<p>Covariates are held constant (centred values for continuous variables, reference categor... more <p>Covariates are held constant (centred values for continuous variables, reference category for categorical variables).</p
<p>BMI growth trajectories estimated based on fractional polynomial models by country and s... more <p>BMI growth trajectories estimated based on fractional polynomial models by country and sex comparing the basic (a,c) and covariate-adjusted model (b,d) in the respective subgroup; all continuous covariates were set to 0 (i.e. to the centred values) and categorical variables were set to the reference category.</p
<p>Data flow chart (Obs: number of repeated height/weight measurements; N: number of study ... more <p>Data flow chart (Obs: number of repeated height/weight measurements; N: number of study subjects).</p
<p>Continuous variables were centred to receive meaningful effect estimates (mother’s BMI c... more <p>Continuous variables were centred to receive meaningful effect estimates (mother’s BMI centred at 20 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, mother’s age at birth centred at 30 years, gestational weight gain centred at 10 kg).</p
<p>Predicted BMI growth trajectories of children having a mother with a BMI of 20 kg/m<s... more <p>Predicted BMI growth trajectories of children having a mother with a BMI of 20 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (solid) vs. with a BMI of 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (dashed) by sex (girls: black; boys: grey) and country; all other covariates were set to a constant value (continuous covariates were set to 0 (i.e. to the value used for centring), categorical variables were set to the reference category).</p
Starting from birth, this explorative study aimed to investigate between-country differences in b... more Starting from birth, this explorative study aimed to investigate between-country differences in body mass index (BMI) trajectories and whether early life factors explain these differences. The sample included 7,644 children from seven European countries (Belgium, Cyprus, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden) participating in the multi-centre IDEFICS study. Information on early life factors and in total 53,409 repeated measurements of height and weight from 0 to <12 years of age were collected during the baseline (2007/2008) and follow-up examination (2009/2010) supplemented by records of routine child health visits. Country-specific BMI growth curves were estimated using fractional polynomial mixed effects models. Several covariates focussing on early life factors were added to the models to investigate their role in the between-countries differences. Large between-country differences were observed with Italian children showing significantly higher mean BMI values at all ages ≥...
<p>Description of the study population of children aged 7.9 years on average at last follow... more <p>Description of the study population of children aged 7.9 years on average at last follow-up by country (numbers and percentages for categorical variables; mean values and standard deviations (SD) for continuous variables).</p
<p>Predicted BMI growth trajectories of children having parents with high (ISCED 5,6; solid... more <p>Predicted BMI growth trajectories of children having parents with high (ISCED 5,6; solid) vs. low educational level (ISCED 0,1,2; dashed) by sex (girls: black; boys: grey) and country; all other covariates were set to a constant value (continuous covariates were set to 0 (i.e. to the value used for centring), categorical variables were set to the reference category).</p
Starting from birth, this explorative study aimed to investigate between-country differences in b... more Starting from birth, this explorative study aimed to investigate between-country differences in body mass index (BMI) trajectories and whether early life factors explain these differences. The sample included 7,644 children from seven European countries (Belgium, Cyprus, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden) participating in the multi-centre IDEFICS study. Information on early life factors and in total 53,409 repeated measurements of height and weight from 0 to <12 years of age were collected during the baseline (2007/2008) and follow-up examination (2009/2010) supplemented by records of routine child health visits. Country-specific BMI growth curves were estimated using fractional polynomial mixed effects models. Several covariates focussing on early life factors were added to the models to investigate their role in the between-countries differences. Large between-country differences were observed with Italian children showing significantly higher mean BMI values at all ages ≥...
Starting from birth, this explorative study aimed to investigate between-country differences in b... more Starting from birth, this explorative study aimed to investigate between-country differences in body mass index (BMI) trajectories and whether early life factors explain these differences. The sample included 7,644 children from seven European countries (Belgium, Cyprus, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden) participating in the multi-centre IDEFICS study. Information on early life factors and in total 53,409 repeated measurements of height and weight from 0 to <12 years of age were collected during the baseline (2007/2008) and follow-up examination (2009/2010) supplemented by records of routine child health visits. Country-specific BMI growth curves were estimated using fractional polynomial mixed effects models. Several covariates focussing on early life factors were added to the models to investigate their role in the between-countries differences. Large between-country differences were observed with Italian children showing significantly higher mean BMI values at all ages ≥...
<p>Covariates are held constant (centred values for continuous variables, reference categor... more <p>Covariates are held constant (centred values for continuous variables, reference category for categorical variables).</p
<p>BMI growth trajectories estimated based on fractional polynomial models by country and s... more <p>BMI growth trajectories estimated based on fractional polynomial models by country and sex comparing the basic (a,c) and covariate-adjusted model (b,d) in the respective subgroup; all continuous covariates were set to 0 (i.e. to the centred values) and categorical variables were set to the reference category.</p
<p>Data flow chart (Obs: number of repeated height/weight measurements; N: number of study ... more <p>Data flow chart (Obs: number of repeated height/weight measurements; N: number of study subjects).</p
<p>Continuous variables were centred to receive meaningful effect estimates (mother’s BMI c... more <p>Continuous variables were centred to receive meaningful effect estimates (mother’s BMI centred at 20 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, mother’s age at birth centred at 30 years, gestational weight gain centred at 10 kg).</p
<p>Predicted BMI growth trajectories of children having a mother with a BMI of 20 kg/m<s... more <p>Predicted BMI growth trajectories of children having a mother with a BMI of 20 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (solid) vs. with a BMI of 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (dashed) by sex (girls: black; boys: grey) and country; all other covariates were set to a constant value (continuous covariates were set to 0 (i.e. to the value used for centring), categorical variables were set to the reference category).</p
Starting from birth, this explorative study aimed to investigate between-country differences in b... more Starting from birth, this explorative study aimed to investigate between-country differences in body mass index (BMI) trajectories and whether early life factors explain these differences. The sample included 7,644 children from seven European countries (Belgium, Cyprus, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden) participating in the multi-centre IDEFICS study. Information on early life factors and in total 53,409 repeated measurements of height and weight from 0 to <12 years of age were collected during the baseline (2007/2008) and follow-up examination (2009/2010) supplemented by records of routine child health visits. Country-specific BMI growth curves were estimated using fractional polynomial mixed effects models. Several covariates focussing on early life factors were added to the models to investigate their role in the between-countries differences. Large between-country differences were observed with Italian children showing significantly higher mean BMI values at all ages ≥...
<p>Description of the study population of children aged 7.9 years on average at last follow... more <p>Description of the study population of children aged 7.9 years on average at last follow-up by country (numbers and percentages for categorical variables; mean values and standard deviations (SD) for continuous variables).</p
<p>Predicted BMI growth trajectories of children having parents with high (ISCED 5,6; solid... more <p>Predicted BMI growth trajectories of children having parents with high (ISCED 5,6; solid) vs. low educational level (ISCED 0,1,2; dashed) by sex (girls: black; boys: grey) and country; all other covariates were set to a constant value (continuous covariates were set to 0 (i.e. to the value used for centring), categorical variables were set to the reference category).</p
Starting from birth, this explorative study aimed to investigate between-country differences in b... more Starting from birth, this explorative study aimed to investigate between-country differences in body mass index (BMI) trajectories and whether early life factors explain these differences. The sample included 7,644 children from seven European countries (Belgium, Cyprus, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden) participating in the multi-centre IDEFICS study. Information on early life factors and in total 53,409 repeated measurements of height and weight from 0 to <12 years of age were collected during the baseline (2007/2008) and follow-up examination (2009/2010) supplemented by records of routine child health visits. Country-specific BMI growth curves were estimated using fractional polynomial mixed effects models. Several covariates focussing on early life factors were added to the models to investigate their role in the between-countries differences. Large between-country differences were observed with Italian children showing significantly higher mean BMI values at all ages ≥...
Starting from birth, this explorative study aimed to investigate between-country differences in b... more Starting from birth, this explorative study aimed to investigate between-country differences in body mass index (BMI) trajectories and whether early life factors explain these differences. The sample included 7,644 children from seven European countries (Belgium, Cyprus, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Sweden) participating in the multi-centre IDEFICS study. Information on early life factors and in total 53,409 repeated measurements of height and weight from 0 to <12 years of age were collected during the baseline (2007/2008) and follow-up examination (2009/2010) supplemented by records of routine child health visits. Country-specific BMI growth curves were estimated using fractional polynomial mixed effects models. Several covariates focussing on early life factors were added to the models to investigate their role in the between-countries differences. Large between-country differences were observed with Italian children showing significantly higher mean BMI values at all ages ≥...
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