Papers by Ir Dr Anuar Kasa
Routledge eBooks, Jul 14, 2021
Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, 2019
Ground settlement is the main factor in slope stability. This paper reviews the application of ar... more Ground settlement is the main factor in slope stability. This paper reviews the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in predicting the slope ground settlement. The objective of this paper is to discuss the application of AI in three categories i.e. i) ANN, ii) ANFIS and iii) hybrid model which includes research reports over the last ten years. Additionally, future research proposals are presented. ANN is a predictive tool that is often used instead of ANFIS because of its nonlinear behavior.
Jurnal Kejuruteraan, Nov 30, 2022
Compaction is an important engineering process that ensures the stability of soils by compressing... more Compaction is an important engineering process that ensures the stability of soils by compressing them to a predefined strength. However, in most construction projects, particularly large-scale projects, achieving the appropriate compaction properties, such as optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD), it requires time and high cost. Predicting the compaction characteristics from the Atterberg limit, which involves simpler and faster testing techniques, becomes an important task in this scenario. The purpose of this study is to study the comparison of the multiple linear regression (MLR) method with the response surface method (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) to determine an accurate, efficient and simple technique to predict soil compaction parameters. For this research, 29 samples were subjected to a variety of laboratory testing. All of the parameters' statistical relationships were analyzed. In this research, techniques are used, and the findings of these studies are discussed and analysed. To see the performance and accuracy of the model, the criteria for validation of the model used are based on the value of coefficient of determination (R 2), absolute mean error (MAE), mean square error (MSE) and mean square root error (RMSE). A comparison with the test data revealed that the coefficient of determination (R 2) of ANN model predictions was greater than those of other models. In addition, the findings indicate that the accuracy of ANN models are superior to the statistical models MLR and RSM.
Elsevier eBooks, 2001
Publisher Summary A full-scale model of 5 meter high and 10 meter wide test section of concrete m... more Publisher Summary A full-scale model of 5 meter high and 10 meter wide test section of concrete modular block wall backfilled with cohesive residual soil and reinforced with geogrid was constructed at Nilai Industrial Park, Malaysia. Pisa II stonewall system was used for the facing unit, while Miragrid geogrid was used for reinforcement. Incorporating extensive instrumentation, including inclinometer, strain gauges, pressure cells, piezometer tubes, and surface and wall settlement markers, monitored performance during construction. This chapter explains the procedure and methodology used for installation, shows the results obtained from this instrumentation, and compares them with the results obtained from calculation. It is found that the tensile forces in the geogrid reinforcements, as well as horizontal and vertical earth pressures, were within the permissible limits. However, monitoring should be continued to see the performance of the structure after the end of construction.
Jurnal Kejuruteraan, Nov 30, 2022
Currently, the construction of high-rise buildings is increasing as the modernization of the city... more Currently, the construction of high-rise buildings is increasing as the modernization of the city. Especially in the heart of Kuala Lumpur City, construction is more focused on the construction of high-rise buildings due to overcrowded areas. To meet demand due to the activity, the number of tower cranes brought into Malaysia has increased. The tower crane is used to lift construction items and requires a solid base to ensure tower crane stability. Analysis obtained from the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH), the rate of accidents involving in particular the use of cranes tower cranes occurred due to the failure of the crane foundation. The main objective in carrying out this project is to ensure the stability of the foundations for ensuring the safe use of tower cranes in reducing accident site, determine the calculation of the basic design of the site and the last one is to analyze the stability of the soil through the interaction between the soil and the basic structure of the site. Design calculations from qualified engineers as well as engineering software for analysis tests are an important element in the success of this research project. Among the parameters required are ground properties information for the installed tower cranes, engineering drawings for tower crane structure and Plaxis 3D computer software for analysis purposes. The implication of this project is to achieve the department's quality policy in providing and maintaining a quality, safe and healthy work and system without any harm and risk.
DergiPark (Istanbul University), Jul 23, 2016
The main goal of this research is to predict the stability of slope using fuzzy logic, Adaptive N... more The main goal of this research is to predict the stability of slope using fuzzy logic, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), and statistical method, Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). Four limit equilibrium methods (LEM) i.e. Morgenstern-Price, Janbu, Bishop and Ordinary were used to calculate the safety factors for various designs of slope. For prediction, five parameters were used as the inputs i.e. height of slope, unit weight of slope material, angle of slope, coefficient of cohesion, and internal angle of friction, while the output parameters are factors of safety. MLR obtained regression square (R 2) of 0.470 for Bishop, 0.459 for Janbu, 0.470 for Morgenstern-Price, and 0.468 for Ordinary Method, while ANFIS obtained regression square (R 2) of 0.9996 for Bishop, 0.9994 for Janbu, 0.9995 for Morgenstern-Price, and 0.9997 for Ordinary Method. The result showed that ANFIS could predict the safety factors with high accuracy compare with MLR.
The Journal of Engineering Research, Apr 1, 2016
Forensic investigations have been carried out at eight (8) selected debris flow locations in Peni... more Forensic investigations have been carried out at eight (8) selected debris flow locations in Peninsular Malaysia in order to determine the mechanism and characteristic of debris flow. Comprehensive studies on the available records of past debris flow have been carried out in order to describe the fundamental characteristics of debris flow events. Site investigation and laboratory tests of particular debris flow sites were carried out to evaluate the causes of the debris flow triggering factors such as topographical, geotechnical and geological characteristics. Rainfall records are collected from the nearest meteorological station in order to analyse the reasonable correlation of rainfall with the occurrence of debris flow. Geological study shows that debris flow is prone to occur at granitic areas. The gradient of the initiation areas are above 20 and the debris tends to deposit in the areas with gradient between 2 to 15. Laboratory tests show that the soil type at the debris flow areas consists predominantly of silty sand classified as SM according to the Unified Soil Classification System. The relation between rainfall patterns and the possible occurrences of debris flow indicated that the trigger thresholds are found to be generally high in most cases.
Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2014
The purpose of this research is to study the use of Recycle Tire Isolator (RTI) as earthquake res... more The purpose of this research is to study the use of Recycle Tire Isolator (RTI) as earthquake resistance system to protect low rise buildings from life threatening collapses and casualties when earthquake takes place. Many buildings are built with seismic design based on the concept of increasing the resistance capacity of the structures by using shear walls, braced frames and others. However, these methods result in high floor accelerations and could cause significant damage to nonstructural components of the buildings. Some of these buildings’ content are quite costly. Hospitals and government offices, for example, are important premises which contain valuable machines or documents such as X-rays machines and the data stored in computers. RTI could be installed at the pad foundation to absorb low to moderate earthquake energy which is less than 6 Richter scale. The isolator uses recycle tire as main component to absorb lateral forces produced during earthquake. The use of RTI also helps to reduce the hazard of dumping old tires on earth. This study focuses on the role of RTI in protecting two stories buildings. The displacement of RTI was measured when vertical or lateral forces were applied. Compression test using Universal Testing Machine was carried out in the laboratory to find the maximum vertical load. The vertical load was applied to the specimen by the vertical hydraulic actuator in displacement control. The specimen was monotonically loaded to failure. COMSOL Multiphysic V4.2, a finite element software was used to model the behavior of RTI and the results were compared to the results obtained from laboratory. The behavior of RTI was also compared to the behavior of existing rubber bearing (RB) and scrap tire pads (STP). The results of laboratory and finite element analysis indicated that RTI could support a maximum axial load of 184 kN and lateral force up to 20 kN. Based on the results, RTI had a potential to be used as a device to protect low rise buildings against low to medium earthquake. The compressive strength of RTI and STP was quite similar with about 6.7% difference. This was expected since both materials were recycle tires. The compression modulus between RB and RTI was also similar with about 11.1% difference. This showed that RTI had similar features with RB and STP. However, RTI fabricated mainly by using recycle tires contained about 4 to 6 layers of steel mesh which was stiffer than RB and more efficient in supporting heavier structures vertically. The use of recycle tires in production of RTI made it more affordable for most house owners compared to RB or STP.
Malaysian Journal of Civil Engineering, Jul 27, 2020
The studies of seismic isolation have gradually become important particularly in countries of act... more The studies of seismic isolation have gradually become important particularly in countries of active seismicity activity. The main idea of isolation is to provide flexibility to the structural foundation as well as to absorb energy and mitigating ground acceleration generated from earthquake forces. However, the cost to manufacture conventional commercial rubber isolator is high due to its heavy weight complicated in the process of preparation involving expensive machinery. When earthquake occurs, the building structure especially low rise residential buildings such as single storey buildings are subjected to high inertia forces which lead to structural damages. Country such as Malaysia which located outside the earthquake region is now even facing the threat of earthquake too in some areas especially Sabah. This alerts Malaysia that there is a need to develop an earthquake resistance mechanism. Recycled Tire Isolator (RTI) is a model designed to be embedded into the foundation of a low rise building in order to withstand earthquake forces. The main component in the fabrication of RTI is recycled tire. The useable section of the recycle tire is the tread and will be split into small pieces with measurement of 300mm x 210mm. Each piece of cut tire is about 10mm thick. The method of preparation of RTI samples is simple which is cost effective and sustainable. RTI samples consist of four to five layers of cut recycled tire pads. Static compression test was conducted to examine the vertical capacity of RTI. A controlled vertical force of 380 kN (maximum capacity of the compression test machine) was applied on to the RTI during the compression test. An average displacement of 11.5mm was recorded when the cracking sound was heard indicating the failure of RTI sample. The static or vertical stiffness of RTI was determined. Besides, dynamic compressive load test was another experiment carried out to examine the damping coefficient, damping ratio and also dynamic stiffness of RTI. The results obtained from the experiment were compared with the commercial available isolators and also compared among the RTIs. The similarities of characteristics between RTI and the commercial isolators have given an indication that RTI has great potential to be adopted as earthquake base isolator for single storey residential buildings.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2011
journal of engineering science and technology, Aug 1, 2016
The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of Recycle Tire Isolator (RTI) as earth... more The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of Recycle Tire Isolator (RTI) as earthquake resistance system for low rise buildings in Malaysia. Most of the earthquake's victims are due to the collapse of poorly designed concrete and masonry buildings. Therefore, an economical but reliable RTI is introduced to solve the problem in most of the developing countries such as Malaysia. This study focuses on the effect of RTI-5 (5 layers RTI) in protecting three stories buildings. The vertical displacement of RTI-5 was determined through static compression test. The maximum vertical displacement of RTI-5 was obtained when the specimen was monotonically loaded to failure. Finite element analysis was carried out by using ANSYS V16.0 to model the RTI-5 and the results obtained were compared to the experimental results. The dynamic stiffness and damping ratio of RTI-5 were investigated through dynamic test. The behaviour of various thickness of RTI were examined and compared with Rubber Bearing (RB) and Scrap Tire Rubber Pad (STRP).Total displacement of three stories buildings on fixed base and on base isolation were determined. The results from static compression test and finite element analysis showed that RTI-5 could sustain a vertical load of 380 kN with vertical deformation of 12.5 mm. It has been verified by finite element analysis (FEA) where both of the results achieved close agreement in terms of vertical deformation. RTI-5 and STRP have similar vertical stiffness due to the employment of same material in fabrication. However, rubber bearing is stiffer than RTI-5 due to the present of embedded steel plates. Besides, RTI-4 is stiffer than RTI-5 due to the number of layers are lesser in RTI-4. The results of dynamic test shown that RTI-5 has higher damping ratio than RTI-4. In overall, total deformation at the top floor of the three stories building is reduced by 83% via implementation of RTI in the 1208 Sow W. J. et al.
Applied Mechanics and Materials, Jul 1, 2014
An artificial intelligence tools, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), was used in this... more An artificial intelligence tools, Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), was used in this study to predict the stability of slopes. Data used in this study were 300 various designs of slope. Those designs were created by using Slope/W which calculated factors of safety using various limit equilibrium methods (LEM) such as Bishop, Spencer and Morgenstern-Price. The input parameters consisted of height of slope, H (1–10 m), unit weight of slope material, γ (15-22 kN/m3), angle of slope, θ (11.31°-78.69°), coefficient of cohesion, c (0-50 kN/m2) and internal angle of friction, (20°- 40°) and the output parameter is the factor of safety. To build the fuzzy inference system, 243 rules were used at 60 epochs. The number of membership function for the any input was three and the type of membership function for output was linear. ANFIS obtained regression square (R2) of one for Bishop, one for Janbu, one for Morgenstern-Price and one for Ordinary. The result proved that ANFIS may possibly predict the safety factor with good precision and nearly to the target data.
Environmental Earth Sciences, Feb 18, 2009
... ZM Mansour (&) Á MR Taha Á Z. Chik Á A. Kasa Department of Civil and Stru... more ... ZM Mansour (&) Á MR Taha Á Z. Chik Á A. Kasa Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 ... spreading Red Sea, through Gulf of Aqaba in Jordan, the Araba Valley, the Dead Sea, Jordan Valley, Lebanon, Syria, approaching Taurus ...
International journal of engineering & technology, Mar 12, 2018
This article presents a comparative study of the behaviour of clayey soil reinforcements using st... more This article presents a comparative study of the behaviour of clayey soil reinforcements using stone column ground improvement by means of numerical analyses. Two-dimensional finite element analyses with commercially available software, PLAXIS, were performed on end-bearing stone columns using 15-noded triangular elements to investigate the impact of the modelling type on the stress concentration ratio and failure mechanism of an improved foundation system. Consolidation analyses were conducted throughout the study using Mohr-Coulomb's criterion. The computed values of the stress concentration ratios were compared for different key parameters, including the diameters of stone columns, c/c spacing of columns, friction angle of stone column material, and undrained cohesion of soft soil. The major conclusions of this study were that the stone column in the unit cell model shared between 2.5 to 3.14 times more loads than the surrounding soil, whilst in the plane strain model it shared between 1.7 to 2.9 times more loads. The use of plane strain approach to model the stone column gave a more comprehensive representation of the stress distribution and load transfer between the soil and columns, in addition to being a better method than the unit cell concept to evaluate the failure mode in this system.
Arabian Journal of Geosciences, Sep 27, 2013
Construction of embankments in engineering structures on soft clay soils normally encounters prob... more Construction of embankments in engineering structures on soft clay soils normally encounters problems related to excessive settlement issues. The conventional methods are inadequate to analyze and predict the surface settlement when the necessary parameters are difficult to determine in the field and in the laboratory. In this study, artificial neural network systems (ANNs) were used to predict settlement under embankment load using soft soil properties together with various geometric parameters as input for each stone column (SC) arrangement and embankment condition. Data from a highway project called Lebuhraya Pantai Timur2 in Terengganu, Malaysia, were investigated. The FEM package of Plaxis v8 program analysis was utilized. The actual angle of internal friction, spacing between SC, diameter of SC, length of SC, and height of embankment were used as the input parameters, and the settlement was used as the main output. Non cross validation (NCV) and tenfold cross validation (TFCV) were used to build the ANN model. The results of the TFCV model were more accurate than those of the NCV model. Comparisons made with the predictions of the Priebe model showed that the proposed TFCV model could provide better predictions than conventional methods.
Jurnal Kejuruteraan, Jan 30, 2022
The prediction of slope stability was performed using artificial neural networks (ANNs) in this w... more The prediction of slope stability was performed using artificial neural networks (ANNs) in this work. The factor of safety determined by numerical analysis was used to develop ANN's data sets. The inputs to the network are slope height, applied surcharge and slope angle. Correlation coefficients between numerical data and ANNs outputs showed the feasibility of ANNs for successfully modelling and predicting safety issues. The ANNs training phase is improved using a genetic algorithm (GA), and the results are compared to those obtained without GA trained ANNs. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to ascertain the relative contribution of different factors on slope stability. The slope angle and applied surcharge have a significant effect on slope stability.
Civil engineering and architecture, Aug 1, 2021
Constructed wetland is commonly used as a practice to reduce non-point source pollutants and as a... more Constructed wetland is commonly used as a practice to reduce non-point source pollutants and as a stormwater treatment system. For many years, the evaluation of water quality assessment for the constructed wetland is using normal sampling and laboratory work. However, in line with the technology expansion, the prediction for water quality using modelling has been developed. This study focuses on the prediction of water quality parameter for constructed wetland under tropical climate using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Multiple Linear Regressions Analysis (MLRA). There are five input parameters such as water quality at the inlet point, detention time, depth of water, ratio length to width, and rainfall. The output parameters consist of the water quality at the outlet point namely Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Phosphorus (TP), Total Nitrogen (TN), and Total Suspended Solid (TSS). Squared correlation coefficient (R 2) and root mean square error (RMSE) were applied to assess the model presentation and the result indicated that the ANN model shows excellent performance compared to MLRA. The R 2 value for each output parameter is higher than 0.90 and the RMSE values were closer to zero. However, TN has shown a very good pollutant removal in constructed wetland compared to other water quality tested. Findings from this study will contribute towards the enhancement of design performance and guideline for constructed wetlands under tropical climate.
Civil Engineering Journal, Jul 21, 2019
The application of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) in the road embankment construction has b... more The application of prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) in the road embankment construction has been successfully performed in many projects throughout the country. The simulation of finite element method (FEM) can assist engineers in modelling very complex structures and foundations. This paper presents a plane-strain numerical analysis that was performed to verify the effectiveness of the model embankment stabilised with PVD using Plaxis 2D version 8. This study employed the smear effect of permeability ratio (kr) of 3 in the PVD modelling. The data of settlement and pore water pressure in the left and right sides of road embankment were monitored for 177 days, then the data were collected and compared by a numerical simulation. The coefficient of determination (R 2) was used to assess the performance of the comparative analysis. The results of numerical simulation on settlement and pore water pressure obtained a coefficient of determination of greater than 0.9 which has reached a good agreement with those of the field measurement. On other the hand, there was no significant difference in the performance between both sides of the embankment. The smear effect parameter (kr = 3) is recommended for PVD designs and can provide accurate FEM prediction.
Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, May 15, 2023
The residual soil is one of the major soils in the peninsular region of Malaysia. Because of this... more The residual soil is one of the major soils in the peninsular region of Malaysia. Because of this, engineering activities can employ this kind of residual soil in the building industry, such as retaining walls and high-rise building. Yet, because it is structurally complicated and has substantial weathering in most locations, the residual soil often brings in heterogeneities, which can lead to the failure of a structure. Finding the value of the shear strength parameters as a geotechnical properties is the key to solving this problem, which may be done here. After the soil samples had been compacted, they were put through a series triaxial tests, namely Consolidated Drained (CD) and Consolidated Undrained (CU) tests. A total of eight soil samples, four for each test were used for this study. As a consequence of the tests that have been carried out, the value of the cohesion parameter, c', as recorded by the CD test is greater than that recorded by the CU test. On the other hand, the value of the friction angle, ϕ ', as recorded by the CU test is greater than that recorded by the CD test. In the meantime, with regard to the stress-strain behaviour, the brittle failure pattern was seen in each and every sample that was put through the CD test. The pattern that was seen in the results of the CU test was also seen in the results of the CD test. The output of this study makes it abundantly evident that the maximum values for pore water pressure, lateral stress, and axial strain would be significantly increased if the effective confining stress that was applied to the sample was increased to a higher value.
The design of T-shaped cantilever retaining wall and support system requires careful analysis esp... more The design of T-shaped cantilever retaining wall and support system requires careful analysis especially the geometry of the wall. The design starts by proportioning the wall dimension for which stability is checked for. Commonly, limit equilibrium method (LEM) is used to analyse the performance, however, the LEM analysis unable to predict the displacement of the wall. Thus, the numerical analysis using finite element method (FEM) incorporated in Plaxis software computer program was adopted to analyse the behaviour of the T-shaped cantilever retaining wall. This chapter describes the performance of a cantilever wall with different geometry parameter to predict the displacement pattern of the wall and the distribution of lateral earth pressure. Plain strain condition with 15 nodded triangular elements have been chosen in modelling the wall using Plaxis 2D. The result of the analysis indicates the lateral earth pressure distribution depended on the height of the wall. While the displacement of the retaining wall system showed the reasonable agreement with the recommended design of the geometry ratio.
Uploads
Papers by Ir Dr Anuar Kasa