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Ian Goodyer

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Scientist and researcher with a broad range of interests. Started career with a career with a PhD in molecular cell biology researching the nutrient and macromolecular transport pathways in malaria and then in human cells before moving on to be a director of a photonics company and more latterly undertaking research into intellectual property related topics.

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Papers by Ian Goodyer

An additional mechanism of ribosome-inactivating protein cytotoxicity: degradation of extrachromosomal DNA

Biochemical Journal, Oct 15, 1997

Inhibition of protein synthesis by cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond of a specific adenine of 28 ... more Inhibition of protein synthesis by cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond of a specific adenine of 28 S rRNA has been accepted as the mechanism by which plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) cause cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic action of gelonin on Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites appears to occur by a different mechanism. Parasite intoxication, which is manifested by mito

Plasmodium falciparum:A Simple, Rapid Method for Detecting Parasite Clones in Microtiter Plates

Experimental Parasitology, Jun 1, 1997

Characterization of macromolecular transport pathways in malaria-infected erythrocytes

Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Jul 1, 1997

We have previously provided evidence for a pathway in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes... more We have previously provided evidence for a pathway in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes, coined the parasitophorous duct pathway, which provides serum (macro)molecules direct access to intraerythrocytic parasites . The present study addresses the purity of the fluorescent macromolecules used to define the duct pathway and provides ultrastructural evidence for its presence. The fluorescent tracers used to characterize transport remain intact during their incubation with infected erythrocytes. Transport of macromolecules in the external medium or host cell cytosol to the intracellular parasites is shown to occur by two distinct pathways. Fluorescent dextrans in the erythrocyte cytosol are ingested by the parasite via a specialized organelle, the cytostome, and are transported to the parasite food vacuole. Transport through this pathway occurs throughout the asexual life cycle. By contrast, fluorescent dextrans in the external medium bypass the erythrocyte cytosol, and are internalized by the parasite by a process resembling fluid-phase endocytosis. Serial sections of mature parasites fixed and stained by various methods for transmission electron microscopy reveal areas of apparent membrane continuity between the erythrocyte membrane and the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane that surrounds the parasite, that could leave the parasites exposed to the external medium. Using carboxylate and amidine-modified fluorescent latex spheres and laser scanning confocal microscopy, macromolecules up to 50-70 nm in diameter are found to have direct access to intraerythrocytic parasites. This size exclusion is consistent with the dimensions of the parasitophorous duct pathway revealed by electron microscopy. This investigation reports for the first time the existence of two, distinct macromolecular transport pathways in malaria-infected erythrocytes.

Determining cell cycle phase data

Spectrophotometer Comprising Two Detectors for Overlapping Wavelength Ranges

Analysing biological entities

Penalty Fair? A study of criminal sanctions for copyright infringement available under the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988

This study was commissioned by the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) to provide an evidence-b... more This study was commissioned by the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) to provide an evidence-based view on whether the criminal sanctions for copyright infringement available under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA 1988) are proportionate and utilised. The study focus is on the difference in the sanctions available for copyright infringement that apply to online criminal activity – often referred to as ‘piracy’ - compared with those relating to physical goods. The research gathers quantitative data from 2006-13, qualitative views and evidence from stakeholders.

Switching on the Lights:Exploiting Aequorea victoria GFP for automated live-cell screening

Aequorea victoria (Av), a jellyfish indigenous to the coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest. Ae... more Aequorea victoria (Av), a jellyfish indigenous to the coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest. Aequorea victoria GFP (AvGFP) was the first GFP family mem-ber to be cloned and sequenced (1). As a consequence, more than 6000 peer-reviewed publications describe its use in diverse applications. All GFPs have an intrinsic fluorophore formed from three amino acid side chains of the protein. The revolutionary advantage of this fluorophore is that it requires no exogenous substrates or co-factors for its fluorescence, allowing live-cell assays to be conducted without the need for added co-factors, substrates, or chemical dyes (2). Initially, the application of GFP to mammalian cellular assays was limited because the fluorescent signal was weak or absent, especially when cells expressing native GFP were incubated in environments above room temperature. The perfor-mance of AvGFP in mammalian cells, which typically require a temperature of 37 o C for growth, has been greatly enhanced by changi...

Efflux of 6-deoxy-d-glucose from Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes via two saturable carriers

Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 1997

Glucose transport in human erythrocytes infected with the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum... more Glucose transport in human erythrocytes infected with the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has been studied using 6-deoxy-D-glucose (6DOG) as a non-metabolised glucose analogue. Inhibition studies using cytochalasin B, a powerful inhibitor of the erythrocyte glucose transporter, GLUT1, indicate that in the infected red blood cell (IRBC), glucose is transported via a saturable carrier. However, inhibition is not as complete as in the uninfected erythrocyte. The synergistic inhibition effect of 6DOG entry by niflumic acid, an inhibitor of the non-specific malaria-induced pore, in the presence of cytochalasin B suggests that some glucose may also enter the infected erythrocytes through the pore, if entry via the carrier is blocked. The time course of 6DOG efflux from infected erythrocytes in the presence of cytochalasin B did not follow simple first-order kinetics. To elucidate the kinetic mechanism of 6DOG efflux from the infected erythrocytes, the concentration dependence of efflux was determined. Eight two-compartment kinetic models were simulated, involving first-order pore diffusion and carrier-mediated saturable diffusion in two systems, one ductless and one assuming the existence of a parasitophorous duct. The only two models showing reasonable fits to the efflux data each involve two saturable carriers. It is likely that one of the saturable carriers is associated with the parasite itself. Evidence that the parasite carrier has different inhibitor sensitivities from that of GLUT1 is presented.

Method for assessing biofilms

Method Of, and Computer Software For, Classification of Cells Into Subpopulations

Method for determining cell cycle position

Analysing Biological Entities

Classification of cells into subpopulations using cell classifying data

Characterization of macromolecular transport pathways in malaria-infected erythrocytes

by Bruno Pouvelle, Theodore Taraschi, and Ian Goodyer

Molecular and biochemical parasitology, 1997

We have previously provided evidence for a pathway in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes... more We have previously provided evidence for a pathway in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes, coined the parasitophorous duct pathway, which provides serum (macro)molecules direct access to intraerythrocytic parasites . The present study addresses the purity of the fluorescent macromolecules used to define the duct pathway and provides ultrastructural evidence for its presence. The fluorescent tracers used to characterize transport remain intact during their incubation with infected erythrocytes. Transport of macromolecules in the external medium or host cell cytosol to the intracellular parasites is shown to occur by two distinct pathways. Fluorescent dextrans in the erythrocyte cytosol are ingested by the parasite via a specialized organelle, the cytostome, and are transported to the parasite food vacuole. Transport through this pathway occurs throughout the asexual life cycle. By contrast, fluorescent dextrans in the external medium bypass the erythrocyte cytosol, and are in...

Penalty Fair? A study of criminal sanctions for copyright infringement available under the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988.

This study was commissioned by the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) to provide an evidence-b... more This study was commissioned by the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) to provide an evidence-based view on whether the criminal sanctions for copyright infringement available under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA 1988) are proportionate and utilised.

The study focus is on the difference in the sanctions available for copyright infringement that apply to online criminal activity – often referred to as ‘piracy’ - compared with those relating to physical goods.

The research gathers quantitative data from 2006-13, qualitative views and evidence from stakeholders.

Design and simulation of a semiconductor chip-based visible - NIR spectrometer for Earth observation

Proc. SPIE, Mar 8, 2014

We present the development of a novel semiconductor chip-based spectrometer for calibration of ... more We present the development of a novel semiconductor chip-based spectrometer for calibration of Earth observation instruments. The chip follows the Solo spectroscopy approach utilising an array of microdisk resonators evanescently coupled to a central waveguide. Each resonator is tuned to select out a specific wavelength from the incoming spectrum, and forms a p-i-n junction in which current is generated when light of the correct wavelength is present. In this paper we discuss important design aspects including the choice of semiconductor material, design of semiconductor quantum well structures for optical absorption, and design and optimisation of the waveguide and resonators.

The development of a novel monolithic spectrometer chip concept

Proceedings of SPIE, Jan 1, 2012

A monolithic, chip-based spectrometer based on the novel concept of a series of electrically addr... more A monolithic, chip-based spectrometer based on the novel concept of a series of electrically addressable high-Q resonators coupled to a ridge waveguide is presented. A discrete monolithic InP-based spectrometer chip has been designed to detect wavelengths spanning a 10nm range in the near-infrared region functioning as a sensor. This spectrometer approach has a number of advantages over traditional spectrometers. As well as being solid state and having no moving parts, the co-location of wavelength dispersion and detection offers advantageous spectral performance in a compact chip form. Optimization of resonator size and composition to detect wavelengths across the spectral range of interest will be discussed together with preliminary experimental results.

Stealth sensors: real-time monitoring of the cell cycle

Targets, Jan 1, 2003

The cell cycle is of key importance to many areas of drug discovery. This fundamental process pro... more The cell cycle is of key importance to many areas of drug discovery. This fundamental process provides on one hand the opportunity to discover new targets for anticancer agents and improved chemo-therapeutics, and on the other hand requires the testing of drugs and targets in other therapeutic areas for undesirable effects on the cell cycle. Historically a wide range of techniques have been developed to study the cell cycle both as a global biochemical process and at the molecular level. This article reviews a range of methods for analysis of the cell cycle and introduces a novel class of dynamic stealth sensors based on expression, localisation and degradation of GFP under the control of key cell cycle regulation components. These sensors allow the precise cell cycle status of live cells to be determined by fluorescence imaging without perturbing cell cycle progression.

Switching on the Lights: Exploiting Aequorea victoria GFP for automated live-cell screening

Until recently, the study of cellular signaling mechanisms has been limited to in vitro methods o... more Until recently, the study of cellular signaling mechanisms has been limited to in vitro methods or immuno-fluorescence techniques performed on fixed, dead cells. The advent of GFP technology in the 1990s revolutionized cell biology by enabling scientists to explore molecular signaling events in living cells in real-time without the need for chemical staining. Exploiting GFP to its fullest potential in an automated screening environment requires access to advanced imaging instrumentation and techniques for quantification of protein movement. Previously intractable targets can now be measured by quantifying the real-time redistribution of GFP-tagged proteins after treatment of cells with test compounds. In this way, GFP can be used to construct a detailed picture of the distribution, trafficking and function of proteins within living cells, and to evaluate how drug candidates affect these processes in a cellular environment.

An additional mechanism of ribosome-inactivating protein cytotoxicity: degradation of extrachromosomal DNA

Biochemical Journal, Oct 15, 1997

Inhibition of protein synthesis by cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond of a specific adenine of 28 ... more Inhibition of protein synthesis by cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond of a specific adenine of 28 S rRNA has been accepted as the mechanism by which plant ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) cause cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic action of gelonin on Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites appears to occur by a different mechanism. Parasite intoxication, which is manifested by mito

Plasmodium falciparum:A Simple, Rapid Method for Detecting Parasite Clones in Microtiter Plates

Experimental Parasitology, Jun 1, 1997

Characterization of macromolecular transport pathways in malaria-infected erythrocytes

Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, Jul 1, 1997

We have previously provided evidence for a pathway in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes... more We have previously provided evidence for a pathway in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes, coined the parasitophorous duct pathway, which provides serum (macro)molecules direct access to intraerythrocytic parasites . The present study addresses the purity of the fluorescent macromolecules used to define the duct pathway and provides ultrastructural evidence for its presence. The fluorescent tracers used to characterize transport remain intact during their incubation with infected erythrocytes. Transport of macromolecules in the external medium or host cell cytosol to the intracellular parasites is shown to occur by two distinct pathways. Fluorescent dextrans in the erythrocyte cytosol are ingested by the parasite via a specialized organelle, the cytostome, and are transported to the parasite food vacuole. Transport through this pathway occurs throughout the asexual life cycle. By contrast, fluorescent dextrans in the external medium bypass the erythrocyte cytosol, and are internalized by the parasite by a process resembling fluid-phase endocytosis. Serial sections of mature parasites fixed and stained by various methods for transmission electron microscopy reveal areas of apparent membrane continuity between the erythrocyte membrane and the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane that surrounds the parasite, that could leave the parasites exposed to the external medium. Using carboxylate and amidine-modified fluorescent latex spheres and laser scanning confocal microscopy, macromolecules up to 50-70 nm in diameter are found to have direct access to intraerythrocytic parasites. This size exclusion is consistent with the dimensions of the parasitophorous duct pathway revealed by electron microscopy. This investigation reports for the first time the existence of two, distinct macromolecular transport pathways in malaria-infected erythrocytes.

Determining cell cycle phase data

Spectrophotometer Comprising Two Detectors for Overlapping Wavelength Ranges

Analysing biological entities

Penalty Fair? A study of criminal sanctions for copyright infringement available under the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988

This study was commissioned by the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) to provide an evidence-b... more This study was commissioned by the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) to provide an evidence-based view on whether the criminal sanctions for copyright infringement available under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA 1988) are proportionate and utilised. The study focus is on the difference in the sanctions available for copyright infringement that apply to online criminal activity – often referred to as ‘piracy’ - compared with those relating to physical goods. The research gathers quantitative data from 2006-13, qualitative views and evidence from stakeholders.

Switching on the Lights:Exploiting Aequorea victoria GFP for automated live-cell screening

Aequorea victoria (Av), a jellyfish indigenous to the coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest. Ae... more Aequorea victoria (Av), a jellyfish indigenous to the coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest. Aequorea victoria GFP (AvGFP) was the first GFP family mem-ber to be cloned and sequenced (1). As a consequence, more than 6000 peer-reviewed publications describe its use in diverse applications. All GFPs have an intrinsic fluorophore formed from three amino acid side chains of the protein. The revolutionary advantage of this fluorophore is that it requires no exogenous substrates or co-factors for its fluorescence, allowing live-cell assays to be conducted without the need for added co-factors, substrates, or chemical dyes (2). Initially, the application of GFP to mammalian cellular assays was limited because the fluorescent signal was weak or absent, especially when cells expressing native GFP were incubated in environments above room temperature. The perfor-mance of AvGFP in mammalian cells, which typically require a temperature of 37 o C for growth, has been greatly enhanced by changi...

Efflux of 6-deoxy-d-glucose from Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes via two saturable carriers

Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 1997

Glucose transport in human erythrocytes infected with the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum... more Glucose transport in human erythrocytes infected with the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has been studied using 6-deoxy-D-glucose (6DOG) as a non-metabolised glucose analogue. Inhibition studies using cytochalasin B, a powerful inhibitor of the erythrocyte glucose transporter, GLUT1, indicate that in the infected red blood cell (IRBC), glucose is transported via a saturable carrier. However, inhibition is not as complete as in the uninfected erythrocyte. The synergistic inhibition effect of 6DOG entry by niflumic acid, an inhibitor of the non-specific malaria-induced pore, in the presence of cytochalasin B suggests that some glucose may also enter the infected erythrocytes through the pore, if entry via the carrier is blocked. The time course of 6DOG efflux from infected erythrocytes in the presence of cytochalasin B did not follow simple first-order kinetics. To elucidate the kinetic mechanism of 6DOG efflux from the infected erythrocytes, the concentration dependence of efflux was determined. Eight two-compartment kinetic models were simulated, involving first-order pore diffusion and carrier-mediated saturable diffusion in two systems, one ductless and one assuming the existence of a parasitophorous duct. The only two models showing reasonable fits to the efflux data each involve two saturable carriers. It is likely that one of the saturable carriers is associated with the parasite itself. Evidence that the parasite carrier has different inhibitor sensitivities from that of GLUT1 is presented.

Method for assessing biofilms

Method Of, and Computer Software For, Classification of Cells Into Subpopulations

Method for determining cell cycle position

Analysing Biological Entities

Classification of cells into subpopulations using cell classifying data

Characterization of macromolecular transport pathways in malaria-infected erythrocytes

by Bruno Pouvelle, Theodore Taraschi, and Ian Goodyer

Molecular and biochemical parasitology, 1997

We have previously provided evidence for a pathway in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes... more We have previously provided evidence for a pathway in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes, coined the parasitophorous duct pathway, which provides serum (macro)molecules direct access to intraerythrocytic parasites . The present study addresses the purity of the fluorescent macromolecules used to define the duct pathway and provides ultrastructural evidence for its presence. The fluorescent tracers used to characterize transport remain intact during their incubation with infected erythrocytes. Transport of macromolecules in the external medium or host cell cytosol to the intracellular parasites is shown to occur by two distinct pathways. Fluorescent dextrans in the erythrocyte cytosol are ingested by the parasite via a specialized organelle, the cytostome, and are transported to the parasite food vacuole. Transport through this pathway occurs throughout the asexual life cycle. By contrast, fluorescent dextrans in the external medium bypass the erythrocyte cytosol, and are in...

Penalty Fair? A study of criminal sanctions for copyright infringement available under the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988.

This study was commissioned by the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) to provide an evidence-b... more This study was commissioned by the UK Intellectual Property Office (IPO) to provide an evidence-based view on whether the criminal sanctions for copyright infringement available under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA 1988) are proportionate and utilised.

The study focus is on the difference in the sanctions available for copyright infringement that apply to online criminal activity – often referred to as ‘piracy’ - compared with those relating to physical goods.

The research gathers quantitative data from 2006-13, qualitative views and evidence from stakeholders.

Design and simulation of a semiconductor chip-based visible - NIR spectrometer for Earth observation

Proc. SPIE, Mar 8, 2014

We present the development of a novel semiconductor chip-based spectrometer for calibration of ... more We present the development of a novel semiconductor chip-based spectrometer for calibration of Earth observation instruments. The chip follows the Solo spectroscopy approach utilising an array of microdisk resonators evanescently coupled to a central waveguide. Each resonator is tuned to select out a specific wavelength from the incoming spectrum, and forms a p-i-n junction in which current is generated when light of the correct wavelength is present. In this paper we discuss important design aspects including the choice of semiconductor material, design of semiconductor quantum well structures for optical absorption, and design and optimisation of the waveguide and resonators.

The development of a novel monolithic spectrometer chip concept

Proceedings of SPIE, Jan 1, 2012

A monolithic, chip-based spectrometer based on the novel concept of a series of electrically addr... more A monolithic, chip-based spectrometer based on the novel concept of a series of electrically addressable high-Q resonators coupled to a ridge waveguide is presented. A discrete monolithic InP-based spectrometer chip has been designed to detect wavelengths spanning a 10nm range in the near-infrared region functioning as a sensor. This spectrometer approach has a number of advantages over traditional spectrometers. As well as being solid state and having no moving parts, the co-location of wavelength dispersion and detection offers advantageous spectral performance in a compact chip form. Optimization of resonator size and composition to detect wavelengths across the spectral range of interest will be discussed together with preliminary experimental results.

Stealth sensors: real-time monitoring of the cell cycle

Targets, Jan 1, 2003

The cell cycle is of key importance to many areas of drug discovery. This fundamental process pro... more The cell cycle is of key importance to many areas of drug discovery. This fundamental process provides on one hand the opportunity to discover new targets for anticancer agents and improved chemo-therapeutics, and on the other hand requires the testing of drugs and targets in other therapeutic areas for undesirable effects on the cell cycle. Historically a wide range of techniques have been developed to study the cell cycle both as a global biochemical process and at the molecular level. This article reviews a range of methods for analysis of the cell cycle and introduces a novel class of dynamic stealth sensors based on expression, localisation and degradation of GFP under the control of key cell cycle regulation components. These sensors allow the precise cell cycle status of live cells to be determined by fluorescence imaging without perturbing cell cycle progression.

Switching on the Lights: Exploiting Aequorea victoria GFP for automated live-cell screening

Until recently, the study of cellular signaling mechanisms has been limited to in vitro methods o... more Until recently, the study of cellular signaling mechanisms has been limited to in vitro methods or immuno-fluorescence techniques performed on fixed, dead cells. The advent of GFP technology in the 1990s revolutionized cell biology by enabling scientists to explore molecular signaling events in living cells in real-time without the need for chemical staining. Exploiting GFP to its fullest potential in an automated screening environment requires access to advanced imaging instrumentation and techniques for quantification of protein movement. Previously intractable targets can now be measured by quantifying the real-time redistribution of GFP-tagged proteins after treatment of cells with test compounds. In this way, GFP can be used to construct a detailed picture of the distribution, trafficking and function of proteins within living cells, and to evaluate how drug candidates affect these processes in a cellular environment.