Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy in women. The phenotype is characteriz... more Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy in women. The phenotype is characterized by delayed diagnosis, recurrence and drug resistance. Inherent immunogenicity potential, oncogenic function and expression of cancer-testis/germline antigen (CTA) in ovarian cancer render them a potential candidate for immunotherapy. Revolutionary clinical findings indicate that tumor antigen-mediated T-cell and dendritic cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches provide an excellent strategy for targeting tumors. Currently, dendritic cell vaccination for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma and CTA-based T-cell receptor transduced T-cell therapy involving MAGE-A4 and NY-ESO-1 are well documented and shown to be effective. This review highlighted the mechanical aspects of epigenetic drugs that can elicit a CTA-based humoral and cellular immune response and implicate T-cell and dendritic cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches.
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is one of the most grievous infect... more Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is one of the most grievous infectious diseases with long-term morbidity and unpredicted mortality rates globally. Thus, understanding the host-pathogen interactions to develop potential drugs is the most focused area of research. Mtb has many antigens communicating with host cells via various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). From which, toll-like receptors-2 and 4 (TLR2 and 4) are two major PRRs that provide the primary immune response to Mtb infection of the respiratory tract. As a result, the TLR-mycobacterium antigen interaction triggers a variety of crucial innate immune signalling mechanisms such as phagosome maturation, oxidative stress, elicitation of cell deaths, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and eventually associates with the adaptive immune response to establish infection. Despite the extensive investigations on TLR2 and 4 Mtb ligands that have a significant role in the immune defence system, there are still many unsolved concerns driving researchers to explore the obscures. This review focuses on the host immune modulation due to Mtb-TLR2 and 4 ligand interaction. Subsequently, the host TLR2 and 4 immune signals in cooperation with other PRRs and successive cytokine expressions are discussed. Also highlighted are some recent findings on host-directed therapy related to TLRs that aid in developing novel immunotherapeutic prospects for the better control of Mtb infection.
Vaccine-induced antibody response and the impact of variants. We examined the immune memory in 97... more Vaccine-induced antibody response and the impact of variants. We examined the immune memory in 97 SARS-CoV-2 unexposed individuals who had received BBV152 vaccine, up to 6 months (median, 4 months) after 2-dose vaccination (Fig. 1a).
: Rapid global modernization, urbanization, industrialization, and frequent natural processes rel... more : Rapid global modernization, urbanization, industrialization, and frequent natural processes release toxic heavy metals into the environment such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and selenium (Se). In the present scenario, soil and water ecosystems are the main environmental alarms. The remediation of contaminated soils and water ecosystems with appropriate approaches is urgently needed. Physical remediation strategies are conventional, expensive, and nonspecific. In contrast, phytoremediation is an eco-friendly and fast-growing approach that is accomplished due to the high uptake of toxic heavy metals from the environment. Since plants are slow-growing and have low biomass they urgently need to be bioengineered for high biomass. On the other hand, biotechnology helps identify and isolate gene coding for heavy metal resistance tolerance in plants. Moreover, molecular cloning and the manifestation of heavy metal accumulator genes and other associated genes & enzymes can facilitate the remediation rates, which will make the process with a large-scale application that will improve the phytoremediation process. This review highlights the biotechnological methods and strategies for the remediation of heavy metals and metalloid containment from environments. Furthermore, this review also comprises the improvements and implications of phytoremediation as well as their operations and applications to reduce toxic pollutants from environments and to improvise phytoremediation efficiency to tolerate various heavy metal pollutants highlighting future challenges.
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening, 2022
Background: The recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has received global attention. Due to a lack of rec... more Background: The recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has received global attention. Due to a lack of recommended treatment regimens, the world faced various limitations resulting in improper management of the disease. Phytomedicines have played a prominent role in the prevention of various epidemics and pandemics in the past. Objective: Here, we attempt to focus on safe and feasible use of Thuja occidentalis to manage and alleviate the panic of viral respiratory infections, including COVID-19, by strengthening an individual’s immunity. The relevant information was collected from the web-based databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE, as well as other internet sources to review the applicability of T. occidentalis as a phytomedicine in managing respiratory infections and strengthening immunity. Conclusion: As important phytomedicine, and antipsychotic, T. occidentalis possesses a plethora of immunological properties that can be used effectively in the management of viral respiratory in...
Ionizing radiation results in extensive damage to biological systems. The massive amount of ioniz... more Ionizing radiation results in extensive damage to biological systems. The massive amount of ionizing radiation from nuclear accidents, radiation therapy (RT), space exploration, and the nuclear battlefield leads to damage to biological systems. Radiation injuries, such as inflammation, fibrosis, and atrophy, are characterized by genomic instability, apoptosis, necrosis, and oncogenic transformation, mediated by the activation or inhibition of specific signaling pathways. Exposure of tumors or normal cells to different doses of ionizing radiation could lead to the generation of free radical species, which can release signal mediators and lead to harmful effects. Although previous FDA-approved agents effectively mitigate radiation-associated toxicities, their use is limited due to their high cellular toxicities. Preclinical and clinical findings reveal that phytochemicals derived from plants that exhibit potent antioxidant activities efficiently target several signaling pathways. This...
The POTE family comprises 14 paralogues and is primarily expressed in Prostrate, Placenta, Ovary,... more The POTE family comprises 14 paralogues and is primarily expressed in Prostrate, Placenta, Ovary, Testis, Embryo (POTE), and cancerous cells. The prospective function of the POTE protein family under physiological conditions is less understood. We systematically analyzed their cellular localization and molecular docking analysis to elucidate POTE proteins’ structure, function, and Adaptive Divergence. Our result discerns that group three POTE paralogs (POTEE, POTEF, POTEI, POTEJ, and POTEKP (a pseudogene)) exhibits significant variation among other members could be because of their Adaptive Divergence. Furthermore, our molecular docking studies on POTE protein revealed the highest binding affinity with NCI-approved anticancer compounds. Additionally, POTEE, POTEF, POTEI, and POTEJ were subject to an explicit molecular dynamic simulation for 50ns. MM-GBSA and other essential electrostatics were calculated that showcased that only POTEE and POTEF have absolute binding affinities with ...
Marine algae are a promising source of potent bioactive agents against oxidative stress, diabetes... more Marine algae are a promising source of potent bioactive agents against oxidative stress, diabetes, and inflammation. However, the possible therapeutic effects of many algal metabolites have not been exploited yet. In this regard, we explored the therapeutic potential of Enteromorpha intestinalis extracts obtained from methanol, ethanol, and hexane, in contrasting oxidative stress. The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) content were quantified in all extracts, with ethanol yielding the best values (about 60 and 625 mg of gallic acid and rutin equivalents per gram of extract, respectively). Their antioxidant potential was also assessed through DPPH•, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion scavenging assays, showing a concentration-dependent activity which was greater in the extracts from protic and more polar solvents. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were estimated for checking the antidiabetic capacity, with IC50 values of about 3.8 µg/mL for the ...
In addition to cancer and diabetes, inflammatory and ROS-related diseases represent one of the ma... more In addition to cancer and diabetes, inflammatory and ROS-related diseases represent one of the major health problems worldwide. Currently, several synthetic drugs are used to reduce oxidative stress; nevertheless, these approaches often have side effects. Therefore, to overcome these issues, the search for alternative therapies has gained importance in recent times. Natural bioactive compounds have represented, and they still do, an important source of drugs with high therapeutic efficacy. In the “synthetic” era, terrestrial and aquatic photosynthetic organisms have been shown to be an essential source of natural compounds, some of which might play a leading role in pharmaceutical drug development. Marine organisms constitute nearly half of the worldwide biodiversity. In the marine environment, algae, seaweeds, and seagrasses are the first reported sources of marine natural products for discovering novel pharmacophores. The algal bioactive compounds are a potential source of novel a...
Microalgae, the key components of aquatic environments, are executive natural biotic models for e... more Microalgae, the key components of aquatic environments, are executive natural biotic models for exploring genotoxic effect of heavy metals, irradiation and other external stimuli and the toxicant elimination. In the current scenario, removal of metal contaminants is a significant challenge. Recently, the effective removal of heavy metals from the aquatic environment using microalgae has gained immense intention. However, the concurrent toxicity has limited their use as bio-accumulants to reduce the concentration of heavy metals and promote heavy metal tolerance. Few studies opined that low dose priming with non-ionizing radiations, such as gamma radiation, increased heavy metal tolerance in plant as well as aquatic photosynthetic microalgae. In the present study, we have hypothesized the growth inhibitory physio-chemical properties by cadmium (Cd) in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and analysed the protective role of low-dose gamma radiations priming against Cd induced gr...
SummaryThe B cell help function of CD4+T cells may serve as an immunologic correlate of protectiv... more SummaryThe B cell help function of CD4+T cells may serve as an immunologic correlate of protective adaptive immunity. The quantitative assessment of the B cell help potential of CD4+T cells is limited by the lack of suitable antigen-specific functional assays. Here, we describe a highly efficient antigen-specific T-B co-cultures for quantitative measurement of T-dependent B cell responses. UsingMycobacterium tuberculosisspecific setup, we show that early priming and activation of CD4+T cells is important for the mutualistic collaboration between antigen-specific T and B cells, which could be achieved by supplementing the co-cultures with autologous monocytes. We further show that monocyte-derived growth factors provide the impetus for productive T-B collaboration by conferring optimal survivability in the cultured cells. This study provides first evidence of C-type lectin domain family 11 member A (CLEC11A/SCGF) as an essential growth factor for B cell survival. Importantly, we demo...
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy in women. The phenotype is characteriz... more Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy in women. The phenotype is characterized by delayed diagnosis, recurrence and drug resistance. Inherent immunogenicity potential, oncogenic function and expression of cancer-testis/germline antigen (CTA) in ovarian cancer render them a potential candidate for immunotherapy. Revolutionary clinical findings indicate that tumor antigen-mediated T-cell and dendritic cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches provide an excellent strategy for targeting tumors. Currently, dendritic cell vaccination for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma and CTA-based T-cell receptor transduced T-cell therapy involving MAGE-A4 and NY-ESO-1 are well documented and shown to be effective. This review highlighted the mechanical aspects of epigenetic drugs that can elicit a CTA-based humoral and cellular immune response and implicate T-cell and dendritic cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches.
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is one of the most grievous infect... more Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is one of the most grievous infectious diseases with long-term morbidity and unpredicted mortality rates globally. Thus, understanding the host-pathogen interactions to develop potential drugs is the most focused area of research. Mtb has many antigens communicating with host cells via various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). From which, toll-like receptors-2 and 4 (TLR2 and 4) are two major PRRs that provide the primary immune response to Mtb infection of the respiratory tract. As a result, the TLR-mycobacterium antigen interaction triggers a variety of crucial innate immune signalling mechanisms such as phagosome maturation, oxidative stress, elicitation of cell deaths, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and eventually associates with the adaptive immune response to establish infection. Despite the extensive investigations on TLR2 and 4 Mtb ligands that have a significant role in the immune defence system, there are still many unsolved concerns driving researchers to explore the obscures. This review focuses on the host immune modulation due to Mtb-TLR2 and 4 ligand interaction. Subsequently, the host TLR2 and 4 immune signals in cooperation with other PRRs and successive cytokine expressions are discussed. Also highlighted are some recent findings on host-directed therapy related to TLRs that aid in developing novel immunotherapeutic prospects for the better control of Mtb infection.
Vaccine-induced antibody response and the impact of variants. We examined the immune memory in 97... more Vaccine-induced antibody response and the impact of variants. We examined the immune memory in 97 SARS-CoV-2 unexposed individuals who had received BBV152 vaccine, up to 6 months (median, 4 months) after 2-dose vaccination (Fig. 1a).
: Rapid global modernization, urbanization, industrialization, and frequent natural processes rel... more : Rapid global modernization, urbanization, industrialization, and frequent natural processes release toxic heavy metals into the environment such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and selenium (Se). In the present scenario, soil and water ecosystems are the main environmental alarms. The remediation of contaminated soils and water ecosystems with appropriate approaches is urgently needed. Physical remediation strategies are conventional, expensive, and nonspecific. In contrast, phytoremediation is an eco-friendly and fast-growing approach that is accomplished due to the high uptake of toxic heavy metals from the environment. Since plants are slow-growing and have low biomass they urgently need to be bioengineered for high biomass. On the other hand, biotechnology helps identify and isolate gene coding for heavy metal resistance tolerance in plants. Moreover, molecular cloning and the manifestation of heavy metal accumulator genes and other associated genes & enzymes can facilitate the remediation rates, which will make the process with a large-scale application that will improve the phytoremediation process. This review highlights the biotechnological methods and strategies for the remediation of heavy metals and metalloid containment from environments. Furthermore, this review also comprises the improvements and implications of phytoremediation as well as their operations and applications to reduce toxic pollutants from environments and to improvise phytoremediation efficiency to tolerate various heavy metal pollutants highlighting future challenges.
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening, 2022
Background: The recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has received global attention. Due to a lack of rec... more Background: The recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has received global attention. Due to a lack of recommended treatment regimens, the world faced various limitations resulting in improper management of the disease. Phytomedicines have played a prominent role in the prevention of various epidemics and pandemics in the past. Objective: Here, we attempt to focus on safe and feasible use of Thuja occidentalis to manage and alleviate the panic of viral respiratory infections, including COVID-19, by strengthening an individual’s immunity. The relevant information was collected from the web-based databases PubMed, Google Scholar, and MEDLINE, as well as other internet sources to review the applicability of T. occidentalis as a phytomedicine in managing respiratory infections and strengthening immunity. Conclusion: As important phytomedicine, and antipsychotic, T. occidentalis possesses a plethora of immunological properties that can be used effectively in the management of viral respiratory in...
Ionizing radiation results in extensive damage to biological systems. The massive amount of ioniz... more Ionizing radiation results in extensive damage to biological systems. The massive amount of ionizing radiation from nuclear accidents, radiation therapy (RT), space exploration, and the nuclear battlefield leads to damage to biological systems. Radiation injuries, such as inflammation, fibrosis, and atrophy, are characterized by genomic instability, apoptosis, necrosis, and oncogenic transformation, mediated by the activation or inhibition of specific signaling pathways. Exposure of tumors or normal cells to different doses of ionizing radiation could lead to the generation of free radical species, which can release signal mediators and lead to harmful effects. Although previous FDA-approved agents effectively mitigate radiation-associated toxicities, their use is limited due to their high cellular toxicities. Preclinical and clinical findings reveal that phytochemicals derived from plants that exhibit potent antioxidant activities efficiently target several signaling pathways. This...
The POTE family comprises 14 paralogues and is primarily expressed in Prostrate, Placenta, Ovary,... more The POTE family comprises 14 paralogues and is primarily expressed in Prostrate, Placenta, Ovary, Testis, Embryo (POTE), and cancerous cells. The prospective function of the POTE protein family under physiological conditions is less understood. We systematically analyzed their cellular localization and molecular docking analysis to elucidate POTE proteins’ structure, function, and Adaptive Divergence. Our result discerns that group three POTE paralogs (POTEE, POTEF, POTEI, POTEJ, and POTEKP (a pseudogene)) exhibits significant variation among other members could be because of their Adaptive Divergence. Furthermore, our molecular docking studies on POTE protein revealed the highest binding affinity with NCI-approved anticancer compounds. Additionally, POTEE, POTEF, POTEI, and POTEJ were subject to an explicit molecular dynamic simulation for 50ns. MM-GBSA and other essential electrostatics were calculated that showcased that only POTEE and POTEF have absolute binding affinities with ...
Marine algae are a promising source of potent bioactive agents against oxidative stress, diabetes... more Marine algae are a promising source of potent bioactive agents against oxidative stress, diabetes, and inflammation. However, the possible therapeutic effects of many algal metabolites have not been exploited yet. In this regard, we explored the therapeutic potential of Enteromorpha intestinalis extracts obtained from methanol, ethanol, and hexane, in contrasting oxidative stress. The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) content were quantified in all extracts, with ethanol yielding the best values (about 60 and 625 mg of gallic acid and rutin equivalents per gram of extract, respectively). Their antioxidant potential was also assessed through DPPH•, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion scavenging assays, showing a concentration-dependent activity which was greater in the extracts from protic and more polar solvents. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were estimated for checking the antidiabetic capacity, with IC50 values of about 3.8 µg/mL for the ...
In addition to cancer and diabetes, inflammatory and ROS-related diseases represent one of the ma... more In addition to cancer and diabetes, inflammatory and ROS-related diseases represent one of the major health problems worldwide. Currently, several synthetic drugs are used to reduce oxidative stress; nevertheless, these approaches often have side effects. Therefore, to overcome these issues, the search for alternative therapies has gained importance in recent times. Natural bioactive compounds have represented, and they still do, an important source of drugs with high therapeutic efficacy. In the “synthetic” era, terrestrial and aquatic photosynthetic organisms have been shown to be an essential source of natural compounds, some of which might play a leading role in pharmaceutical drug development. Marine organisms constitute nearly half of the worldwide biodiversity. In the marine environment, algae, seaweeds, and seagrasses are the first reported sources of marine natural products for discovering novel pharmacophores. The algal bioactive compounds are a potential source of novel a...
Microalgae, the key components of aquatic environments, are executive natural biotic models for e... more Microalgae, the key components of aquatic environments, are executive natural biotic models for exploring genotoxic effect of heavy metals, irradiation and other external stimuli and the toxicant elimination. In the current scenario, removal of metal contaminants is a significant challenge. Recently, the effective removal of heavy metals from the aquatic environment using microalgae has gained immense intention. However, the concurrent toxicity has limited their use as bio-accumulants to reduce the concentration of heavy metals and promote heavy metal tolerance. Few studies opined that low dose priming with non-ionizing radiations, such as gamma radiation, increased heavy metal tolerance in plant as well as aquatic photosynthetic microalgae. In the present study, we have hypothesized the growth inhibitory physio-chemical properties by cadmium (Cd) in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and analysed the protective role of low-dose gamma radiations priming against Cd induced gr...
SummaryThe B cell help function of CD4+T cells may serve as an immunologic correlate of protectiv... more SummaryThe B cell help function of CD4+T cells may serve as an immunologic correlate of protective adaptive immunity. The quantitative assessment of the B cell help potential of CD4+T cells is limited by the lack of suitable antigen-specific functional assays. Here, we describe a highly efficient antigen-specific T-B co-cultures for quantitative measurement of T-dependent B cell responses. UsingMycobacterium tuberculosisspecific setup, we show that early priming and activation of CD4+T cells is important for the mutualistic collaboration between antigen-specific T and B cells, which could be achieved by supplementing the co-cultures with autologous monocytes. We further show that monocyte-derived growth factors provide the impetus for productive T-B collaboration by conferring optimal survivability in the cultured cells. This study provides first evidence of C-type lectin domain family 11 member A (CLEC11A/SCGF) as an essential growth factor for B cell survival. Importantly, we demo...
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