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Ilmari Jokinen

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Papers by Ilmari Jokinen

Effect of pulp and paper

Sexual ornamentation, androgens and papillomatosis in male roach (Rutilus rutilus)

Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2003

Page 1. Sexual ornamentation, androgens and papillomatosis in male roach (Rutilus rutilus) Raine ... more

Long-term UVB Irradiation Affects the Immune Functions of Carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2009

The effects of long-term, low-dose ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on immune functions of two fish ... more The effects of long-term, low-dose ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on immune functions of two fish species representing different taxonomic groups, carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were assessed in this study. The fish were exposed to 7, 20 or 60 mJ cm)2 UVB three times per week, for 6 weeks. In carp, UVB exposure affected the respiratory burst activity of blood and head kidney phagocytes, differential blood leukocyte counts and blood chemistry. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated in vitro proliferation responses of blood and head kidney lymphocytes, however, remained unchanged. Rainbow trout tolerated the irradiations with fewer alterations, but significant changes were detected in blood chemistry and hematocrits of the irradiated fish. These results indicate that long-term exposure to low doses of UVB induces immunomodulation in fish, and that there are species-specific differences in sensitivity to irradiation.

Effects of primary- and secondary-treated bleached kraft mill effluents on the immune system and physiological parameters of roach

Aquat Toxicol, 2000

The present study was designed to examine, whether, effluents from a modern pulp and paper mill u... more The present study was designed to examine, whether, effluents from a modern pulp and paper mill using elemental chlorine-free/total chlorine-free (ECF/TCF) bleaching, exert effects on the immune system of fish and, in addition, to relate these findings to physiological parameters known to be affected by bleached kraft-mill effluents (BKME). Roach (Rutilus rutilus) were exposed in laboratory conditions to primary- or secondary-treated effluent from a pulp and paper mill. In order to study their capability to respond to foreign antigens they were immunised with bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) prior to exposure. The number of anti-BGG antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and the number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) in the spleen and blood as well as the level of anti-BGG specific antibodies and concentration of plasma immunoglobulin (IgM) were studied. Phagocytosis and migration of granulocytes of the head kidney were also determined. In addition to the immunological parameters, the activity of hepatic biotransformation enzymes, the carbohydrate metabolism and osmoregulation were examined. Exposure of roach for 21 days to BKME affected several immunological parameters. Both effluents, primary- and secondary-treated, impaired the immunoreactivity of the fish. Sex-related differences in the immune responses were evident in many parameters e.g. in the number of blood ISC and splenic ASC. Sex also had effects on cortisol levels and in the induction of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD). These results demonstrate that both primary- and secondary-treated effluent from a pulp and paper mill using ECF/TCF bleaching have effects on fish immune functions. Further, these findings suggest that steroids may contribute to immunomodulation in fish.

Sexual ornamentation, androgens and papillomatosis in roach (Rutilus rutilus)

Evolutionary ecology research

Page 1. Sexual ornamentation, androgens and papillomatosis in male roach (Rutilus rutilus) Raine ... more

Synthesis of Human Immunoclobulins In Vitro : Comparison of two Assays of Secreted Immunoglobulin

Journal of Immunoassay, 1985

One consequence of B-lymphocyte activation is immunoglobulin production, which can be quantitated... more One consequence of B-lymphocyte activation is immunoglobulin production, which can be quantitated by various techniques. We have compared assay of plaque forming cell (PFC) and determination of immunoglobulins by ELISA in culture supernatants of human lymphocytes stimulated with pokeweed mitogen and with Staphylococcus aureus. These assays correlated well (r &amp;gt; 0.77) in all major immunoglobulin classes studied.The close correlation suggests

Effect of elevated temperature on human immunoglobulin synthesis, lymphokine production and lymphocyte proliferation in vitro

Acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. Section C, Immunology, 1986

Fever in infections is mediated by endogenous pyrogen, a protein inseparable from interleukin 1 (... more Fever in infections is mediated by endogenous pyrogen, a protein inseparable from interleukin 1 (IL-1). It remains unclear what the role of fever in host defence is. We studied the effect of elevated temperature on mitogen-induced human lymphocyte stimulation in vitro. Lymphocyte proliferation, elaboration of leukocyte migration inhibiting factor (LIF) and immunoglobulin production were measured at normal and elevated temperatures. Pokeweed mitogen-(PWM) driven responses were quantitated with a plaque-forming cell assay and by measuring secreted immunoglobulins in culture medium. The responses at 38, 39 or 40 degrees C were, if anything, lower than those at 37 degrees C. The production of LIF after stimulation with PWM was not augmented at elevated temperatures. In contrast, the proliferative responses to PWM, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA) were increased at 38 degrees C. These results indicated that elevated temperature has diverse effects on mitogen-induced ly...

Bacteria Are Polyclonal T-Dependent Stimulants of Immunoglobulin Formation

Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Series C: Immunology, 1986

Various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were tested for their ability to induce antibody... more Various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were tested for their ability to induce antibody secretion in human blood cell cultures. Total and specific immunoglobulin levels in the culture supernatants were quantitated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). All the twelve strains used stimulated IgM and IgG secretion in adult mononuclear cell cultures. With the four strains tested, also umbilical cord blood cells produced IgM. Specific antibodies directed against two bacteria were sought in adult and newborn cell culture but none were found. Bacterium-induced antibody synthesis thus seemed to be polyclonal. Experiments with purified T and B lymphocytes showed that bacteriumdriven antibody formation was T-cell dependent.

UVB-induced changes of cytotoxicity and mitogen response of fish (roach, Rutilus rutilus) leukocytes

Toxicology Letters, 1996

Exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces local and systemic changes of immunological fun... more Exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces local and systemic changes of immunological functions in mammals. Very little is known of the effects of UV radiation on the immune system of lower vertebrates. In this study adult cyprinid fish, roach, were exposed to a single dose of UVB. Fish were sampled 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after exposure and leukocytes from spleen and anterior kidney were separated by density gradient. Natural cytotoxic cell (NCC) activity by cells from the kidney were assayed and mitogen stimulated cultures of splenic lymphocytes were performed. Cells were cultured for 3 days and proliferative responses monitored by incorporation of radioactive thymidine. After exposure to UVB NCC activity decreased and remained lower compared to controls for 14 days followed. Concanavalin A-driven proliferative responses of exposed fish decreased during the first day but increased later and reached the level of controls. When stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) an increase on day 1 was noticed followed with a steep decreased on days 3 to 14. These results show altered immune functions after exposure to UVB suggesting potential of increased UVB to compromize integrity of fish immune system.

Immunoreactivity of roach (Rutilus rutilus) after exposure to bleached kraft mill effluents

Toxicology Letters, 1996

The highest dose induced a reduction of number of erythrocytes and leukoeytes in mm 3 of peripher... more The highest dose induced a reduction of number of erythrocytes and leukoeytes in mm 3 of peripheral blood. The weight of thymus, cellularity of bone marrow were significantly decreased. MCPA inhibited the immune reactivity in the regional popliteal lymph node 24 hrs. after local intrapad secondary immunization with SRBC at DTH reaction. The used substances influenced the number of granulocytes and phagocytic activity of blood leukocytes. Hemagglutination and plaque forming assays showed no significant changes in parameters followed. In vivo studies have demonstrated immunosuppressive effects of MCPA in mice.

Ultraviolet B radiation modulates oxygen dependent killing by phagocytes of roach (Rutilus rutilus)

Toxicology Letters, 1996

The work was aimed at an elucidation of a role of heavy metals in the allergy development. A comp... more The work was aimed at an elucidation of a role of heavy metals in the allergy development. A comparative study of levels of selected heavy metals in human placentas, placental quality and cord blood total immunoglobulin E concentrations in neonates was carried out. Full-term placental specimens from mothers and cord blood samples from their neonates, coming from an industrial (characterized mainly by chemical pollution) and a rural area, have been collected simultaneously. The placental samples were analyzed for selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) and essential elements (Zn, Cu) contents by AAS techniques. Furthermore, histological, immunohistochemical and histochemical methods were used for the semiquantitative evaluation of placental quality according to: number of microstructural tissue lesions, heavy metals presence, immunoglobulins content and enzyme activities (placental alkaline phosphatase, cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase). Comparisons between two selected regions by using appropriate statistical tests were carried out. The findings revealed, that there was not any relationship between the Pb, Cd and Hg placental contents and the placentas qualities. Nevertheless, the statistically significantly increase cord blood levels of total IgE in neonates, found in the industrial region investigated, was linked with placentas of worse qualities. The results suggested to focus on another type of xenobiotics (e.g. organochlorine compounds) in the placentas to elucidate their possible role in the intrauterine sensitization.

Long-term UVB Irradiation Affects the Immune Functions of Carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2009

The effects of long-term, low-dose ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on immune functions of two fish ... more The effects of long-term, low-dose ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on immune functions of two fish species representing different taxonomic groups, carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were assessed in this study. The fish were exposed to 7, 20 or 60 mJ cm)2 UVB three times per week, for 6 weeks. In carp, UVB exposure affected the respiratory burst activity of blood and head kidney phagocytes, differential blood leukocyte counts and blood chemistry. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated in vitro proliferation responses of blood and head kidney lymphocytes, however, remained unchanged. Rainbow trout tolerated the irradiations with fewer alterations, but significant changes were detected in blood chemistry and hematocrits of the irradiated fish. These results indicate that long-term exposure to low doses of UVB induces immunomodulation in fish, and that there are species-specific differences in sensitivity to irradiation.

Exposure to Increased Ambient Ultraviolet B Radiation has Negative Effects on Growth, Condition and Immune Function of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar )

Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2008

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr were exposed in two outdoor experiments, ranging in duration f... more Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr were exposed in two outdoor experiments, ranging in duration from 52 to 137 days, to spectral treatments: (1) natural sunlight (=present ambient UVB level), (2) solar radiation supplemented with enhanced UVB radiation from lamps simulating 20% or 8% stratospheric ozone loss or (3) UVB-depleted sunlight achieved by screening with Mylar-D film. The growth, condition and immune function of the salmon were quantified after treatments. Exposure to enhanced UVB radiation retarded growth, and decreased hematocrit value and plasma protein concentration. Further, enhanced UVB radiation affected plasma immunoglobulin concentration. The results demonstrate that juvenile Atlantic salmon are not able to fully adapt to increased ambient UVB levels in long-term exposures, and the interference with immune system function suggests a negative effect of UVB on disease resistance in Atlantic salmon.

Phase dependence in winter physiological condition of cyclic voles

Oikos, 2007

ABSTRACT Lack of food resources has been suggested as a factor which limits the growth of cyclic ... more ABSTRACT Lack of food resources has been suggested as a factor which limits the growth of cyclic vole populations. During peak phases of the cycle, vole population growth typically ceases during late autumn or early winter, and is followed by a decrease in density over the winter. To investigate whether this decrease is due to increased mortality induced by a depletion of food resources, we studied overwinter food consumption and physiological condition of field voles (Microtus agrestis) in western Finland in both an increase and a decrease phase of a three-year population cycle. The growth rate of vole populations was negatively related both to prevailing vole densities and to densities six months earlier. The condition index of voles, as well as their blood levels of haematocrit, proteins, free fatty acids and immunoglobulin G, were positively related to population growth rate when populations were declining. When populations were increasing, these parameters tended to be negatively related to population growth rate. The overall physiological condition of voles was lower in the winter of the decrease phase as compared to the increase phase. The return rate of voles, a proxy of survival, was also lower in the decrease than in the increase phase of the cycle and positively related to haematocrit levels. Almost 90% of all green vegetation shoots were consumed by voles during the winter of the decrease phase while only two thirds were eaten in the increase phase. Our results suggest that the winter decrease phase of cyclic vole populations is associated with both a deterioration in the physiological condition of voles and a significant depletion of winter food resources. This implies that malnutrition induces poor physiological condition in voles, which in turn may increase mortality either directly through starvation or indirectly through increased susceptibility to predators and pathogens.

Flavobacterium columnare colony types: Connection to adhesion and virulence?

Microbial Pathogenesis, 2009

Four different colony morphologies were produced by Flavobacterium columnare strains on Shieh aga... more Four different colony morphologies were produced by Flavobacterium columnare strains on Shieh agar plate cultures: rhizoid and flat (type 1), non-rhizoid and hard (type 2), round and soft (type 3), and irregularly shaped and soft (type 4). Colonies produced on AO agar differed from these to some extent. The colony types formed on Shieh agar were studied according to molecular characteristics [Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA), and whole cell protein SDS-PAGE profiles], virulence on rainbow trout fingerlings, and adhesion on polystyrene and fish gills. There were no molecular differences between colony types within one strain. Type 2 was the most adherent on polystyrene, but type 1 was the most virulent. Adhesion of F. columnare strains used in this study was not connected to virulence. From fish infected with colony type 1, three colony types (types 1, 2 and 4) were isolated. Contrary to previous studies, our results suggest that strong adhesion capacity may not be the main virulence factor of F. columnare. Colony morphology change might be caused by phase variation, and different colony types isolated from infected fish may indicate different roles of the colony morphologies in the infection process of columnaris disease.

UVB Radiation Variably Affects n-3 Fatty Acids but Elevated Temperature Reduces n-3 Fatty Acids in Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Lipids, 2012

Temperature and ultraviolet B radiation (UVB 290-320 nm) are inextricably linked to global climat... more Temperature and ultraviolet B radiation (UVB 290-320 nm) are inextricably linked to global climate change. These two variables may act separately, additively, or synergistically on specific aspects of fish biochemistry. We raised Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) parr for 54 days in outdoor tanks held at 12 and 19 °C and, at each temperature, we exposed them to three spectral treatments differing in UV radiation intensity. We quantified individual fatty acid (FA) mass fractions in four tissues (dorsal muscle, dorsal and ventral skin, and ocular tissue) at each temperature × UV combination. FA composition of dorsal muscle and dorsal and ventral skin was not affected by UV exposure. Mass fractions of 16:0, 18:0, and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were greater in dorsal muscle of warm-reared fish whereas 18:3n-3, 20:2, 20:4n-6, 22:5n-3, 22:6n-3, n-3, n-6, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and total FA were significantly higher in cold-reared fish. Mass fractions of most of the FA were greater in the dorsal and ventral skin of warm-reared fish. Cold-reared salmon exposed to enhanced UVB had higher ocular tissue mass fractions of 20:2, 20:4n-6, 22:6n-3, n-3, n-6, and PUFA compared to fish in which UV had been removed. These observations forecast a host of ensuing physiological and ecological responses of juvenile Atlantic Salmon to increasing temperatures and UVB levels in native streams and rivers where they mature before smolting and returning to the sea.

Comparative effects of UVA and UVB irradiation on the immune system of fish

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2000

Aquatic organisms can be harmed by the current levels of solar ultraviolet radiation. We have rec... more Aquatic organisms can be harmed by the current levels of solar ultraviolet radiation. We have recently shown that exposure of fish to UVB irradiation alters the functioning of the fish immune system, but the effects of UVA radiation are unknown. The present study continues this work by characterizing UVA irradiation-induced immunological changes in fish. Roach, a cyprinid fish, were exposed to a single dose of either UVA (3.6 J/cm2) or UVB (0.5 J/cm2) irradiation. Both irradiations suppressed transiently mitogen-stimulated proliferation of blood lymphocytes. UVA, but not UVB, decreased hematocrit, plasma protein, and plasma immunoglobulin levels and increased the proportions of blood cells classified as unidentified leukocytes, possibly consisting of UVA-damaged lymphocytes. UVB, but not UVA, altered the functioning of head kidney and blood phagocytes, induced granulocytosis and lymphocytopenia in the blood and increased plasma cortisol concentration. These results imply that both UVA and UVB are potent modulators of the immune defence of fish.

Lysosomal trafficking in rat cardiac myocytes

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, 1990

By immunolabeling of cryosections, we have characterized in rat cardiac myocytes the cation-indep... more By immunolabeling of cryosections, we have characterized in rat cardiac myocytes the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (MPR), a lysosomal membrane glycoprotein, lgp120, and a lysosomal enzyme, MEP (homologous to cathepsin L). Most of the MPR label was located in large membrane-filled structures (MPR structures) in large clusters of mitochondria adjacent to but distinct from the Golgi complex. Lpg120 and MEP showed typical lysosomal localization throughout the cell, often associated with regions that appeared to contain autophagosome-like structures. In addition, MEP and lgp120 co-localized within MPR structures. MEP and MPR were localized inside the lumen of MPR structures. MPR was associated mostly with inner membranes, whereas lgp120 was predominantly bound to the outer limiting membrane. MPR, lgp120, and MEP were not detected in Golgi stacks, but some labeling was seen in the putative TGN. Our data suggest that the MPR structures are prelysosomes involved in lysosom...

Effects of testosterone and β-glucan on immune functions in tench

Journal of Fish Biology, 2005

ABSTRACT

Measured immunocompetence relates to the proportion of dead parasites in a wild roach population

Functional Ecology, 2009

1. Although various methods are used to measure immunocompetence, their relationship with the act... more 1. Although various methods are used to measure immunocompetence, their relationship with the actual parasite clearance or parasite load is seldom demonstrated in natural systems. 2. We combined nine measures of immune function using principal component analysis (PCA), and examined the relationship of the collective measures with (i) the proportion of parasites killed by the host, (ii) the burden of several parasite species and (iii) a viral disease in a wild population of the roach, Rutilus rutilus. We also studied if these variables were associated with the concentration of steroids (testosterone and oestradiol). 3. Most significant correlations between the loads of ecto-and gill parasites and the measures of immunity were positive, suggesting either a parasite-induced immunoactivation or temporal covariation. When the temporal covariation was statistically removed, the functional aspects (respiratory burst, chemotaxis) of phagocytotic cells and the total concentration of immunoglobulin M correlated positively with the proportion of dead Rhipidocotyle campanula (Digenea) parasites. However, no relationships remained between the parasite loads and the measures of immunity or concentrations of the hormones. 4. The present results suggest that the measures of phagocytotic activity and IgM concentrations relate to an observable competence of roach to eliminate parasites. However, new experimental approaches are needed to reveal the causal mechanisms behind the sometimes ambiguous correlations.

Effect of pulp and paper

Sexual ornamentation, androgens and papillomatosis in male roach (Rutilus rutilus)

Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2003

Page 1. Sexual ornamentation, androgens and papillomatosis in male roach (Rutilus rutilus) Raine ... more

Long-term UVB Irradiation Affects the Immune Functions of Carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2009

The effects of long-term, low-dose ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on immune functions of two fish ... more The effects of long-term, low-dose ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on immune functions of two fish species representing different taxonomic groups, carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were assessed in this study. The fish were exposed to 7, 20 or 60 mJ cm)2 UVB three times per week, for 6 weeks. In carp, UVB exposure affected the respiratory burst activity of blood and head kidney phagocytes, differential blood leukocyte counts and blood chemistry. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated in vitro proliferation responses of blood and head kidney lymphocytes, however, remained unchanged. Rainbow trout tolerated the irradiations with fewer alterations, but significant changes were detected in blood chemistry and hematocrits of the irradiated fish. These results indicate that long-term exposure to low doses of UVB induces immunomodulation in fish, and that there are species-specific differences in sensitivity to irradiation.

Effects of primary- and secondary-treated bleached kraft mill effluents on the immune system and physiological parameters of roach

Aquat Toxicol, 2000

The present study was designed to examine, whether, effluents from a modern pulp and paper mill u... more The present study was designed to examine, whether, effluents from a modern pulp and paper mill using elemental chlorine-free/total chlorine-free (ECF/TCF) bleaching, exert effects on the immune system of fish and, in addition, to relate these findings to physiological parameters known to be affected by bleached kraft-mill effluents (BKME). Roach (Rutilus rutilus) were exposed in laboratory conditions to primary- or secondary-treated effluent from a pulp and paper mill. In order to study their capability to respond to foreign antigens they were immunised with bovine gamma-globulin (BGG) prior to exposure. The number of anti-BGG antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and the number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) in the spleen and blood as well as the level of anti-BGG specific antibodies and concentration of plasma immunoglobulin (IgM) were studied. Phagocytosis and migration of granulocytes of the head kidney were also determined. In addition to the immunological parameters, the activity of hepatic biotransformation enzymes, the carbohydrate metabolism and osmoregulation were examined. Exposure of roach for 21 days to BKME affected several immunological parameters. Both effluents, primary- and secondary-treated, impaired the immunoreactivity of the fish. Sex-related differences in the immune responses were evident in many parameters e.g. in the number of blood ISC and splenic ASC. Sex also had effects on cortisol levels and in the induction of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD). These results demonstrate that both primary- and secondary-treated effluent from a pulp and paper mill using ECF/TCF bleaching have effects on fish immune functions. Further, these findings suggest that steroids may contribute to immunomodulation in fish.

Sexual ornamentation, androgens and papillomatosis in roach (Rutilus rutilus)

Evolutionary ecology research

Page 1. Sexual ornamentation, androgens and papillomatosis in male roach (Rutilus rutilus) Raine ... more

Synthesis of Human Immunoclobulins In Vitro : Comparison of two Assays of Secreted Immunoglobulin

Journal of Immunoassay, 1985

One consequence of B-lymphocyte activation is immunoglobulin production, which can be quantitated... more One consequence of B-lymphocyte activation is immunoglobulin production, which can be quantitated by various techniques. We have compared assay of plaque forming cell (PFC) and determination of immunoglobulins by ELISA in culture supernatants of human lymphocytes stimulated with pokeweed mitogen and with Staphylococcus aureus. These assays correlated well (r &amp;gt; 0.77) in all major immunoglobulin classes studied.The close correlation suggests

Effect of elevated temperature on human immunoglobulin synthesis, lymphokine production and lymphocyte proliferation in vitro

Acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. Section C, Immunology, 1986

Fever in infections is mediated by endogenous pyrogen, a protein inseparable from interleukin 1 (... more Fever in infections is mediated by endogenous pyrogen, a protein inseparable from interleukin 1 (IL-1). It remains unclear what the role of fever in host defence is. We studied the effect of elevated temperature on mitogen-induced human lymphocyte stimulation in vitro. Lymphocyte proliferation, elaboration of leukocyte migration inhibiting factor (LIF) and immunoglobulin production were measured at normal and elevated temperatures. Pokeweed mitogen-(PWM) driven responses were quantitated with a plaque-forming cell assay and by measuring secreted immunoglobulins in culture medium. The responses at 38, 39 or 40 degrees C were, if anything, lower than those at 37 degrees C. The production of LIF after stimulation with PWM was not augmented at elevated temperatures. In contrast, the proliferative responses to PWM, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA) were increased at 38 degrees C. These results indicated that elevated temperature has diverse effects on mitogen-induced ly...

Bacteria Are Polyclonal T-Dependent Stimulants of Immunoglobulin Formation

Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Series C: Immunology, 1986

Various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were tested for their ability to induce antibody... more Various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were tested for their ability to induce antibody secretion in human blood cell cultures. Total and specific immunoglobulin levels in the culture supernatants were quantitated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). All the twelve strains used stimulated IgM and IgG secretion in adult mononuclear cell cultures. With the four strains tested, also umbilical cord blood cells produced IgM. Specific antibodies directed against two bacteria were sought in adult and newborn cell culture but none were found. Bacterium-induced antibody synthesis thus seemed to be polyclonal. Experiments with purified T and B lymphocytes showed that bacteriumdriven antibody formation was T-cell dependent.

UVB-induced changes of cytotoxicity and mitogen response of fish (roach, Rutilus rutilus) leukocytes

Toxicology Letters, 1996

Exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces local and systemic changes of immunological fun... more Exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces local and systemic changes of immunological functions in mammals. Very little is known of the effects of UV radiation on the immune system of lower vertebrates. In this study adult cyprinid fish, roach, were exposed to a single dose of UVB. Fish were sampled 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after exposure and leukocytes from spleen and anterior kidney were separated by density gradient. Natural cytotoxic cell (NCC) activity by cells from the kidney were assayed and mitogen stimulated cultures of splenic lymphocytes were performed. Cells were cultured for 3 days and proliferative responses monitored by incorporation of radioactive thymidine. After exposure to UVB NCC activity decreased and remained lower compared to controls for 14 days followed. Concanavalin A-driven proliferative responses of exposed fish decreased during the first day but increased later and reached the level of controls. When stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) an increase on day 1 was noticed followed with a steep decreased on days 3 to 14. These results show altered immune functions after exposure to UVB suggesting potential of increased UVB to compromize integrity of fish immune system.

Immunoreactivity of roach (Rutilus rutilus) after exposure to bleached kraft mill effluents

Toxicology Letters, 1996

The highest dose induced a reduction of number of erythrocytes and leukoeytes in mm 3 of peripher... more The highest dose induced a reduction of number of erythrocytes and leukoeytes in mm 3 of peripheral blood. The weight of thymus, cellularity of bone marrow were significantly decreased. MCPA inhibited the immune reactivity in the regional popliteal lymph node 24 hrs. after local intrapad secondary immunization with SRBC at DTH reaction. The used substances influenced the number of granulocytes and phagocytic activity of blood leukocytes. Hemagglutination and plaque forming assays showed no significant changes in parameters followed. In vivo studies have demonstrated immunosuppressive effects of MCPA in mice.

Ultraviolet B radiation modulates oxygen dependent killing by phagocytes of roach (Rutilus rutilus)

Toxicology Letters, 1996

The work was aimed at an elucidation of a role of heavy metals in the allergy development. A comp... more The work was aimed at an elucidation of a role of heavy metals in the allergy development. A comparative study of levels of selected heavy metals in human placentas, placental quality and cord blood total immunoglobulin E concentrations in neonates was carried out. Full-term placental specimens from mothers and cord blood samples from their neonates, coming from an industrial (characterized mainly by chemical pollution) and a rural area, have been collected simultaneously. The placental samples were analyzed for selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg) and essential elements (Zn, Cu) contents by AAS techniques. Furthermore, histological, immunohistochemical and histochemical methods were used for the semiquantitative evaluation of placental quality according to: number of microstructural tissue lesions, heavy metals presence, immunoglobulins content and enzyme activities (placental alkaline phosphatase, cytochrome oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase). Comparisons between two selected regions by using appropriate statistical tests were carried out. The findings revealed, that there was not any relationship between the Pb, Cd and Hg placental contents and the placentas qualities. Nevertheless, the statistically significantly increase cord blood levels of total IgE in neonates, found in the industrial region investigated, was linked with placentas of worse qualities. The results suggested to focus on another type of xenobiotics (e.g. organochlorine compounds) in the placentas to elucidate their possible role in the intrauterine sensitization.

Long-term UVB Irradiation Affects the Immune Functions of Carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )

Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2009

The effects of long-term, low-dose ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on immune functions of two fish ... more The effects of long-term, low-dose ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation on immune functions of two fish species representing different taxonomic groups, carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were assessed in this study. The fish were exposed to 7, 20 or 60 mJ cm)2 UVB three times per week, for 6 weeks. In carp, UVB exposure affected the respiratory burst activity of blood and head kidney phagocytes, differential blood leukocyte counts and blood chemistry. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated in vitro proliferation responses of blood and head kidney lymphocytes, however, remained unchanged. Rainbow trout tolerated the irradiations with fewer alterations, but significant changes were detected in blood chemistry and hematocrits of the irradiated fish. These results indicate that long-term exposure to low doses of UVB induces immunomodulation in fish, and that there are species-specific differences in sensitivity to irradiation.

Exposure to Increased Ambient Ultraviolet B Radiation has Negative Effects on Growth, Condition and Immune Function of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar )

Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2008

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr were exposed in two outdoor experiments, ranging in duration f... more Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr were exposed in two outdoor experiments, ranging in duration from 52 to 137 days, to spectral treatments: (1) natural sunlight (=present ambient UVB level), (2) solar radiation supplemented with enhanced UVB radiation from lamps simulating 20% or 8% stratospheric ozone loss or (3) UVB-depleted sunlight achieved by screening with Mylar-D film. The growth, condition and immune function of the salmon were quantified after treatments. Exposure to enhanced UVB radiation retarded growth, and decreased hematocrit value and plasma protein concentration. Further, enhanced UVB radiation affected plasma immunoglobulin concentration. The results demonstrate that juvenile Atlantic salmon are not able to fully adapt to increased ambient UVB levels in long-term exposures, and the interference with immune system function suggests a negative effect of UVB on disease resistance in Atlantic salmon.

Phase dependence in winter physiological condition of cyclic voles

Oikos, 2007

ABSTRACT Lack of food resources has been suggested as a factor which limits the growth of cyclic ... more ABSTRACT Lack of food resources has been suggested as a factor which limits the growth of cyclic vole populations. During peak phases of the cycle, vole population growth typically ceases during late autumn or early winter, and is followed by a decrease in density over the winter. To investigate whether this decrease is due to increased mortality induced by a depletion of food resources, we studied overwinter food consumption and physiological condition of field voles (Microtus agrestis) in western Finland in both an increase and a decrease phase of a three-year population cycle. The growth rate of vole populations was negatively related both to prevailing vole densities and to densities six months earlier. The condition index of voles, as well as their blood levels of haematocrit, proteins, free fatty acids and immunoglobulin G, were positively related to population growth rate when populations were declining. When populations were increasing, these parameters tended to be negatively related to population growth rate. The overall physiological condition of voles was lower in the winter of the decrease phase as compared to the increase phase. The return rate of voles, a proxy of survival, was also lower in the decrease than in the increase phase of the cycle and positively related to haematocrit levels. Almost 90% of all green vegetation shoots were consumed by voles during the winter of the decrease phase while only two thirds were eaten in the increase phase. Our results suggest that the winter decrease phase of cyclic vole populations is associated with both a deterioration in the physiological condition of voles and a significant depletion of winter food resources. This implies that malnutrition induces poor physiological condition in voles, which in turn may increase mortality either directly through starvation or indirectly through increased susceptibility to predators and pathogens.

Flavobacterium columnare colony types: Connection to adhesion and virulence?

Microbial Pathogenesis, 2009

Four different colony morphologies were produced by Flavobacterium columnare strains on Shieh aga... more Four different colony morphologies were produced by Flavobacterium columnare strains on Shieh agar plate cultures: rhizoid and flat (type 1), non-rhizoid and hard (type 2), round and soft (type 3), and irregularly shaped and soft (type 4). Colonies produced on AO agar differed from these to some extent. The colony types formed on Shieh agar were studied according to molecular characteristics [Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA), and whole cell protein SDS-PAGE profiles], virulence on rainbow trout fingerlings, and adhesion on polystyrene and fish gills. There were no molecular differences between colony types within one strain. Type 2 was the most adherent on polystyrene, but type 1 was the most virulent. Adhesion of F. columnare strains used in this study was not connected to virulence. From fish infected with colony type 1, three colony types (types 1, 2 and 4) were isolated. Contrary to previous studies, our results suggest that strong adhesion capacity may not be the main virulence factor of F. columnare. Colony morphology change might be caused by phase variation, and different colony types isolated from infected fish may indicate different roles of the colony morphologies in the infection process of columnaris disease.

UVB Radiation Variably Affects n-3 Fatty Acids but Elevated Temperature Reduces n-3 Fatty Acids in Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Lipids, 2012

Temperature and ultraviolet B radiation (UVB 290-320 nm) are inextricably linked to global climat... more Temperature and ultraviolet B radiation (UVB 290-320 nm) are inextricably linked to global climate change. These two variables may act separately, additively, or synergistically on specific aspects of fish biochemistry. We raised Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) parr for 54 days in outdoor tanks held at 12 and 19 °C and, at each temperature, we exposed them to three spectral treatments differing in UV radiation intensity. We quantified individual fatty acid (FA) mass fractions in four tissues (dorsal muscle, dorsal and ventral skin, and ocular tissue) at each temperature × UV combination. FA composition of dorsal muscle and dorsal and ventral skin was not affected by UV exposure. Mass fractions of 16:0, 18:0, and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were greater in dorsal muscle of warm-reared fish whereas 18:3n-3, 20:2, 20:4n-6, 22:5n-3, 22:6n-3, n-3, n-6, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and total FA were significantly higher in cold-reared fish. Mass fractions of most of the FA were greater in the dorsal and ventral skin of warm-reared fish. Cold-reared salmon exposed to enhanced UVB had higher ocular tissue mass fractions of 20:2, 20:4n-6, 22:6n-3, n-3, n-6, and PUFA compared to fish in which UV had been removed. These observations forecast a host of ensuing physiological and ecological responses of juvenile Atlantic Salmon to increasing temperatures and UVB levels in native streams and rivers where they mature before smolting and returning to the sea.

Comparative effects of UVA and UVB irradiation on the immune system of fish

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2000

Aquatic organisms can be harmed by the current levels of solar ultraviolet radiation. We have rec... more Aquatic organisms can be harmed by the current levels of solar ultraviolet radiation. We have recently shown that exposure of fish to UVB irradiation alters the functioning of the fish immune system, but the effects of UVA radiation are unknown. The present study continues this work by characterizing UVA irradiation-induced immunological changes in fish. Roach, a cyprinid fish, were exposed to a single dose of either UVA (3.6 J/cm2) or UVB (0.5 J/cm2) irradiation. Both irradiations suppressed transiently mitogen-stimulated proliferation of blood lymphocytes. UVA, but not UVB, decreased hematocrit, plasma protein, and plasma immunoglobulin levels and increased the proportions of blood cells classified as unidentified leukocytes, possibly consisting of UVA-damaged lymphocytes. UVB, but not UVA, altered the functioning of head kidney and blood phagocytes, induced granulocytosis and lymphocytopenia in the blood and increased plasma cortisol concentration. These results imply that both UVA and UVB are potent modulators of the immune defence of fish.

Lysosomal trafficking in rat cardiac myocytes

Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, 1990

By immunolabeling of cryosections, we have characterized in rat cardiac myocytes the cation-indep... more By immunolabeling of cryosections, we have characterized in rat cardiac myocytes the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (MPR), a lysosomal membrane glycoprotein, lgp120, and a lysosomal enzyme, MEP (homologous to cathepsin L). Most of the MPR label was located in large membrane-filled structures (MPR structures) in large clusters of mitochondria adjacent to but distinct from the Golgi complex. Lpg120 and MEP showed typical lysosomal localization throughout the cell, often associated with regions that appeared to contain autophagosome-like structures. In addition, MEP and lgp120 co-localized within MPR structures. MEP and MPR were localized inside the lumen of MPR structures. MPR was associated mostly with inner membranes, whereas lgp120 was predominantly bound to the outer limiting membrane. MPR, lgp120, and MEP were not detected in Golgi stacks, but some labeling was seen in the putative TGN. Our data suggest that the MPR structures are prelysosomes involved in lysosom...

Effects of testosterone and β-glucan on immune functions in tench

Journal of Fish Biology, 2005

ABSTRACT

Measured immunocompetence relates to the proportion of dead parasites in a wild roach population

Functional Ecology, 2009

1. Although various methods are used to measure immunocompetence, their relationship with the act... more 1. Although various methods are used to measure immunocompetence, their relationship with the actual parasite clearance or parasite load is seldom demonstrated in natural systems. 2. We combined nine measures of immune function using principal component analysis (PCA), and examined the relationship of the collective measures with (i) the proportion of parasites killed by the host, (ii) the burden of several parasite species and (iii) a viral disease in a wild population of the roach, Rutilus rutilus. We also studied if these variables were associated with the concentration of steroids (testosterone and oestradiol). 3. Most significant correlations between the loads of ecto-and gill parasites and the measures of immunity were positive, suggesting either a parasite-induced immunoactivation or temporal covariation. When the temporal covariation was statistically removed, the functional aspects (respiratory burst, chemotaxis) of phagocytotic cells and the total concentration of immunoglobulin M correlated positively with the proportion of dead Rhipidocotyle campanula (Digenea) parasites. However, no relationships remained between the parasite loads and the measures of immunity or concentrations of the hormones. 4. The present results suggest that the measures of phagocytotic activity and IgM concentrations relate to an observable competence of roach to eliminate parasites. However, new experimental approaches are needed to reveal the causal mechanisms behind the sometimes ambiguous correlations.