized in these countries. Growing evidence indicates that genome instability in the absence of overt exposure to genotoxicants is a sensitive marker of nutritional deficiency. Therefore, the increasing prevalence of chemicals in these countries which contribute to genome disturbances and the widespread nutritional deficiency, at least double the risk of genome instability.Environmental pollutants such polychlorobiphenyls, metal fumes, and fly ash, common in these countries are known to increase urinary level of 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHd...
African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2006
The extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. (MALVACEAE) is popularly consumed and assumed to have haema... more The extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. (MALVACEAE) is popularly consumed and assumed to have haematological benefits, but no scientific investigations are known in the literature to have been conducted to corroborate this claim. The present study was therefore conducted to evaluate the effects of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. Calyx extract on some haematological parameters (Haemoglobin, haematocrit, total white blood cells and differentials) in rats, with a view to determining its medicinal usefulness in the treatment of anaemia. Proximate analysis on dry matter basis, and mineral clement analysis were carried out on dried calyx of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. Different doses of aqueous extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L calyx extract (200 - 1000 mg/ kg body wt.) were administered orally by intra Ocsophageal cannulation to four groups of six animals (rats) per group for 14 days. Venous blood samples were collected from each animal in all the groups including the control group on days 0 and 14 of th...
Blount's disease or congenital tibia vara is a clinical entity characterized by tibia bowing,... more Blount's disease or congenital tibia vara is a clinical entity characterized by tibia bowing, tibia torsion, and beaking of the medial tibia metaphysis on plain radiograph. In our environment, burnt-out rickets patients with biochemical and radiological diagnosis of rickets who after treatment still have residual bone changes despite normal bone biochemistry) can also present with similar clinical and radiological features as Blount's disease. However, certain biochemical variations, including antioxidants, may serve as a basis for differentiation between these two disorders. The serum levels of calcium, inorganic phosphate, zinc, copper, and alkaline phosphatase in 15 patients (10 females and five males) aged between two- and five years (mean 3.8 +/- 1.1 (SD)) with clinical and radiological features of Blount's disease were determined. The mean weight of the patients with Blount's disease was 14.0 +/- 2.4 kg (range: 11.5-16.3 kg). Fifteen subjects (nine females and ...
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are a group of genetically derived diseases that are individual... more Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are a group of genetically derived diseases that are individually rare but collectively common and can be very severe. While high-income countries usually employ modern scientific technologies like tandem mass spectrometry for IEM investigation, these disorders are, in contrast, only rarely screened for in developing countries due to misconceptions that the required facilities are beyond the reach of these countries. This paper attempts to educate scientists and clinicians in developing countries on low-technology IEM screening methods that only require moderate facilities. Although a definitive diagnosis of IEM may require specialised laboratory investigations and attendant interpretation, in most cases, the basic facilities available in the average clinical chemistry laboratory in developing countries can allow the early detection of IEM. This early detection would facilitate critical early decision making, thus leading to better management, optim...
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, Dec 31, 2010
... concern Onyeaghala AA1*, Anetor JI1, Nurudeen A.1 and Oyewole OE2 1Department of Chemical pat... more ... concern Onyeaghala AA1*, Anetor JI1, Nurudeen A.1 and Oyewole OE2 1Department of Chemical pathology, University College Hospital, Ibadan. ... INTRODUCTION Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) is a major global cause of morbidity, mortality and impaired develop-ment1. ...
South Asian journal of experimental biology, Sep 15, 2011
In an earlier study, we observed that male Wistar rats administered with toxic doses of methionin... more In an earlier study, we observed that male Wistar rats administered with toxic doses of methionine containing paracetamol formulation (acetaminophen) did not manifest hepatic necrosis even at doses as high as 3000 mg\kg and 5000 mg\kg body weight (BW) yet death occurred. This study sets out to investigate the cause of death by focusing on another sensitive organ to acetaminophen exposure and to highlight the role of some vitamins in this. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups consisting 5 rats in each, and further administered with different doses of paracetamol\ methionine, ranging from 100 mg\kg – 5000 mg\kg. 5 rats, supplied with only physiologic saline were considered as control. Results show that rats exposed to 100mg\kg, 350 mg\kg and 1000 mg\kg BW did not exhibit any form of renal abnormality. The nephrotoxic indices consisting of urea, creatinine and uric acid were not significantly increased in comparison to control (p>0.05). Renal histology was also not identified as abnormal; moreover 0% mortality was recorded for these groups. However, the creatinine was significantly increased in 3000 mg\kg group (p to severe renal tubular necrosis was observed among the rats exposed to 5000 mg\kg BW level of acetaminophen which suffered 100% mortality. Thus, the acute renal failure may be a cause of death of Wistar rats exposed to higher doses. Probably, as the results suggest that generation of other reactive species that could not be detoxified by glutathione or inadequate glutathione synthesis in the renal cells might have been the cause of death at these high levels of exposure.
American Journal of Biopharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022
Objectives: There is increasing exposure to petrochemicals, including benzene, particularly in th... more Objectives: There is increasing exposure to petrochemicals, including benzene, particularly in the low and medium-income countries. Benzene is a component of many petrochemicals and a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. Phenol is one of its principal metabolites and serves as a biomarker of exposure to benzene. The mechanism of its toxicity is incompletely elucidated. Benzene’s interaction with key micronutrients; copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in the haemopoietic system has only been poorly explored, particularly in the developing countries where their status is variable and uncertain, with attendant intense exposure to petrochemicals. Material and Methods: Two groups of 50 gasoline dispensers (GDs) and 50 non-occupationally exposed participants were selected from Oye Local Government Area, Nigeria. The duration of occupational exposure was 2–10 years. Serum levels of Cu, Fe, and Zn were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry while heme and phenol were de...
American Journal of Biopharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022
Chemical pathology (clinical chemistry/biochemistry) is the branch of laboratory medicine concern... more Chemical pathology (clinical chemistry/biochemistry) is the branch of laboratory medicine concerned with the detection of alterations in the chemical constituents and biochemical mechanisms, which ensure health, culminating in disease. The disease itself is a pattern of response to some insult or injury resulting in a disturbed function or structure. It is often difficult to ascertain precisely the point of transition from health to a disease state. Pathological changes, including metabolic and molecular perturbations, with the potential to progress to clinical disease, are also present in healthy populations, noteworthy are the reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals with the propensity to cause oxidative DNA damage. Biochemical profiles or panels such as liver function tests, renal function tests, bone profile, lipid profile, acid-base, and critical care have served as biomarkers employed in indicating the presence of or measuring the progress of the disease, as well as ...
African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2016
BACKGROUND Micronutrients are required by organisms in trace concentrations sufficient to maintai... more BACKGROUND Micronutrients are required by organisms in trace concentrations sufficient to maintain homeostasis. Deficiency of these elements could result in different medical and metabolic abnormalities. There are limited data on micronutrient status in type 2 diabetics with foot ulcer (DM+FU). Premised on this, this study investigated micronutrient levels of DM+FU and examined their effects on glycaemic indices. METHODS One hundred and twenty participants, comprising seventy DM+FU and fifty non-diabetic participants (controls) aged 40-60 years, were recruited for the study. Ten millilitres of fasting blood samples were collected from each participant after obtaining their consent and levels of vitamin C, vitamin E, copper, selenium, zinc, FPG and HbAlc were measured. The data were analyzed using 't'- test and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Statistical significant was considered at p<0.05. RESULTS FPG and HbAlc were significantly higher in DM+FU (12.98±0.43 mmol/...
Autoimmunity and certain micronutrients have been implicated in the pathogenesis of thyroid disor... more Autoimmunity and certain micronutrients have been implicated in the pathogenesis of thyroid disorders such as simple nontoxic goitre (SNTG). Alterations in certain trace elements and autoimmune parameters may arise from an indeterminate autoimmune mechanism. We sought to evaluate the association and interactions between trace elements and autoantibodies in simple nontoxic goitre. All consenting participants based on clinical and thyroid function tests were recruited for this case-control study. Subjects comprised of 37 patients and 44 controls, from the Surgery Outpatient and Endocrinology Clinics of the University College Hospital and the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, respectively. Anthropometric indices were measured, serum trace element were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), thyroid autoantibodies and thyroid function tests were performed in serum using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin antibodies were sig...
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2010
Studies’ reports in both humans and experimental animals have supported the use of methionine as ... more Studies’ reports in both humans and experimental animals have supported the use of methionine as an effective antidote to counteract the manifestation of hepatotoxicity, which is a common occurrence of acetaminophen at overdose levels of exposure. This study was embarked on to test the hepatoprotective effect of methionine in acetaminophen tablets, produced by a leading paracetamol brand in Nigeria especially in ameliorating the hepatocellular damage for which acetaminophen is noted for. Ten percent methionine was detected in this formulation using HPLC technique. Twenty male Wistar rats were used for this purpose, they were divided equally into four groups, and the first group served as the control and received 2 ml of physiologic saline per rat. The other three groups served as the test groups and received 100, 350 and 1000 mg\kg BW of acetaminophen dissolved in 2 ml of physiologic saline per rat. The drug was introduced into the rats by intra-peritoneal route of administration. T...
Lead is an occupational toxicant and a recognised health threat particularly in developing countr... more Lead is an occupational toxicant and a recognised health threat particularly in developing countries. Hence, this study explored the interaction of blood lead level (BLL), a conventional marker of lead exposure, with indices of calcium metabolism and biomarkers of bone-turnover in 120 adult male automobile technicians (AT) with ≥ 1 year duration in professional practice. The AT as well as the control group, which comprised 120 age, body-size and socio-economically matched male administrative workers, were recruited from Sagamu, South West Nigeria. Levels of blood lead, serum indices of calcium metabolism [total calcium (tCa), ionised calcium (iCa), phosphate, albumin, magnesium (Mg) and 25-Hydroxycholecalceferol (25-OHCC)], biomarkers of bone formation [bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and osteocalcin (OC)] and biomarkers of bone resorption [tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TACRP-5b) and urinary hydroxyproline (UHYP)] were determined in all participants. The BLL, 25-OHCC, TR...
Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
Objective: This study examined the levels of selected micronutrients and associated biochemical c... more Objective: This study examined the levels of selected micronutrients and associated biochemical changes in rats exposed to BaygonV R insecticide. Arsenic is a toxic metalloid commonly used in insecticides manufacture but unheralded. Methods: Fifteen rats, divided into three equal groups: Group I (control); group II (administered 2.5 mg/kg sodium arsenite (SA) on alternate days for four weeks); group III (exposed to 14.0 mL Baygon V R m À3 cage volume daily for four weeks). Serum levels of arsenic (As), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total protein (TP) were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: Arsenic and Se levels were significantly raised in groups II and III compared with control (p < 0.05), unlike Zn levels that were significantly decreased in groups II and III (p < 0.05) in both. No significant change in the activity of GPx; though the activity increased in the group treated with SA, but decreased in the group treated with Baygon V R compared to control (P < 0.05). Histology of the liver and lung was unaltered in control, but in contrast, the SA-treated group demonstrated moderate fibrous hyperplasia with prominent highly infiltrated portal area in the liver; while the lung revealed thickened alveolar walls from proliferated pneumocytes. In the Baygon V R-treated group, there was mild hyperplasia of the fibrous connective tissue and congested prominent portal areas; while the lung exhibited severe thickened alveolar walls due to proliferated pneumocytes. Conclusion: Exposure of rats to Baygon V R elicited alteration of key trace elements involved in the antioxidant system, culminating in oxidative stress with attendant deleterious effects. One significance of this for humans is that it has great potentials for possible nutritional modulation of insecticide toxicity with micronutrients, especially with zinc, holding great promise in tropical developing countries.
Environmental science and pollution research international, 2018
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) acts on the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, rapidly removing this neurot... more Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) acts on the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, rapidly removing this neurotransmitter at cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular junctions as well as in neuronal growth and differentiation, modulation of cell adhesion ("electrotactins") and aryl-acylamidase activity (AAA). This enzyme is also found in erythrocyte, as 160 kDa dimer that anchors to the plasma membrane via glycophosphatidylinositol. The function of this enzyme in erythrocytes has not yet been elucidated; however, it is suspected to participate in cell-to-cell interactions. Here, a review on erythrocyte AChE characteristics and use as biomarker for organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides is presented since it is the first specific target/barrier of the action of these pesticides, besides plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). However, some past and current methods have disadvantages: (a) not discriminating the activities of AChE and BChE; (b) low accuracy due to interference of hemoglobi...
The nature of biomedical research has been evolving in recent years. Technological advances that ... more The nature of biomedical research has been evolving in recent years. Technological advances that make it easier to study the vast complexity of biological systems have led to the initiation of projects with a larger scale and scope. In many cases, these large-scale analyses may be the most efficient and effective way to extract functional information from complex biological systems. Large-Scale Biomedical Science: Exploring Strategies for Research looks at the role of these new large-scale projects in the biomedical sciences. Though written by the National Academies Cancer Policy Board, this book addresses implications of large-scale science extending far beyond cancer research. It also identifies obstacles to the implementation of these projects, and makes recommendations to improve the process. The ultimate goal of biomedical research is to advance knowledge and provide useful innovations to society. Determining the best and most efficient method for accomplishing that goal, however, is a continuing and evolving challenge. The recommendations presented in Large-Scale Biomedical Science are intended to facilitate a more open, inclusive, and accountable approach to large-scale biomedical research, which in turn will maximize progress in understanding and controlling human disease.
Laboratory science fostered a novel paradigm which assured the verifiability and reproducibility ... more Laboratory science fostered a novel paradigm which assured the verifiability and reproducibility of knowledge underpinning biological phenomena. It also brought about the emergence of exactness and precision into the clinical practice of medicine. However, a number of ethical issues arise in its theory and praxis generally and in its application in the sphere of medicine. This entry engages some of the associated moral quandaries in terms of the nature of laboratory science as well as how it is put to use in the healthcare context. It also examines some of the attendant global ethical dimensions.
British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, 2015
Departments of Haematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 2 Departments of ... more Departments of Haematology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 2 Departments of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 4 Department of Community Health, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Oxidative Stress Group, University of Leicester, United Kingdom. Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Some immunological indices of 80 Nigerian lead workers were assessed. The mean blood lead level (... more Some immunological indices of 80 Nigerian lead workers were assessed. The mean blood lead level (BLL) in the study subjects was significantly higher than in control non-exposed subjects (p < 0.001). The mean values for total globulins and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also significantly raised in the test subjects. (P < 0.001, P < 0.01 respectively). In contrast, levels of IgA and IgT were significantly depressed (P < 0.01, P, 0.001 respectively). Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was established between IgA and BLL (r = 0.28 P < 0.009). Ascorbate excretion was also significantly reduced in the exposed workers when compared with control subjects. (P < 0.02) Multiple regression analysis established significant interaction between BLL and total globulin and IgA I(P < 0.01, P < 0.01, 0.28 and P < 0.009 respectively). Principal component analysis showed that CRP, TLC, IgA and IgC have strong interactions with BLL. These data suggest depressed imm...
African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2010
Increased reliance on chemicals in the industrializing developing countries places new demands on... more Increased reliance on chemicals in the industrializing developing countries places new demands on them, as they have limited resources to adequately regulate exposure to these chemicals. Majority of the chemicals cause mutation in DNA among others. The consequences of increased exposure to chemicals on the genome and their mitigation by Nutrigenomics, a science concerned with the prevention of genome damage by nutritional factors is poorly recognized in these countries. Growing evidence indicates that genome instability in the absence of overt exposure to genotoxicants is a sensitive marker of nutritional deficiency. Therefore, the increasing prevalence of chemicals in these countries which contribute to genome disturbances and the widespread nutritional deficiency, at least double the risk of genome instability.Environmental pollutants such polychlorobiphenyls, metal fumes, and fly ash, common in these countries are known to increase urinary level of 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHd...
African journal of medicine and medical sciences, 2006
The extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. (MALVACEAE) is popularly consumed and assumed to have haema... more The extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. (MALVACEAE) is popularly consumed and assumed to have haematological benefits, but no scientific investigations are known in the literature to have been conducted to corroborate this claim. The present study was therefore conducted to evaluate the effects of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. Calyx extract on some haematological parameters (Haemoglobin, haematocrit, total white blood cells and differentials) in rats, with a view to determining its medicinal usefulness in the treatment of anaemia. Proximate analysis on dry matter basis, and mineral clement analysis were carried out on dried calyx of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. Different doses of aqueous extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L calyx extract (200 - 1000 mg/ kg body wt.) were administered orally by intra Ocsophageal cannulation to four groups of six animals (rats) per group for 14 days. Venous blood samples were collected from each animal in all the groups including the control group on days 0 and 14 of th...
Blount's disease or congenital tibia vara is a clinical entity characterized by tibia bowing,... more Blount's disease or congenital tibia vara is a clinical entity characterized by tibia bowing, tibia torsion, and beaking of the medial tibia metaphysis on plain radiograph. In our environment, burnt-out rickets patients with biochemical and radiological diagnosis of rickets who after treatment still have residual bone changes despite normal bone biochemistry) can also present with similar clinical and radiological features as Blount's disease. However, certain biochemical variations, including antioxidants, may serve as a basis for differentiation between these two disorders. The serum levels of calcium, inorganic phosphate, zinc, copper, and alkaline phosphatase in 15 patients (10 females and five males) aged between two- and five years (mean 3.8 +/- 1.1 (SD)) with clinical and radiological features of Blount's disease were determined. The mean weight of the patients with Blount's disease was 14.0 +/- 2.4 kg (range: 11.5-16.3 kg). Fifteen subjects (nine females and ...
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Papers by JOHN ANETOR