Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2020
The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is parasitic to the plants and greatly damages the... more The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is parasitic to the plants and greatly damages the root of many vegetables. The current in-Planta study was designed to explore the nematicidal properties of several botanicals (neem oil, garlic oil, castor oil, extracts of Tagetes patula and Datura inoxia at a standard dose of 2.0%) at District Peshawar, Pakistan. Tomato (cv. Riogrande) was grown in earthen pots for the growing seasons of 2014 to 2016. Pure culture of the root-knot nematodes were grown in laboratory and were applied at the rate of 50 infective juvenile and 200 eggs per root system through soil drench method. Neem oil and Datura inoxia gave the best results by having lower number (2.8 and 5.8, respectively) of galls. Adult females and egg masses were also reduced to 0.9 and 4.8, respectively, per root system. All the treatments differences were statistically significant (P≤ 0.05). Plant growth parameters were also upraised with application of medicinal herbs. This study...
In an attempt to control bacterial canker of tomato, a very hard-to-control disease, both in-vitr... more In an attempt to control bacterial canker of tomato, a very hard-to-control disease, both in-vitro and in-vivo studies were conducted using antibiotics alone or in combinations with other antibiotics and with copper oxychloride. Using paper disc diffusion assay and 50 ppm-400 ppm concentrations, tetracycline+streptomycin produced the largest inhibition zone (22.8 mm) followed by tetracycline alone (22.0) at highest concentration after 48 hrs incubation. The result of antibiotic combination streptomycin and gentamicin were statistically at par with those of tetracycline+streptomycin combination. However, streptomycin alone proved to be ineffective. Antibiotic concentrations of 250 ppm and higher were sufficient to inhibit the in-vitro bacterial growth. In case of screen-house studies, combination of tetracycline and copper oxychloride gave minimum % disease severity (5.40%), as compared to inoculated but untreated control in which case the % disease severity was 56.6 %. The same combination (i.e. tetracycline+copper oxychloride) also proved to be more effective than other treatments in term of enhancing yield per plant (1147.7g), plant height (102.0 cm), plant dry weight (130.8g) and other parameters. The better performance of this combination treatment could be attributed to its interactive effect. This study suggested that combination of antibiotics should be used for proper disease management and further combinations of different antibiotics in different concentrations should be evaluated.
In vitro and screen house experiments were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of thirteen... more In vitro and screen house experiments were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of thirteen phytochemicals from Artemisia elegantissimia and A. incisa on root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cv. Rio Grande. A positive control (Carbofuran) and negative control (H2O) were also used for comparison. Effectiveness of phytochemicals against juveniles (J2s) mortality and egg hatch inhibition were evaluated after 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation at three concentrations viz; 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg/mL in vitro conditions. Amongst thirteen phytochemicals, Isoscopletin (Coumarin), Carbofuran and Apigenin (Flavonoid) showed the highest mortality and egg hatch inhibition of M. incognita at all intervals. Inhibition of eggs and J2s mortality were the greatest (90.0%) and (96.0%) at 0.3 mg/mL concentration. Application of phytochemicals caused reduction in number of galls, galling index, and egg masses on tomato plant and enhanced plant growth paramet...
Bacterial wilt (BW) disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum species complex is a devastating pla... more Bacterial wilt (BW) disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum species complex is a devastating plant disease that inflicts heavy losses to the large number of economic host plants it infects. In this study, the potential of dried powder of the arid-land medicinal shrub Rhazya stricta to control BW of tomato was explored. Both, in vitro and in planta studies were conducted, using different concentrations of dried powder of plant parts, and applied (surface mulched or mixed) to infested soil at 0, 10, and 20 days before transplanting (DBT). Aqueous extract of leaves (16% w/v) was found to be as effective as streptomycin (100 ppm) in inhibiting the in vitro growth of R. solanacearum. As evident from the scanning electron micrograph, 16% aqueous extract of leaves produced severe morphological changes, such as rupture of the bacterial cell walls. Results from the greenhouse experiments demonstrated that the higher powder dose (succulent shoot), namely, 30 g/kg of soil mixed with infested ...
Fourteen cultivars of cucumber were screened for their resistance to the Southern root-knot nemat... more Fourteen cultivars of cucumber were screened for their resistance to the Southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood in an in planta experiment. The pots were maintained in greenhouse with CRD for 50 days after inoculation. The cultivar DS92-05 induced significant mortality and was rated “moderately resistant (MR)”. This cultivar showed increase in plant growth parameters including vine length. The cultivars DS92-06, Laghman, Sultan and Desitype were moderately susceptible (MS). The cultivar Rehan and DS96-299 were rated susceptible (S) whereas DS97-299, Chaiya, Beitalpha, Alto, DS92-04 and Local were rated as highly susceptible (HS). DS92-05 is thus promising for sustainable agriculture, specially in those areas with high population density of Southern Root knot nematode.
The ability of some medicinal plants was explored to control bacterial canker of tomato caused by... more The ability of some medicinal plants was explored to control bacterial canker of tomato caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. The plants tested included Peganum harmala, Allium sativum, Withania somnifera, Melia azedarach, Calotropis procera, Mentha piperita and Nerium oleander. Aqueous extracts of P. harmala and M. piperita proved to be very effective under in vitro conditions against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. In in vivo studies, the highest dose of dried powder of P. harmala and M. piperita kg-1 of soil decreased disease severity significantly. Other yield-contributing parameters were also enhanced by the application of dried powder and no phytotoxicity was observed at given concentrations. Alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids and saponins were detected in aqueous extracts of P. harmala, W. somnifera, M. azedarach, C. procera and M. piperita. Dried powders of P. harmala and M. piperita could be incorporated as an integral part in the integrated disease management programs against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Keywords Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis • Peganum harmala • Calotropis procera • Withania somnifera • Melia azedarach • Mentha piperita Biologische Wirksamkeit einiger wässriger Phytoextrakte gegen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith), dem Auslöser des bakteriellen Krebses bei Tomaten Zusammenfassung Die Studie untersuchte die Eignung einiger Arzneipflanzen zur Bekämpfung des bakteriellen Krebses bei Tomaten, der durch Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis verursacht wird. Zu den getesteten Pflanzen gehörten Peganum harmala, Allium sativum, Withania somnifera, Melia azedarach, Calotropis procera, Mentha piperita und Nerium oleander. Wässrige Extrakte von P. harmala und M. piperita erwiesen sich unter in-vitro-Bedingungen als sehr wirksam gegen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. In in-vivo-Studien verringerte die höchste Dosis an getrocknetem Pulver von P. harmala und M. piperita die Krankheitsschwere signifikant. Auch andere ertragsfördernde Parameter wurden durch die Anwendung von getrocknetem Pulver verbessert, und bei den vorliegenden Konzentrationen wurde keine Phytotoxizität beobachtet. Alkaloide, Tannine, Glykoside, Flavonoide und Saponine wurden in den wässrigen Extrakten von P. harmala, W. somnifera, M. azedarach, C. procera und M. piperita nachgewiesen. Die getrockneten Pulver von P. harmala und M. piperita könnten als wichtiger Bestandteil in die integrierten Disease-Management-Programme gegen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis aufgenommen werden. Schlüsselwörter Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis • Peganum harmala • Calotropis procera • Withania somnifera • Melia azedarach • Mentha piperita Naseerud Din
Biological screening of different parts of the selected Berberis species (B. brevissima Jafri and... more Biological screening of different parts of the selected Berberis species (B. brevissima Jafri and B. parkeriana Schneid) showed that methanolic root extract possessed significant efficacy against Meloidogyne javanica (a root knot nematode). From root methanolic extracts of selected Berberis species four isoquinoline alkaloids; jatrorrhizine, dehydrocheilnthifoline, berberine and berberrubine were isolated. Structures of the isolated compounds were determined by using EIMS, 1 H and 13 C NMR, and other 2D spectroscopic techniques. Percentage juveniles mortality of M. javanica was determined at various concentrations (100, 200 and 300 µg mL-1) using carbofuran as control. Berberine possessed the highest nematicidal activity (71.33%) followed by jatrorrhizine (59.50%). The in vitro results suggested that these compounds from Berberis species could be potential novel nematicides against M. javanica.
Tropical animal health and production, Jan 6, 2018
Photosensitization is severe dermatitis or oxidative/chemical changes in the epidermal tissues ac... more Photosensitization is severe dermatitis or oxidative/chemical changes in the epidermal tissues activated by the light-induced excitation of molecules within the tissue. It is a series of reactions mediated through light receptors and is more common when the plant-produced metabolites are heterocyclic/polyphenols in nature. The areas affected are exposed body parts and mostly non-pigmented areas with least ultraviolet protection. Similarly, cellular alteration also occurs in the affected animal's dermal tissues and body parts and grazing animals by the accumulation and activation of photodynamic molecules. Photo-oxidation can also occur within the plant due to the generation of reactive oxygen species causing damage and degradation in the form of free radicals and DNA. During the last few decades, many new tropical grass species have been introduced in the grazing lands which are genetically modified, and the animals grazing on them are facing various forms of toxicity including ...
Phytobiocides are a good alternative to chemicals in managing bacterial diseases including bacter... more Phytobiocides are a good alternative to chemicals in managing bacterial diseases including bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. In the present research study, finely ground dried powders of seven widely available medicinal plants/weeds species viz., Peganum harmala (esfand or wild rue), Calotropis procera (sodom apple), Melia azedarach (white cedar), Allium sativum (garlic), Adhatoda vasica (malabar nut), Tagetes patula (marigold) and Nerium oleander (oleander) were assessed for their anti-microbial activity, both in-vitro (10% w/v) and in-vivo (10, 20, 30, and 40 g/kg of potted soil) against R. solanacearum. Aqueous extracts (prepared as 10% w/v, soaking for 48-72 h and filtering) of C. procera, A. vasica, and T. patula inhibited the in-vitro growth of the bacterial pathogen over 60% of that produced by the standard antibiotic streptomycin. A. sativum, N. oleander and P. harmala aqueous extracts were less effective while M. azedarach showed no effect against R...
A new compound named as santolinylol-3-acetate (4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methylhexa-1,5-dien-3-... more A new compound named as santolinylol-3-acetate (4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methylhexa-1,5-dien-3-yl acetate) (3), along with seven known compounds; linoleic acid (1), benzoic acid (2), santolinylol (4), ethyl-(E)-p-hydroxy cinnamate (5), scopoletin (6), esculetin (7) isofraxidin (8) and eupatorin (9), were isolated from the aerial parts (ethanolic extract) of endangered species: Artemisia incisa Pamp (Asteraceae). The compounds' structures were determined through modern spectroscopic techniques, and comparison of data (physicochemical constants) with the literature. The relative stereochemistry of santolinylol-3-acetate (3) was determined by comparing its data of NOESY, and specific rotation with its diol analogue; santolinylol (4), isolated from the same plant; A. incisa. The results of the antifungal activity showed that coumarins are as whole less active compounds. Compounds 3 (25 and 300 μg/mL), and 4 (12.5 and 300 μg/mL), showed good activities against Candida albicans, and...
Plant-derived nematicides are being increasingly used while select synthetic nematicides are phas... more Plant-derived nematicides are being increasingly used while select synthetic nematicides are phased out for environmental concerns. This is the first report on the in vitro nematicidal activity of cis-and trans-protopinium isolated from roots of Fumaria parviflora and its in vivo effect on the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Cis-and trans-protopinium was isolated from the methanolic fraction FM2.1, and its structure elucidated using 13 C and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The NMR spectra were characterized using deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at temperatures of 25 and 80 C. In an in vitro study, over 120 h of incubation, the area under cumulative percent hatch inhibition and mortality of cis-and trans-protopinium reached 100% at a concentration of 200 mg mL À1. In the greenhouse and field settings, cis-and trans-protopinium was evaluated against M. incognita on tomato at a concentration of 100, 200, and 300 mg mL À1 for two consecutive seasons, that is, spring and autumn, in 2010. At a concentration of 300 mg mL À1 in the greenhouse and field trials during spring and autumn, cis-and trans-protopinium significantly reduced the nematode galling index, the number of females per gram of root, and the reproduction factor, as well as increased plant height, fresh and dry shoot weights, and root length. Therefore, cis-and trans-protopinium can be used as an effective and safe nematicide against M. incognita on tomato in an organic and sustainable agricultural production system. Phyto-chemicals have various agricultural applications, especially to control economically important nematode pests.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research
We report the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts and three previously isolates known co... more We report the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts and three previously isolates known compounds viz., nonacosane-10-ol (alcohol), 23a-homostigmast-5-en-3ß-ol (homolog of β-sterol) and cis- and trans-prtopinium (alkaloid) of Fumaria parviflora Lam (Fumariaceae) for the first time. Plant extracts and pure compounds were in vitro assessed against seven clinical Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi. Bacterial culture was maintained on Mueller-Hinton agar nutrient slants and the tested strains were evaluated following well diffusion test, agar dilution method and minimum inhibitory concentration. The zone of inhibition (IZ) and the activity index (AI) were maximum for Gram (-) Escherichia coli (IZ = 28 ± 0.9; AI = 0.93 ± 0.3), Klebsiella pneumonia (IZ = 22 ± 0.4; AI = 0.73 ± 0.4) and Salmonella typhi (IZ = 22 ± 0.4; AI = 0.73 ± 0.9) ...
Greenhouse and field studies were conducted in the spring and autumn of 2010 to test the efficacy... more Greenhouse and field studies were conducted in the spring and autumn of 2010 to test the efficacy of dry amendments of Fumaria parviflora as a form of eco-friendly management of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. Various preparations of F. parviflora (in the form of dry root, stem, leaf and whole plant powder) at different dose rates (10, 20 and 30 g per kg of soil) significantly reduced levels of M. incognita in the roots of tomato cv. Rio Grande, and promoted plant growth. The root amendments of F. parviflora at the highest application dose (30 g per kg of soil) were the most effective, significantly reducing the number of galls, the galling index, the egg masses per g of the root, and the adult females per g of the root. Shoot and root lengths, the fresh and the dry shoot weight, and the number of branches and flowers per plant were improved in greenhouse trials that were conducted in the spring and autumn. Under naturally infested field conditions, the root´s amendment of F. parvi...
Tomato is a widely grown vegetable in Pakistan. However, its production is severely constrained b... more Tomato is a widely grown vegetable in Pakistan. However, its production is severely constrained by root knot nematodes (RKNs). Accurate identification of RKNs is essential for an appropriate control program. The current study evaluated the prevalence, incidence and diversity of RKNs of tomato crops grown in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province and their identification using molecular tools. A field survey, including 30 commercial tomato fields, was conducted in ten major tomato growing areas of Swat and Malakand divisions during spring 2010. The overall prevalence and incidence in the study area was 83.3 and 52.0%, respectively. Three species of RKNs, Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica were found alone or in mixed populations. Disease incidence ranged from 10% in Malakandher to 100% and 90 to 100% in Jabban and Malakand, respectively. The greatest galling index (GI) (5.0) and egg mass index (EMI) (5.0) was recorded in samples from Jabban, whereas the lowest GI and EMI wer...
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2020
The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is parasitic to the plants and greatly damages the... more The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, is parasitic to the plants and greatly damages the root of many vegetables. The current in-Planta study was designed to explore the nematicidal properties of several botanicals (neem oil, garlic oil, castor oil, extracts of Tagetes patula and Datura inoxia at a standard dose of 2.0%) at District Peshawar, Pakistan. Tomato (cv. Riogrande) was grown in earthen pots for the growing seasons of 2014 to 2016. Pure culture of the root-knot nematodes were grown in laboratory and were applied at the rate of 50 infective juvenile and 200 eggs per root system through soil drench method. Neem oil and Datura inoxia gave the best results by having lower number (2.8 and 5.8, respectively) of galls. Adult females and egg masses were also reduced to 0.9 and 4.8, respectively, per root system. All the treatments differences were statistically significant (P≤ 0.05). Plant growth parameters were also upraised with application of medicinal herbs. This study...
In an attempt to control bacterial canker of tomato, a very hard-to-control disease, both in-vitr... more In an attempt to control bacterial canker of tomato, a very hard-to-control disease, both in-vitro and in-vivo studies were conducted using antibiotics alone or in combinations with other antibiotics and with copper oxychloride. Using paper disc diffusion assay and 50 ppm-400 ppm concentrations, tetracycline+streptomycin produced the largest inhibition zone (22.8 mm) followed by tetracycline alone (22.0) at highest concentration after 48 hrs incubation. The result of antibiotic combination streptomycin and gentamicin were statistically at par with those of tetracycline+streptomycin combination. However, streptomycin alone proved to be ineffective. Antibiotic concentrations of 250 ppm and higher were sufficient to inhibit the in-vitro bacterial growth. In case of screen-house studies, combination of tetracycline and copper oxychloride gave minimum % disease severity (5.40%), as compared to inoculated but untreated control in which case the % disease severity was 56.6 %. The same combination (i.e. tetracycline+copper oxychloride) also proved to be more effective than other treatments in term of enhancing yield per plant (1147.7g), plant height (102.0 cm), plant dry weight (130.8g) and other parameters. The better performance of this combination treatment could be attributed to its interactive effect. This study suggested that combination of antibiotics should be used for proper disease management and further combinations of different antibiotics in different concentrations should be evaluated.
In vitro and screen house experiments were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of thirteen... more In vitro and screen house experiments were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of thirteen phytochemicals from Artemisia elegantissimia and A. incisa on root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cv. Rio Grande. A positive control (Carbofuran) and negative control (H2O) were also used for comparison. Effectiveness of phytochemicals against juveniles (J2s) mortality and egg hatch inhibition were evaluated after 24, 48 and 72 hours of incubation at three concentrations viz; 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg/mL in vitro conditions. Amongst thirteen phytochemicals, Isoscopletin (Coumarin), Carbofuran and Apigenin (Flavonoid) showed the highest mortality and egg hatch inhibition of M. incognita at all intervals. Inhibition of eggs and J2s mortality were the greatest (90.0%) and (96.0%) at 0.3 mg/mL concentration. Application of phytochemicals caused reduction in number of galls, galling index, and egg masses on tomato plant and enhanced plant growth paramet...
Bacterial wilt (BW) disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum species complex is a devastating pla... more Bacterial wilt (BW) disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum species complex is a devastating plant disease that inflicts heavy losses to the large number of economic host plants it infects. In this study, the potential of dried powder of the arid-land medicinal shrub Rhazya stricta to control BW of tomato was explored. Both, in vitro and in planta studies were conducted, using different concentrations of dried powder of plant parts, and applied (surface mulched or mixed) to infested soil at 0, 10, and 20 days before transplanting (DBT). Aqueous extract of leaves (16% w/v) was found to be as effective as streptomycin (100 ppm) in inhibiting the in vitro growth of R. solanacearum. As evident from the scanning electron micrograph, 16% aqueous extract of leaves produced severe morphological changes, such as rupture of the bacterial cell walls. Results from the greenhouse experiments demonstrated that the higher powder dose (succulent shoot), namely, 30 g/kg of soil mixed with infested ...
Fourteen cultivars of cucumber were screened for their resistance to the Southern root-knot nemat... more Fourteen cultivars of cucumber were screened for their resistance to the Southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood in an in planta experiment. The pots were maintained in greenhouse with CRD for 50 days after inoculation. The cultivar DS92-05 induced significant mortality and was rated “moderately resistant (MR)”. This cultivar showed increase in plant growth parameters including vine length. The cultivars DS92-06, Laghman, Sultan and Desitype were moderately susceptible (MS). The cultivar Rehan and DS96-299 were rated susceptible (S) whereas DS97-299, Chaiya, Beitalpha, Alto, DS92-04 and Local were rated as highly susceptible (HS). DS92-05 is thus promising for sustainable agriculture, specially in those areas with high population density of Southern Root knot nematode.
The ability of some medicinal plants was explored to control bacterial canker of tomato caused by... more The ability of some medicinal plants was explored to control bacterial canker of tomato caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. The plants tested included Peganum harmala, Allium sativum, Withania somnifera, Melia azedarach, Calotropis procera, Mentha piperita and Nerium oleander. Aqueous extracts of P. harmala and M. piperita proved to be very effective under in vitro conditions against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. In in vivo studies, the highest dose of dried powder of P. harmala and M. piperita kg-1 of soil decreased disease severity significantly. Other yield-contributing parameters were also enhanced by the application of dried powder and no phytotoxicity was observed at given concentrations. Alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids and saponins were detected in aqueous extracts of P. harmala, W. somnifera, M. azedarach, C. procera and M. piperita. Dried powders of P. harmala and M. piperita could be incorporated as an integral part in the integrated disease management programs against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Keywords Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis • Peganum harmala • Calotropis procera • Withania somnifera • Melia azedarach • Mentha piperita Biologische Wirksamkeit einiger wässriger Phytoextrakte gegen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Smith), dem Auslöser des bakteriellen Krebses bei Tomaten Zusammenfassung Die Studie untersuchte die Eignung einiger Arzneipflanzen zur Bekämpfung des bakteriellen Krebses bei Tomaten, der durch Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis verursacht wird. Zu den getesteten Pflanzen gehörten Peganum harmala, Allium sativum, Withania somnifera, Melia azedarach, Calotropis procera, Mentha piperita und Nerium oleander. Wässrige Extrakte von P. harmala und M. piperita erwiesen sich unter in-vitro-Bedingungen als sehr wirksam gegen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. In in-vivo-Studien verringerte die höchste Dosis an getrocknetem Pulver von P. harmala und M. piperita die Krankheitsschwere signifikant. Auch andere ertragsfördernde Parameter wurden durch die Anwendung von getrocknetem Pulver verbessert, und bei den vorliegenden Konzentrationen wurde keine Phytotoxizität beobachtet. Alkaloide, Tannine, Glykoside, Flavonoide und Saponine wurden in den wässrigen Extrakten von P. harmala, W. somnifera, M. azedarach, C. procera und M. piperita nachgewiesen. Die getrockneten Pulver von P. harmala und M. piperita könnten als wichtiger Bestandteil in die integrierten Disease-Management-Programme gegen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis aufgenommen werden. Schlüsselwörter Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis • Peganum harmala • Calotropis procera • Withania somnifera • Melia azedarach • Mentha piperita Naseerud Din
Biological screening of different parts of the selected Berberis species (B. brevissima Jafri and... more Biological screening of different parts of the selected Berberis species (B. brevissima Jafri and B. parkeriana Schneid) showed that methanolic root extract possessed significant efficacy against Meloidogyne javanica (a root knot nematode). From root methanolic extracts of selected Berberis species four isoquinoline alkaloids; jatrorrhizine, dehydrocheilnthifoline, berberine and berberrubine were isolated. Structures of the isolated compounds were determined by using EIMS, 1 H and 13 C NMR, and other 2D spectroscopic techniques. Percentage juveniles mortality of M. javanica was determined at various concentrations (100, 200 and 300 µg mL-1) using carbofuran as control. Berberine possessed the highest nematicidal activity (71.33%) followed by jatrorrhizine (59.50%). The in vitro results suggested that these compounds from Berberis species could be potential novel nematicides against M. javanica.
Tropical animal health and production, Jan 6, 2018
Photosensitization is severe dermatitis or oxidative/chemical changes in the epidermal tissues ac... more Photosensitization is severe dermatitis or oxidative/chemical changes in the epidermal tissues activated by the light-induced excitation of molecules within the tissue. It is a series of reactions mediated through light receptors and is more common when the plant-produced metabolites are heterocyclic/polyphenols in nature. The areas affected are exposed body parts and mostly non-pigmented areas with least ultraviolet protection. Similarly, cellular alteration also occurs in the affected animal's dermal tissues and body parts and grazing animals by the accumulation and activation of photodynamic molecules. Photo-oxidation can also occur within the plant due to the generation of reactive oxygen species causing damage and degradation in the form of free radicals and DNA. During the last few decades, many new tropical grass species have been introduced in the grazing lands which are genetically modified, and the animals grazing on them are facing various forms of toxicity including ...
Phytobiocides are a good alternative to chemicals in managing bacterial diseases including bacter... more Phytobiocides are a good alternative to chemicals in managing bacterial diseases including bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. In the present research study, finely ground dried powders of seven widely available medicinal plants/weeds species viz., Peganum harmala (esfand or wild rue), Calotropis procera (sodom apple), Melia azedarach (white cedar), Allium sativum (garlic), Adhatoda vasica (malabar nut), Tagetes patula (marigold) and Nerium oleander (oleander) were assessed for their anti-microbial activity, both in-vitro (10% w/v) and in-vivo (10, 20, 30, and 40 g/kg of potted soil) against R. solanacearum. Aqueous extracts (prepared as 10% w/v, soaking for 48-72 h and filtering) of C. procera, A. vasica, and T. patula inhibited the in-vitro growth of the bacterial pathogen over 60% of that produced by the standard antibiotic streptomycin. A. sativum, N. oleander and P. harmala aqueous extracts were less effective while M. azedarach showed no effect against R...
A new compound named as santolinylol-3-acetate (4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methylhexa-1,5-dien-3-... more A new compound named as santolinylol-3-acetate (4-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-2-methylhexa-1,5-dien-3-yl acetate) (3), along with seven known compounds; linoleic acid (1), benzoic acid (2), santolinylol (4), ethyl-(E)-p-hydroxy cinnamate (5), scopoletin (6), esculetin (7) isofraxidin (8) and eupatorin (9), were isolated from the aerial parts (ethanolic extract) of endangered species: Artemisia incisa Pamp (Asteraceae). The compounds' structures were determined through modern spectroscopic techniques, and comparison of data (physicochemical constants) with the literature. The relative stereochemistry of santolinylol-3-acetate (3) was determined by comparing its data of NOESY, and specific rotation with its diol analogue; santolinylol (4), isolated from the same plant; A. incisa. The results of the antifungal activity showed that coumarins are as whole less active compounds. Compounds 3 (25 and 300 μg/mL), and 4 (12.5 and 300 μg/mL), showed good activities against Candida albicans, and...
Plant-derived nematicides are being increasingly used while select synthetic nematicides are phas... more Plant-derived nematicides are being increasingly used while select synthetic nematicides are phased out for environmental concerns. This is the first report on the in vitro nematicidal activity of cis-and trans-protopinium isolated from roots of Fumaria parviflora and its in vivo effect on the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Cis-and trans-protopinium was isolated from the methanolic fraction FM2.1, and its structure elucidated using 13 C and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The NMR spectra were characterized using deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at temperatures of 25 and 80 C. In an in vitro study, over 120 h of incubation, the area under cumulative percent hatch inhibition and mortality of cis-and trans-protopinium reached 100% at a concentration of 200 mg mL À1. In the greenhouse and field settings, cis-and trans-protopinium was evaluated against M. incognita on tomato at a concentration of 100, 200, and 300 mg mL À1 for two consecutive seasons, that is, spring and autumn, in 2010. At a concentration of 300 mg mL À1 in the greenhouse and field trials during spring and autumn, cis-and trans-protopinium significantly reduced the nematode galling index, the number of females per gram of root, and the reproduction factor, as well as increased plant height, fresh and dry shoot weights, and root length. Therefore, cis-and trans-protopinium can be used as an effective and safe nematicide against M. incognita on tomato in an organic and sustainable agricultural production system. Phyto-chemicals have various agricultural applications, especially to control economically important nematode pests.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research
We report the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts and three previously isolates known co... more We report the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts and three previously isolates known compounds viz., nonacosane-10-ol (alcohol), 23a-homostigmast-5-en-3ß-ol (homolog of β-sterol) and cis- and trans-prtopinium (alkaloid) of Fumaria parviflora Lam (Fumariaceae) for the first time. Plant extracts and pure compounds were in vitro assessed against seven clinical Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi. Bacterial culture was maintained on Mueller-Hinton agar nutrient slants and the tested strains were evaluated following well diffusion test, agar dilution method and minimum inhibitory concentration. The zone of inhibition (IZ) and the activity index (AI) were maximum for Gram (-) Escherichia coli (IZ = 28 ± 0.9; AI = 0.93 ± 0.3), Klebsiella pneumonia (IZ = 22 ± 0.4; AI = 0.73 ± 0.4) and Salmonella typhi (IZ = 22 ± 0.4; AI = 0.73 ± 0.9) ...
Greenhouse and field studies were conducted in the spring and autumn of 2010 to test the efficacy... more Greenhouse and field studies were conducted in the spring and autumn of 2010 to test the efficacy of dry amendments of Fumaria parviflora as a form of eco-friendly management of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato. Various preparations of F. parviflora (in the form of dry root, stem, leaf and whole plant powder) at different dose rates (10, 20 and 30 g per kg of soil) significantly reduced levels of M. incognita in the roots of tomato cv. Rio Grande, and promoted plant growth. The root amendments of F. parviflora at the highest application dose (30 g per kg of soil) were the most effective, significantly reducing the number of galls, the galling index, the egg masses per g of the root, and the adult females per g of the root. Shoot and root lengths, the fresh and the dry shoot weight, and the number of branches and flowers per plant were improved in greenhouse trials that were conducted in the spring and autumn. Under naturally infested field conditions, the root´s amendment of F. parvi...
Tomato is a widely grown vegetable in Pakistan. However, its production is severely constrained b... more Tomato is a widely grown vegetable in Pakistan. However, its production is severely constrained by root knot nematodes (RKNs). Accurate identification of RKNs is essential for an appropriate control program. The current study evaluated the prevalence, incidence and diversity of RKNs of tomato crops grown in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province and their identification using molecular tools. A field survey, including 30 commercial tomato fields, was conducted in ten major tomato growing areas of Swat and Malakand divisions during spring 2010. The overall prevalence and incidence in the study area was 83.3 and 52.0%, respectively. Three species of RKNs, Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica were found alone or in mixed populations. Disease incidence ranged from 10% in Malakandher to 100% and 90 to 100% in Jabban and Malakand, respectively. The greatest galling index (GI) (5.0) and egg mass index (EMI) (5.0) was recorded in samples from Jabban, whereas the lowest GI and EMI wer...
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