Huge Commercialization and population expansion is causing energy crisis. Pakistan's energy d... more Huge Commercialization and population expansion is causing energy crisis. Pakistan's energy demand being on the rise, water is the safest and cleanest method of generating electricity. Many sites are available in Punjab having varying flow rate and limited heads can be used for power generations. The turbine is developed for a site having flow rates of 0.005-0.01 m3/sec and available head of 1.5m. A Pico hydro turbine with gravitational vortex has been selected based on the availability of specific speed of 71 according to the site data. The optimized runner, basin and hybrid blades were designed and the results were validated using numerical simulation. At 153⁰ notch angle there is a considerable increase in water velocity and provide better results. On the other hand, it is shown that the runner made of steel is not suitable for flooding and concrete structure with recommended reinforcements must be used. The proposed design for the flooding condition of 0.2 m3/s flow rate the...
Background: Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by hepatitis c virus (HCV is RNA virus). The vi... more Background: Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by hepatitis c virus (HCV is RNA virus). The virus can cause both acute and chronic infection, ranging in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness 1. The hepatitis c virus is blood born virus and is most common modes of infections are through unsafe injection practices; inadequate sterilization of medical equipments; and transfusion of unscreened blood and blood products. 2 Objective: To evaluate Doppler Sonographic changes of portal vein in chronic hepatitis C versus normal healthy population.Methodology: Different types of Doppler ultrasound machines Toshiba, Aloka and Esote equipped with 3.5-5 MHZ curve linear multi-frequency transducer was used to scan the liver and portal venous system.Results: In this study, 40 patients were scanned, 20 of them were HCV positive and 20 were normal subjects. out of 20 HCV positive patients, 13 were male and 7 were female, while in normal subjects 11 were male and 9 were female The mean portal vein flow velocity in HCV positive patient was 11.1015 ± 2.6470 which is reduced as compared to normal subjects 20.4400 ±4.37558. The portal vein flow direction in normal subjects was hepatopetal flow while in HCV positive patients flow was hepatofugal flow in 12 patients and hepatopetal in 8 patients.Conclusion: We conclude from our results that HCV positive patient population shows various changes in liver size, echo texture, blood flow characteristics and some other associated features like ascites and collateral formation as a result of portal hypertension.
A number of studies have identified differential kavalactone activity against a variety of molecu... more A number of studies have identified differential kavalactone activity against a variety of molecular targets, including P-glycoprotein (Pgp), platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO-B), transcription factor binding domains, pregnane X (PXR) and GABA receptors, and cytochrome P450 and cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes. The molecular structure of the kavalactones possesses a pharmacophore for several of these targets. In most cases, conformational stability is more significant than the substituents present. The analysis of these pharmacophores provides important insights for future medicinal chemistry-based approaches to kavalactone-type drugs.
Huge Commercialization and population expansion is causing energy crisis. Pakistan's energy d... more Huge Commercialization and population expansion is causing energy crisis. Pakistan's energy demand being on the rise, water is the safest and cleanest method of generating electricity. Many sites are available in Punjab having varying flow rate and limited heads can be used for power generations. The turbine is developed for a site having flow rates of 0.005-0.01 m3/sec and available head of 1.5m. A Pico hydro turbine with gravitational vortex has been selected based on the availability of specific speed of 71 according to the site data. The optimized runner, basin and hybrid blades were designed and the results were validated using numerical simulation. At 153⁰ notch angle there is a considerable increase in water velocity and provide better results. On the other hand, it is shown that the runner made of steel is not suitable for flooding and concrete structure with recommended reinforcements must be used. The proposed design for the flooding condition of 0.2 m3/s flow rate the...
Background: Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by hepatitis c virus (HCV is RNA virus). The vi... more Background: Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by hepatitis c virus (HCV is RNA virus). The virus can cause both acute and chronic infection, ranging in severity from a mild illness lasting a few weeks to a serious, lifelong illness 1. The hepatitis c virus is blood born virus and is most common modes of infections are through unsafe injection practices; inadequate sterilization of medical equipments; and transfusion of unscreened blood and blood products. 2 Objective: To evaluate Doppler Sonographic changes of portal vein in chronic hepatitis C versus normal healthy population.Methodology: Different types of Doppler ultrasound machines Toshiba, Aloka and Esote equipped with 3.5-5 MHZ curve linear multi-frequency transducer was used to scan the liver and portal venous system.Results: In this study, 40 patients were scanned, 20 of them were HCV positive and 20 were normal subjects. out of 20 HCV positive patients, 13 were male and 7 were female, while in normal subjects 11 were male and 9 were female The mean portal vein flow velocity in HCV positive patient was 11.1015 ± 2.6470 which is reduced as compared to normal subjects 20.4400 ±4.37558. The portal vein flow direction in normal subjects was hepatopetal flow while in HCV positive patients flow was hepatofugal flow in 12 patients and hepatopetal in 8 patients.Conclusion: We conclude from our results that HCV positive patient population shows various changes in liver size, echo texture, blood flow characteristics and some other associated features like ascites and collateral formation as a result of portal hypertension.
A number of studies have identified differential kavalactone activity against a variety of molecu... more A number of studies have identified differential kavalactone activity against a variety of molecular targets, including P-glycoprotein (Pgp), platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO-B), transcription factor binding domains, pregnane X (PXR) and GABA receptors, and cytochrome P450 and cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzymes. The molecular structure of the kavalactones possesses a pharmacophore for several of these targets. In most cases, conformational stability is more significant than the substituents present. The analysis of these pharmacophores provides important insights for future medicinal chemistry-based approaches to kavalactone-type drugs.
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