I am an MD who is doing research on diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and on mosquito its self. My focus are mosquito taxonomy and ecology, malaria and mosquito-borne arboviruses.
Background Although whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is the preferred genotyping method for most gen... more Background Although whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is the preferred genotyping method for most genomic analyses, limitations are often experienced when studying genomes characterized by a high percentage of repetitive elements, high linkage, and recombination deserts. The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), for example, has a genome comprising up to 72% repetitive elements, and therefore we set out to develop a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip to be more cost-effective. Aedes albopictus is an invasive species originating from Southeast Asia that has recently spread around the world and is a vector for many human diseases. Developing an accessible genotyping platform is essential in advancing biological control methods and understanding the population dynamics of this pest species, with significant implications for public health. Methods We designed a SNP chip for Ae. albopictus (Aealbo chip) based on approximately 2.7 million SNPs identified using WGS data from 819 worldwide samples. We validated the chip using laboratory single-pair crosses, comparing technical replicates, and comparing genotypes of samples genotyped by WGS and the SNP chip. We then used the chip for a population genomic analysis of 237 samples from 28 sites in the native range to evaluate its usefulness in describing patterns of genomic variation and tracing the origins of invasions. Results Probes on the Aealbo chip targeted 175,396 SNPs in coding and non-coding regions across all three chromosomes, with a density of 102 SNPs per 1 Mb window, and at least one SNP in each of the 17,461 protein-coding genes. Overall, 70% of the probes captured the genetic variation. Segregation analysis found that 98% of the SNPs followed expectations of single-copy Mendelian genes. Comparisons with WGS indicated that sites with genotype disagreements were mostly heterozygotes at loci with WGS read depth < 20, while there was near complete agreement with WGS read depths > 20, indicating that the chip more accurately detects heterozygotes than low-coverage
The mosquitoAedes albopictustransmits human viruses including dengue and chikungunya and is an ex... more The mosquitoAedes albopictustransmits human viruses including dengue and chikungunya and is an extremely successful invasive species expanding into new regions of the world. New tools are needed to complement existing tools to help monitor and control this species. Genomic resources are improving for this species including genome reference sequences, and whole genome sequencing data will help to catalog genetic diversity in this species and further enable genetic analysis. We collected populations ofAe. albopictusfrom throughout its distribution and generated whole genome sequencing data from population samples. These data will be used to address a number of basic and applied questions for this species. Here, we show genetic differentiation patterns among the tropical and temperate forms, as well as finer scale genetic clustering at the regional and population scale. These data and results will be a valuable resource for further study and tool development for this species.
The mosquitoAedes albopictustransmits human viruses including dengue and chikungunya and is an ex... more The mosquitoAedes albopictustransmits human viruses including dengue and chikungunya and is an extremely successful invasive species expanding into new regions of the world. New tools are needed to complement existing tools to help monitor and control this species. Genomic resources are improving for this species including genome reference sequences, and whole genome sequencing data will help to catalog genetic diversity in this species and further enable genetic analysis. We collected populations ofAe. albopictusfrom throughout its distribution and generated whole genome sequencing data from population samples. These data will be used to address a number of basic and applied questions for this species. Here, we show genetic differentiation patterns among the tropical and temperate forms, as well as finer scale genetic clustering at the regional and population scale. These data and results will be a valuable resource for further study and tool development for this species.
Background: The decline in intensity of malaria transmission in many areas now emphasizes greater... more Background: The decline in intensity of malaria transmission in many areas now emphasizes greater importance of understanding the epidemiology of low to moderate transmission settings. Marked heterogeneity in infection risk within these populations creates opportunities to understand transmission and guide resource allocation to greater impact. Methods: In this study, we examined spatial patterns of malaria transmission in a hypo-to meso-endemic area of eastern Indonesia using malaria prevalence data collected from a cross-sectional sociodemographic and parasitological survey conducted from August to November 2010. An entomological survey performed in parallel, identified, mapped, and monitored local anopheline larval habitats. Results: A single spatial cluster of higher malaria prevalence was detected during the study period (relative risk 5 2.13; log likelihood ratio 5 20.7; P , 0.001). In hierarchical multivariate regression models, risk of parasitemia was inversely correlated with distance to five Anopheles sundaicus known larval habitats [odds ratio (OR) 5 0.21; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5 0.14-0.32; P , 0.001], which were located in a geographically restricted band adjacent to the coastline. Increasing distance from these sites predicted increased hemoglobin level across age strata after adjusting for confounders (OR 5 1.6; 95% CI 5 1.30-1.98; P , 0.001). Conclusion: Significant clustering of malaria parasitemia in close proximity to very specific and relatively few An. sundaicus larval habitats has direct implications for local control strategy, policy, and practice. These findings suggest that larval source management could achieve profound if not complete impact in this region.
In blood-feeder female mosquitoes, the hypopharynx stylet is one part of the fascicle, the struct... more In blood-feeder female mosquitoes, the hypopharynx stylet is one part of the fascicle, the structure that pierces into the host skin during blood feeding. As other parts, the hypopharynx is a free stylet. However, since male mosquitoes do not feed blood, their mouthparts are less developed. The hypopharynx fuses with the inner wall of the labium, while maxillae and mandibles are much shorter than the labium. Only the labrum and the labium are well developed and function as food canal and its sheath, respectively. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done to compare the hypopharynx of males of several mosquito genera and, in addition, females of autogenous mosquitoes. The hypopharynxs of males of both autogenous and anautogenous mosquitoes fuse with the labium inner wall as long as the labium length, but are distinctly different structures from the labium. Dissociation occurs on the hypopharynx of female autogenous mosquitoes: Toxorhynchites spp. have a free hypopharynx as in anautogeny mosquitoes, whereas it fuses with the labium wall in Malaya genurostris Leicester, as in male mosquitoes.
Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, Apr 28, 2022
BACKGROUND: The research on ovitrap using attractants has been extensively developed, but studies... more BACKGROUND: The research on ovitrap using attractants has been extensively developed, but studies on the use of similar substrates in the form of colonized water and Aedes larvae extract as attractants have not been widely published. Adding an attractant to the ovitrap can stimulate the sense of smell for mosquitoes to come to the place to lay their eggs. The use of ovitrap has recently begun to be developed because it is environmentally friendly. AIM: The purpose of this study is to determine the attractants potential of colonized water and larvae extract as the oviposition preferences for Aedes Sp. to lay eggs in the ovitrap. METHODS: The type of this research is a true experimental design, the design of the posttest-only control group design. Observations are made in the laboratory for nine repetitions. RESULTS: Observational data show that the average number of eggs in ovitraps that uses the colonized water and larvae extract is higher than that of conventional/control water. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test indicate that there is a significant difference in the average number of eggs in the colonized water attractant, larval extract, and conventional water (Asymp. Sig < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The conclusion is obtained that similar substrate attractants in the form of larvae extract and Aedes colonization water have the potential to be Aedes sp oviposition preferences compared to conventional water. However, it is still necessary to conduct a field study so that it can be used as an environmentally friendly method of the surveillance and control of the vector transmitting dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Dengue is a highly infectious disease caused by the dengue virus, consisting of four serotypes (D... more Dengue is a highly infectious disease caused by the dengue virus, consisting of four serotypes (DENV1-DENV4). The existence of diverse serotypes and genotypes in an area significantly impacts the degree of virulence in humans, clinical manifestation, and the epidemiology of the disease. Studying virus diversity in an area is pivotal, especially in dengue-endemic areas such as North Sulawesi. This study was an explorative research analyzing dengue virus serotypes and sequencing on the C-PrM protein region to determine the genetic diversity. This study was conducted on children and adults in 3 health centers in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, in 2022. Of 137 sera samples from febrile patients with dengue-like symptoms, ten were confirmed positive for dengue virus. Out of the ten positive samples, DENV1 was the dominant serotype, which was 70%. This was followed by 20% DENV2 and 10% DENV4. The genotype of each serotype, DENV1, DENV2, and DENV4, was respectively classified into genotype I, cosmopolitan genotype, and genotype I as a new genotype of DENV4 reported in North Sulawesi. This study provides the latest data on the serotypes and genotypes of dengue viruses in North Sulawesi. Molecular surveillance of the dengue virus in North Sulawesi must be continuously conducted due to the circulation of multiple serotypes and genotypes in this province.
Journal of the Indonesian Medical Association, Nov 21, 2022
Introduction: Malaria is an infectious disease that continues to be a public health issue worldwi... more Introduction: Malaria is an infectious disease that continues to be a public health issue worldwide, including in Indonesia. This study aims to detect the presence of Plasmodium parasites among immigrants from malaria endemic areas. Method: The research was conducted from September until November 2019 in three regency/cities in South Sulawesi, namely Makassar City, Tana Toraja and North Toraja. The population in this study were immigrants from malaria endemic areas (native Papua and non-Papua) who lived in the area for at least 2 years before visiting the cities of Makassar, Tana Toraja, or North Toraja. All samples were examined for malaria parasites using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Result: The results of the PCR test on 256 samples of migrants (native Papuan and non-Papuan) detected 19.53% positive for malaria. This research showed that a high prevalence of malaria parasites was found among asymptomatic immigrants, both native Papuans and non-Papuans in South Sulawesi. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the asymptomatic immigrants from endemic areas such as Papua need to be screened early because they may still have malaria parasites in their blood and become carriers, leading potential to cause local transmission.
Background: To date, there is a scarcity of information and literature on Macaca maura health sta... more Background: To date, there is a scarcity of information and literature on Macaca maura health status relative to viral diseases. The objectives of the present study were to investigate on the potential spread of enteric and non-enteric viruses shed in the environment through a wild macaque feces and to understand the possible interrelation in the spread of zoonotic viruses in a poorly studied geographical area, the Sulawesi Island. This study will also contribute providing useful information on potential threats to the health of this endangered species. Methods: The sampling was conducted between 2014 and 2016 in the Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, in the south of the Sulawesi Island and non-invasive sampling methods were used to collect fresh stools of the M. maura, one of the seven macaque species endemic to the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The population under study consisted in two wild, neighboring social macaque groups with partially overlapping home ranges; twenty-four samples were collected and examined using negative staining electron microscopy and a panel of PCR protocols for the detection of ten RNA and two DNA viruses. Results: Viral particles resembling parvovirus (5 samples), picornavirus (13 samples) and calicivirus (13 samples) were detected by electron microscopy whereas the PCR panel was negative for the 12 viruses investigated, except for one sample positive for a mosquito flavivirus. The results did not correlate with animal sex; furthermore, because all of the animals were clinically healthy, it was not possible to correlate feces consistency with viral presence. Conclusions: As information on viral infections in wild moor macaques remains limited, further studies are yet required to identify the fecal-oral and blood transmitted potentially zoonotic viruses, which may infect the moor macaque and other macaque species endemic to the South Sulawesi Island.
Jurnal Vektor Penyakit : Journal of Disease Vector, Nov 24, 2020
New Evidence of The Presence of Wolbachia sp. in Aedes aegypti alongside Aedes albopictus from Ma... more New Evidence of The Presence of Wolbachia sp. in Aedes aegypti alongside Aedes albopictus from Makassar There is currently no research on the presence or absence of Wolbachia bacteria naturally in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in Makassar City. Therefore, it is necessary to study "New Evidence of Natural Presence of Wolbachia sp. in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Makassar". This research was an explorative and analytic study with a cross-sectional study approach. The sampling of mosquitos was carried out in the Panakkukang District and Biringkanaya District of Makassar City from October to December 2018. The methods used were the Light trap method, Resting collection, and Larva collection. After that, the morphological identification process of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus was carried out microscopically. Then extraction and purification of Wolbachia DNA using the phenol-chloroform method were used and continued by detecting the wsp gene using PCR and electrophoresis. From 33 Ae. aegypti mosquito pool samples in Makassar City, 28 pools were found from the middle of the city and five pools from the suburbs, while from four Ae. albopictus mosquito pool samples were found one pool from the middle of the city and three sample pools from the suburbs. Wolbachia infection was found naturally in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes (two pools) as in Ae. albopictus mosquitoes (two pools) in Makassar City.
Aging is influenced by lifestyle, which one is by consuming excessive calories. In recent years t... more Aging is influenced by lifestyle, which one is by consuming excessive calories. In recent years there have been many studies on aging and age-related diseases, calorie restriction mimetic is one of them. Metformin is a calorie restriction mimetic that is attractive to gerontologists. This research analyzed the effect of metformin as a calorie restriction mimetic on fasting blood glucose and IGF-1 serum levels in old white male Wistar rats. This study conducted with an experimental study with a pre and post-test pattern with controlled group design on male rats (Rattus novergicus) Wistar strain which was divided into 3 groups, control group (K), the calorie restriction group (P1), and the metformin group (P2), 6 rats each group. Blood glucose levels were measured by a glucometer and serum IGF-1 levels were measured with an ELISA kit, where blood samples were taken from the tail of the rats. In general, the provision of metformin and calorie restriction tended to reduce blood glucose levels, but increased serum IGF-1 levels. There is a significant relationship between blood glucose levels and serum IGF-1 levels. It's necessary to conduct further research to determine the effective dose and maximum dose of metformin to reduce blood glucose level and serum IG-1 levels which can be slow down the aging process.
Maxillae and mandibles of males of 44 species of 12 mosquito genera and females of three autogeno... more Maxillae and mandibles of males of 44 species of 12 mosquito genera and females of three autogenous genera and two partially autogenous species were examined under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The maxillae and mandibles of male mosquitoes are delicate, tape-like structures with lengths characterizing genera or higher level classiÞcation units. Five patterns are recognized: (A) long maxillae and mandibles with mandibles longer than maxillae in Anopheles; (B) long maxillae and mandibles with maxillae longer than mandibles in Toxorhynchites; (C) short or intermediate lengths of maxillae with short mandibles in Aedes, Armigeres, Culex, Ochlerotatus, Orthopodomyia, and Uranotaenia; (D) short or intermediate length of maxillae with no mandibles in Mimomyia and Tripteroides; and (E) no maxillae and mandibles in Malaya and Topomyia. Maxillary and mandibular lengths of male mosquitoes show a positive correlation. Length of maxillae and mandibles of autogenous females are reduced to the same level as conspeciÞc males. In contrast, females of partially autogenous species have complete maxillae and mandibles as in females of anautogenous species.
Background: High water demand accompanied with an unreliable piped water supply has forced urban ... more Background: High water demand accompanied with an unreliable piped water supply has forced urban residents to store water in containers. This situation potentially increases the number of breeding sites for mosquito vectors, such as Aedes. Method: This study aimed to test the hypothesis if piped water connection availability, tap water use, and highly stable tap water supply can help minimize the use of water storage containers as well as the presence of larvae and number of adult Aedes mosquitoes. We conducted a community-based entomological survey of 343 households from 36 neighborhoods or Rukun Tetangga in Makassar City, Indonesia. Our model based on the hypothesis was tested by piecewise structural equation modeling analysis. Results: A signi cant negative correlation was found between the stability of tap water supply and the number of water storage containers (−0.16, P < 0.05). Of the two categories of water storage containers, the unintentional water storage containers demonstrated a signi cantly (P < 0.001) higher effect on larval prevalence than the intentional one. Further, both container categories have signi cant indirect effects on the number of adult mosquitoes mediated by larval presence. Conclusion: Improving water supply condition, particularly by assuring a stable tap water supply, could minimize the use of intentional water storage containers. Furthermore, a regular community-wide health education program that targets the elimination of unintentional water storage containers, which can be breeding grounds for Aedes larvae mosquitoes, is necessary.
Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nov 1, 2017
Pregnant women are vulnerable to malaria infection. Pregnancy-associated malaria can causes adver... more Pregnant women are vulnerable to malaria infection. Pregnancy-associated malaria can causes adverse pregnancy outcomes including abortion, preterm birth, low birth weight, congenital malaria, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), anemia and metabolic disorders that increase the risk of disease in later stages of child development. 1 Numerous studies have reported on the prevalence of peripheral parasitaemia and placental parasitaemia in the area stable endemic malaria transmission in Africa. The median prevalence of maternal malaria infection (defined as an infection of peripheral or placenta) for all gravid was 27.8%. The highest risk of maternal malaria infection occurred during the second trimester of pregnancy while at the early postpartum period study showed inconsistent. 2
Mouthparts of adult males of 17 strains of 8 species from the subgenus Stegomyia of the genus Aed... more Mouthparts of adult males of 17 strains of 8 species from the subgenus Stegomyia of the genus Aedes, including 5 strains of Aedes aegypti and 6 strains of Aedes albopictus, were examined. Lengths of maxillae, mandibles, maxillary palpi, and proboscises were measured under light microscopy and their detailed structures were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Lengths were presented as ratios to proboscis lengths. In contrast to previous reports, mandibles were found in all 5 strains of male Ae. aegypti examined. Variations in maxillary and mandibular lengths were significant among strains, even within Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. High variation of these structures among and within species indicates that the average length of these structures in only 1 species may not be a reliable representative of a subgenus, and those of 1 strain may not be reliable for a species. However, their range in length (maxillae 0.13-0.50, mandibles 0.04-0.17 length of the proboscis) may be regarded as a subgeneric attribute. Maxillae and mandibles distinctly shorter than the proboscis, together with their delicate structures and the large coefficient of variation, suggest that they exist only as vestigial structures. A positive correlation was found between lengths of maxillae and those of mandibles, but mandibles are usually shorter than maxillae. The hypopharynx is discernible from the labium wall by its texture and border, and this suggests that it was a free stylet in the past.
Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia Universitas Hasanuddin, 2010
Dengue fever up to now still be a problem in many countries mainly in developed coun-try and so i... more Dengue fever up to now still be a problem in many countries mainly in developed coun-try and so is in Bantimurung district in Indonesia which is one of the endemic areas in South of Sulawesi. This study was aimed to find out the population of Aedes sp. and breeding site characteristics in endemic regions of Bantimurung Subdistrict Maros Regency with the appli-cation of Geographic Information System (GIS). This study was conducted in Ban-timurung Subdistrict involving 182 households with total 447 breeding sites. This study was an explo-rative study. Samples were drawn using random sampling method. Study results indicated that larva density of Aedes in Bantimurung subdistrict included House Index (HI) = 81%, Container Index (CI) = 75%, Breteau Index (BI) = 184 and Density Figure (DF) = 8, and high larva density was observed in all villages, in which HI > 5%. Aedes sp. larva-positive breeding sites out of 182 houses were 335 and two Aedes species were identified: Ae. Aegypti (63/18.8%) and Ae. Albopictus (271/81%). The identified breeding sites included 15% natural sites, the most common was banana trees (73.1%), and 85% artificial breeding sites with the most common final disposal site was barrel (38.7%) and non final disposal site was tire (59.6%). Larva-positive breeding sites were primarily found outside the houses com-pared inside the houses with lighting conditions protected from the sun (52%) and not protected (48%), and average water temperature of 28 C and average water pH of 7.2. There is such a trend breeding site distribution of larva Aedes positively in the area with high dengue fever affair. It is necessary to the environment around the home which has potency to be a breeding site. Key Words ; Aedes sp., Breeding Site, Artificial TPA
A research on the dengue antiviral activity test on the polar bark extract of M. umbelatta (Houtt... more A research on the dengue antiviral activity test on the polar bark extract of M. umbelatta (Houtt.) Stapf var. Vicenia have been done to determine the relation to its activity againts brine shrimp Artemia salina. The bark was extracted by maceration with n-hexane, chloroform, and ethylacetate. The activity of the ethyl acetate extract was then tested against A. salina and dengue virus. It was found that the ethyl acetate extract was active to A. salina with the LC50 value of 101.66 μg/mL and also very active to dengue virus with the IC50 value of 1.67μg /mL. It is clear that the toxicity to brine shrimp A. salina has a positive correlation with the dengue anti virus.
Background: Anopheles maculatus, a species of the Maculatus Group of subgenus Cellia (Diptera: Cu... more Background: Anopheles maculatus, a species of the Maculatus Group of subgenus Cellia (Diptera: Culicidae), is an important vector of human malarial protozoa in Java, Indonesia. However, the identity of this species in Indonesia has been questionable because published reports and records are based mainly on morphological identification, which is unreliable for distinguishing members of the Maculatus Group due to overlapping characters. Methods: We performed morphological assessments, metaphase karyotype preparations, phylogenetic analyses of ITS2 and cox2 sequence data and cross-mating experiments to determine whether the Javanese form and An. maculatus (s.s.) from Thailand were conspecific. Results: The adults of the Java strain are similar to those of An. maculatus (s.s.), but the larvae and pupae exhibit significant differences. The metaphase karyotype of Javanese specimens includes a long acrocentric X chromosome and a small telocentric Y chromosome, which are distinct from other members of the Maculatus Group. Cross-mating of the Java strain with An. maculatus (s.s.) revealed genetic incompatibility. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS2 and cox2 sequences revealed that the Java strain forms a single clade that is distinct from clades of other members of the group (Kimura 2-parameter, K2P, genetic distances 3.1-19.2% and 1.6-9.6%, respectively). Conclusions: This study provides evidence that the Javanese form of An. maculatus is not conspecific with An. maculatus (s.s.) and constitutes a previously unrecognized species of the Maculatus Group.
Province. Analyses based on rDNA (ITS2 and D3) and mtDNA (COII) sequences revealed the presence o... more Province. Analyses based on rDNA (ITS2 and D3) and mtDNA (COII) sequences revealed the presence of An. greeni for the first time in North Kalimantan, and at least one novel (previously unrecognized) species of the Maculatus Group in Central Java (Hargowilis). Despite the similarity of rDNA markers of specimens of An. maculatus s.l. from Central Java and Sulawesi, their COII sequences are highly divergent (3.3%), which might indicate the presence of a further new species. Specimens of An. maculatus s.l. from the other localities had identical rDNA sequences to most An. maculatus s.s. from mainland Southeast Asia, but moderate divergence in their COII sequences (1.2-2.1%). The latter might indicate there are further novel species within the Maculatus Complex. However, as the divergence at COII may be the result of geographical structuring within species related to the historical biogeography of the region, further studies are needed to shed light on this possibility.
Background Although whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is the preferred genotyping method for most gen... more Background Although whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is the preferred genotyping method for most genomic analyses, limitations are often experienced when studying genomes characterized by a high percentage of repetitive elements, high linkage, and recombination deserts. The Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus), for example, has a genome comprising up to 72% repetitive elements, and therefore we set out to develop a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip to be more cost-effective. Aedes albopictus is an invasive species originating from Southeast Asia that has recently spread around the world and is a vector for many human diseases. Developing an accessible genotyping platform is essential in advancing biological control methods and understanding the population dynamics of this pest species, with significant implications for public health. Methods We designed a SNP chip for Ae. albopictus (Aealbo chip) based on approximately 2.7 million SNPs identified using WGS data from 819 worldwide samples. We validated the chip using laboratory single-pair crosses, comparing technical replicates, and comparing genotypes of samples genotyped by WGS and the SNP chip. We then used the chip for a population genomic analysis of 237 samples from 28 sites in the native range to evaluate its usefulness in describing patterns of genomic variation and tracing the origins of invasions. Results Probes on the Aealbo chip targeted 175,396 SNPs in coding and non-coding regions across all three chromosomes, with a density of 102 SNPs per 1 Mb window, and at least one SNP in each of the 17,461 protein-coding genes. Overall, 70% of the probes captured the genetic variation. Segregation analysis found that 98% of the SNPs followed expectations of single-copy Mendelian genes. Comparisons with WGS indicated that sites with genotype disagreements were mostly heterozygotes at loci with WGS read depth < 20, while there was near complete agreement with WGS read depths > 20, indicating that the chip more accurately detects heterozygotes than low-coverage
The mosquitoAedes albopictustransmits human viruses including dengue and chikungunya and is an ex... more The mosquitoAedes albopictustransmits human viruses including dengue and chikungunya and is an extremely successful invasive species expanding into new regions of the world. New tools are needed to complement existing tools to help monitor and control this species. Genomic resources are improving for this species including genome reference sequences, and whole genome sequencing data will help to catalog genetic diversity in this species and further enable genetic analysis. We collected populations ofAe. albopictusfrom throughout its distribution and generated whole genome sequencing data from population samples. These data will be used to address a number of basic and applied questions for this species. Here, we show genetic differentiation patterns among the tropical and temperate forms, as well as finer scale genetic clustering at the regional and population scale. These data and results will be a valuable resource for further study and tool development for this species.
The mosquitoAedes albopictustransmits human viruses including dengue and chikungunya and is an ex... more The mosquitoAedes albopictustransmits human viruses including dengue and chikungunya and is an extremely successful invasive species expanding into new regions of the world. New tools are needed to complement existing tools to help monitor and control this species. Genomic resources are improving for this species including genome reference sequences, and whole genome sequencing data will help to catalog genetic diversity in this species and further enable genetic analysis. We collected populations ofAe. albopictusfrom throughout its distribution and generated whole genome sequencing data from population samples. These data will be used to address a number of basic and applied questions for this species. Here, we show genetic differentiation patterns among the tropical and temperate forms, as well as finer scale genetic clustering at the regional and population scale. These data and results will be a valuable resource for further study and tool development for this species.
Background: The decline in intensity of malaria transmission in many areas now emphasizes greater... more Background: The decline in intensity of malaria transmission in many areas now emphasizes greater importance of understanding the epidemiology of low to moderate transmission settings. Marked heterogeneity in infection risk within these populations creates opportunities to understand transmission and guide resource allocation to greater impact. Methods: In this study, we examined spatial patterns of malaria transmission in a hypo-to meso-endemic area of eastern Indonesia using malaria prevalence data collected from a cross-sectional sociodemographic and parasitological survey conducted from August to November 2010. An entomological survey performed in parallel, identified, mapped, and monitored local anopheline larval habitats. Results: A single spatial cluster of higher malaria prevalence was detected during the study period (relative risk 5 2.13; log likelihood ratio 5 20.7; P , 0.001). In hierarchical multivariate regression models, risk of parasitemia was inversely correlated with distance to five Anopheles sundaicus known larval habitats [odds ratio (OR) 5 0.21; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5 0.14-0.32; P , 0.001], which were located in a geographically restricted band adjacent to the coastline. Increasing distance from these sites predicted increased hemoglobin level across age strata after adjusting for confounders (OR 5 1.6; 95% CI 5 1.30-1.98; P , 0.001). Conclusion: Significant clustering of malaria parasitemia in close proximity to very specific and relatively few An. sundaicus larval habitats has direct implications for local control strategy, policy, and practice. These findings suggest that larval source management could achieve profound if not complete impact in this region.
In blood-feeder female mosquitoes, the hypopharynx stylet is one part of the fascicle, the struct... more In blood-feeder female mosquitoes, the hypopharynx stylet is one part of the fascicle, the structure that pierces into the host skin during blood feeding. As other parts, the hypopharynx is a free stylet. However, since male mosquitoes do not feed blood, their mouthparts are less developed. The hypopharynx fuses with the inner wall of the labium, while maxillae and mandibles are much shorter than the labium. Only the labrum and the labium are well developed and function as food canal and its sheath, respectively. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done to compare the hypopharynx of males of several mosquito genera and, in addition, females of autogenous mosquitoes. The hypopharynxs of males of both autogenous and anautogenous mosquitoes fuse with the labium inner wall as long as the labium length, but are distinctly different structures from the labium. Dissociation occurs on the hypopharynx of female autogenous mosquitoes: Toxorhynchites spp. have a free hypopharynx as in anautogeny mosquitoes, whereas it fuses with the labium wall in Malaya genurostris Leicester, as in male mosquitoes.
Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, Apr 28, 2022
BACKGROUND: The research on ovitrap using attractants has been extensively developed, but studies... more BACKGROUND: The research on ovitrap using attractants has been extensively developed, but studies on the use of similar substrates in the form of colonized water and Aedes larvae extract as attractants have not been widely published. Adding an attractant to the ovitrap can stimulate the sense of smell for mosquitoes to come to the place to lay their eggs. The use of ovitrap has recently begun to be developed because it is environmentally friendly. AIM: The purpose of this study is to determine the attractants potential of colonized water and larvae extract as the oviposition preferences for Aedes Sp. to lay eggs in the ovitrap. METHODS: The type of this research is a true experimental design, the design of the posttest-only control group design. Observations are made in the laboratory for nine repetitions. RESULTS: Observational data show that the average number of eggs in ovitraps that uses the colonized water and larvae extract is higher than that of conventional/control water. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test indicate that there is a significant difference in the average number of eggs in the colonized water attractant, larval extract, and conventional water (Asymp. Sig < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The conclusion is obtained that similar substrate attractants in the form of larvae extract and Aedes colonization water have the potential to be Aedes sp oviposition preferences compared to conventional water. However, it is still necessary to conduct a field study so that it can be used as an environmentally friendly method of the surveillance and control of the vector transmitting dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Dengue is a highly infectious disease caused by the dengue virus, consisting of four serotypes (D... more Dengue is a highly infectious disease caused by the dengue virus, consisting of four serotypes (DENV1-DENV4). The existence of diverse serotypes and genotypes in an area significantly impacts the degree of virulence in humans, clinical manifestation, and the epidemiology of the disease. Studying virus diversity in an area is pivotal, especially in dengue-endemic areas such as North Sulawesi. This study was an explorative research analyzing dengue virus serotypes and sequencing on the C-PrM protein region to determine the genetic diversity. This study was conducted on children and adults in 3 health centers in North Sulawesi, Indonesia, in 2022. Of 137 sera samples from febrile patients with dengue-like symptoms, ten were confirmed positive for dengue virus. Out of the ten positive samples, DENV1 was the dominant serotype, which was 70%. This was followed by 20% DENV2 and 10% DENV4. The genotype of each serotype, DENV1, DENV2, and DENV4, was respectively classified into genotype I, cosmopolitan genotype, and genotype I as a new genotype of DENV4 reported in North Sulawesi. This study provides the latest data on the serotypes and genotypes of dengue viruses in North Sulawesi. Molecular surveillance of the dengue virus in North Sulawesi must be continuously conducted due to the circulation of multiple serotypes and genotypes in this province.
Journal of the Indonesian Medical Association, Nov 21, 2022
Introduction: Malaria is an infectious disease that continues to be a public health issue worldwi... more Introduction: Malaria is an infectious disease that continues to be a public health issue worldwide, including in Indonesia. This study aims to detect the presence of Plasmodium parasites among immigrants from malaria endemic areas. Method: The research was conducted from September until November 2019 in three regency/cities in South Sulawesi, namely Makassar City, Tana Toraja and North Toraja. The population in this study were immigrants from malaria endemic areas (native Papua and non-Papua) who lived in the area for at least 2 years before visiting the cities of Makassar, Tana Toraja, or North Toraja. All samples were examined for malaria parasites using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Result: The results of the PCR test on 256 samples of migrants (native Papuan and non-Papuan) detected 19.53% positive for malaria. This research showed that a high prevalence of malaria parasites was found among asymptomatic immigrants, both native Papuans and non-Papuans in South Sulawesi. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the asymptomatic immigrants from endemic areas such as Papua need to be screened early because they may still have malaria parasites in their blood and become carriers, leading potential to cause local transmission.
Background: To date, there is a scarcity of information and literature on Macaca maura health sta... more Background: To date, there is a scarcity of information and literature on Macaca maura health status relative to viral diseases. The objectives of the present study were to investigate on the potential spread of enteric and non-enteric viruses shed in the environment through a wild macaque feces and to understand the possible interrelation in the spread of zoonotic viruses in a poorly studied geographical area, the Sulawesi Island. This study will also contribute providing useful information on potential threats to the health of this endangered species. Methods: The sampling was conducted between 2014 and 2016 in the Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, in the south of the Sulawesi Island and non-invasive sampling methods were used to collect fresh stools of the M. maura, one of the seven macaque species endemic to the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The population under study consisted in two wild, neighboring social macaque groups with partially overlapping home ranges; twenty-four samples were collected and examined using negative staining electron microscopy and a panel of PCR protocols for the detection of ten RNA and two DNA viruses. Results: Viral particles resembling parvovirus (5 samples), picornavirus (13 samples) and calicivirus (13 samples) were detected by electron microscopy whereas the PCR panel was negative for the 12 viruses investigated, except for one sample positive for a mosquito flavivirus. The results did not correlate with animal sex; furthermore, because all of the animals were clinically healthy, it was not possible to correlate feces consistency with viral presence. Conclusions: As information on viral infections in wild moor macaques remains limited, further studies are yet required to identify the fecal-oral and blood transmitted potentially zoonotic viruses, which may infect the moor macaque and other macaque species endemic to the South Sulawesi Island.
Jurnal Vektor Penyakit : Journal of Disease Vector, Nov 24, 2020
New Evidence of The Presence of Wolbachia sp. in Aedes aegypti alongside Aedes albopictus from Ma... more New Evidence of The Presence of Wolbachia sp. in Aedes aegypti alongside Aedes albopictus from Makassar There is currently no research on the presence or absence of Wolbachia bacteria naturally in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in Makassar City. Therefore, it is necessary to study "New Evidence of Natural Presence of Wolbachia sp. in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Makassar". This research was an explorative and analytic study with a cross-sectional study approach. The sampling of mosquitos was carried out in the Panakkukang District and Biringkanaya District of Makassar City from October to December 2018. The methods used were the Light trap method, Resting collection, and Larva collection. After that, the morphological identification process of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus was carried out microscopically. Then extraction and purification of Wolbachia DNA using the phenol-chloroform method were used and continued by detecting the wsp gene using PCR and electrophoresis. From 33 Ae. aegypti mosquito pool samples in Makassar City, 28 pools were found from the middle of the city and five pools from the suburbs, while from four Ae. albopictus mosquito pool samples were found one pool from the middle of the city and three sample pools from the suburbs. Wolbachia infection was found naturally in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes (two pools) as in Ae. albopictus mosquitoes (two pools) in Makassar City.
Aging is influenced by lifestyle, which one is by consuming excessive calories. In recent years t... more Aging is influenced by lifestyle, which one is by consuming excessive calories. In recent years there have been many studies on aging and age-related diseases, calorie restriction mimetic is one of them. Metformin is a calorie restriction mimetic that is attractive to gerontologists. This research analyzed the effect of metformin as a calorie restriction mimetic on fasting blood glucose and IGF-1 serum levels in old white male Wistar rats. This study conducted with an experimental study with a pre and post-test pattern with controlled group design on male rats (Rattus novergicus) Wistar strain which was divided into 3 groups, control group (K), the calorie restriction group (P1), and the metformin group (P2), 6 rats each group. Blood glucose levels were measured by a glucometer and serum IGF-1 levels were measured with an ELISA kit, where blood samples were taken from the tail of the rats. In general, the provision of metformin and calorie restriction tended to reduce blood glucose levels, but increased serum IGF-1 levels. There is a significant relationship between blood glucose levels and serum IGF-1 levels. It's necessary to conduct further research to determine the effective dose and maximum dose of metformin to reduce blood glucose level and serum IG-1 levels which can be slow down the aging process.
Maxillae and mandibles of males of 44 species of 12 mosquito genera and females of three autogeno... more Maxillae and mandibles of males of 44 species of 12 mosquito genera and females of three autogenous genera and two partially autogenous species were examined under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The maxillae and mandibles of male mosquitoes are delicate, tape-like structures with lengths characterizing genera or higher level classiÞcation units. Five patterns are recognized: (A) long maxillae and mandibles with mandibles longer than maxillae in Anopheles; (B) long maxillae and mandibles with maxillae longer than mandibles in Toxorhynchites; (C) short or intermediate lengths of maxillae with short mandibles in Aedes, Armigeres, Culex, Ochlerotatus, Orthopodomyia, and Uranotaenia; (D) short or intermediate length of maxillae with no mandibles in Mimomyia and Tripteroides; and (E) no maxillae and mandibles in Malaya and Topomyia. Maxillary and mandibular lengths of male mosquitoes show a positive correlation. Length of maxillae and mandibles of autogenous females are reduced to the same level as conspeciÞc males. In contrast, females of partially autogenous species have complete maxillae and mandibles as in females of anautogenous species.
Background: High water demand accompanied with an unreliable piped water supply has forced urban ... more Background: High water demand accompanied with an unreliable piped water supply has forced urban residents to store water in containers. This situation potentially increases the number of breeding sites for mosquito vectors, such as Aedes. Method: This study aimed to test the hypothesis if piped water connection availability, tap water use, and highly stable tap water supply can help minimize the use of water storage containers as well as the presence of larvae and number of adult Aedes mosquitoes. We conducted a community-based entomological survey of 343 households from 36 neighborhoods or Rukun Tetangga in Makassar City, Indonesia. Our model based on the hypothesis was tested by piecewise structural equation modeling analysis. Results: A signi cant negative correlation was found between the stability of tap water supply and the number of water storage containers (−0.16, P < 0.05). Of the two categories of water storage containers, the unintentional water storage containers demonstrated a signi cantly (P < 0.001) higher effect on larval prevalence than the intentional one. Further, both container categories have signi cant indirect effects on the number of adult mosquitoes mediated by larval presence. Conclusion: Improving water supply condition, particularly by assuring a stable tap water supply, could minimize the use of intentional water storage containers. Furthermore, a regular community-wide health education program that targets the elimination of unintentional water storage containers, which can be breeding grounds for Aedes larvae mosquitoes, is necessary.
Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nov 1, 2017
Pregnant women are vulnerable to malaria infection. Pregnancy-associated malaria can causes adver... more Pregnant women are vulnerable to malaria infection. Pregnancy-associated malaria can causes adverse pregnancy outcomes including abortion, preterm birth, low birth weight, congenital malaria, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), anemia and metabolic disorders that increase the risk of disease in later stages of child development. 1 Numerous studies have reported on the prevalence of peripheral parasitaemia and placental parasitaemia in the area stable endemic malaria transmission in Africa. The median prevalence of maternal malaria infection (defined as an infection of peripheral or placenta) for all gravid was 27.8%. The highest risk of maternal malaria infection occurred during the second trimester of pregnancy while at the early postpartum period study showed inconsistent. 2
Mouthparts of adult males of 17 strains of 8 species from the subgenus Stegomyia of the genus Aed... more Mouthparts of adult males of 17 strains of 8 species from the subgenus Stegomyia of the genus Aedes, including 5 strains of Aedes aegypti and 6 strains of Aedes albopictus, were examined. Lengths of maxillae, mandibles, maxillary palpi, and proboscises were measured under light microscopy and their detailed structures were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Lengths were presented as ratios to proboscis lengths. In contrast to previous reports, mandibles were found in all 5 strains of male Ae. aegypti examined. Variations in maxillary and mandibular lengths were significant among strains, even within Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. High variation of these structures among and within species indicates that the average length of these structures in only 1 species may not be a reliable representative of a subgenus, and those of 1 strain may not be reliable for a species. However, their range in length (maxillae 0.13-0.50, mandibles 0.04-0.17 length of the proboscis) may be regarded as a subgeneric attribute. Maxillae and mandibles distinctly shorter than the proboscis, together with their delicate structures and the large coefficient of variation, suggest that they exist only as vestigial structures. A positive correlation was found between lengths of maxillae and those of mandibles, but mandibles are usually shorter than maxillae. The hypopharynx is discernible from the labium wall by its texture and border, and this suggests that it was a free stylet in the past.
Media Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia Universitas Hasanuddin, 2010
Dengue fever up to now still be a problem in many countries mainly in developed coun-try and so i... more Dengue fever up to now still be a problem in many countries mainly in developed coun-try and so is in Bantimurung district in Indonesia which is one of the endemic areas in South of Sulawesi. This study was aimed to find out the population of Aedes sp. and breeding site characteristics in endemic regions of Bantimurung Subdistrict Maros Regency with the appli-cation of Geographic Information System (GIS). This study was conducted in Ban-timurung Subdistrict involving 182 households with total 447 breeding sites. This study was an explo-rative study. Samples were drawn using random sampling method. Study results indicated that larva density of Aedes in Bantimurung subdistrict included House Index (HI) = 81%, Container Index (CI) = 75%, Breteau Index (BI) = 184 and Density Figure (DF) = 8, and high larva density was observed in all villages, in which HI > 5%. Aedes sp. larva-positive breeding sites out of 182 houses were 335 and two Aedes species were identified: Ae. Aegypti (63/18.8%) and Ae. Albopictus (271/81%). The identified breeding sites included 15% natural sites, the most common was banana trees (73.1%), and 85% artificial breeding sites with the most common final disposal site was barrel (38.7%) and non final disposal site was tire (59.6%). Larva-positive breeding sites were primarily found outside the houses com-pared inside the houses with lighting conditions protected from the sun (52%) and not protected (48%), and average water temperature of 28 C and average water pH of 7.2. There is such a trend breeding site distribution of larva Aedes positively in the area with high dengue fever affair. It is necessary to the environment around the home which has potency to be a breeding site. Key Words ; Aedes sp., Breeding Site, Artificial TPA
A research on the dengue antiviral activity test on the polar bark extract of M. umbelatta (Houtt... more A research on the dengue antiviral activity test on the polar bark extract of M. umbelatta (Houtt.) Stapf var. Vicenia have been done to determine the relation to its activity againts brine shrimp Artemia salina. The bark was extracted by maceration with n-hexane, chloroform, and ethylacetate. The activity of the ethyl acetate extract was then tested against A. salina and dengue virus. It was found that the ethyl acetate extract was active to A. salina with the LC50 value of 101.66 μg/mL and also very active to dengue virus with the IC50 value of 1.67μg /mL. It is clear that the toxicity to brine shrimp A. salina has a positive correlation with the dengue anti virus.
Background: Anopheles maculatus, a species of the Maculatus Group of subgenus Cellia (Diptera: Cu... more Background: Anopheles maculatus, a species of the Maculatus Group of subgenus Cellia (Diptera: Culicidae), is an important vector of human malarial protozoa in Java, Indonesia. However, the identity of this species in Indonesia has been questionable because published reports and records are based mainly on morphological identification, which is unreliable for distinguishing members of the Maculatus Group due to overlapping characters. Methods: We performed morphological assessments, metaphase karyotype preparations, phylogenetic analyses of ITS2 and cox2 sequence data and cross-mating experiments to determine whether the Javanese form and An. maculatus (s.s.) from Thailand were conspecific. Results: The adults of the Java strain are similar to those of An. maculatus (s.s.), but the larvae and pupae exhibit significant differences. The metaphase karyotype of Javanese specimens includes a long acrocentric X chromosome and a small telocentric Y chromosome, which are distinct from other members of the Maculatus Group. Cross-mating of the Java strain with An. maculatus (s.s.) revealed genetic incompatibility. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS2 and cox2 sequences revealed that the Java strain forms a single clade that is distinct from clades of other members of the group (Kimura 2-parameter, K2P, genetic distances 3.1-19.2% and 1.6-9.6%, respectively). Conclusions: This study provides evidence that the Javanese form of An. maculatus is not conspecific with An. maculatus (s.s.) and constitutes a previously unrecognized species of the Maculatus Group.
Province. Analyses based on rDNA (ITS2 and D3) and mtDNA (COII) sequences revealed the presence o... more Province. Analyses based on rDNA (ITS2 and D3) and mtDNA (COII) sequences revealed the presence of An. greeni for the first time in North Kalimantan, and at least one novel (previously unrecognized) species of the Maculatus Group in Central Java (Hargowilis). Despite the similarity of rDNA markers of specimens of An. maculatus s.l. from Central Java and Sulawesi, their COII sequences are highly divergent (3.3%), which might indicate the presence of a further new species. Specimens of An. maculatus s.l. from the other localities had identical rDNA sequences to most An. maculatus s.s. from mainland Southeast Asia, but moderate divergence in their COII sequences (1.2-2.1%). The latter might indicate there are further novel species within the Maculatus Complex. However, as the divergence at COII may be the result of geographical structuring within species related to the historical biogeography of the region, further studies are needed to shed light on this possibility.
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