Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 2012
ABSTRACT Newly developed borehole closed circuit television (CCTV) lighting has shown that films ... more ABSTRACT Newly developed borehole closed circuit television (CCTV) lighting has shown that films of water can develop on open borehole walls at discrete levels within the deep unsaturated zone of the chalk, the levels being associated with marl horizons. The CCTV images, together with jacking tensiometers, have been used to observe unsaturated zone processes in selected boreholes. Work focused on two catchments in southern England, the Pang in Berkshire and the Brighton ‘block’ in Sussex. Deep jacking tensiometers were used to measure the associated pressure head (matric potential). The data suggest that recharge to the water table occurs through the matrix, throughout the year. The data also suggest that marl seams can influence recharge processes significantly, creating horizons with high matric potential. As a result, fracture flow and storage could be more important in chalk sequences where they are abundant and well developed.
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2012
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or s... more This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Groundwater investigation has long depended on the process of developing a conceptual flow model ... more Groundwater investigation has long depended on the process of developing a conceptual flow model as a precursor to developing a mathematical model, which in turn may lead in complex aquifers to the development of a numerical approximation model. The assumptions made in the development of the conceptual model depend heavily on the geological framework defining the aquifer, and if the conceptual model is inappropriate then subsequent modelling will also be incorrect. Paradoxically, the development of a robust conceptual model remains difficult, not least because this 3D paradigm is usually reduced to 2D plans and sections. 3D visualisation software is now available to facilitate the development of the conceptual model, to make the model more robust and defensible and to assist in demonstrating the hydraulics of the aquifer system. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the role and cost-effectiveness of the visualisation process.
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2009
Rapid developments in information technology and the increasing collection and digitisation of ge... more Rapid developments in information technology and the increasing collection and digitisation of geological data by the British Geological Survey now allow geoscientists to produce meaningful 3D spatial models of the shallow subsurface in many urban areas. Using this new technology, it is possible to model and predict not only the type of rocks in the shallow subsurface, but also their engineering properties (rock strength, shrink-swell characteristics and compressibility) and hydrogeological properties (permeability, porosity, thickness of the unsaturated zone or the likelihood of perched water tables) by attribution of the 3D model with geological property data. This paper describes the hydrogeological, engineering and confidence (uncertainty) attribution of high resolution models of the Thames Gateway Development Zone (TGDZ) east of London UK and proposes a future in which site investigation sets out to test a pre-existing spatial model based on real data rather than a conceptual model.
Groundwater dripping across a dissolution feature in the unsaturated zone of NHB2 borehole, Brigh... more Groundwater dripping across a dissolution feature in the unsaturated zone of NHB2 borehole, Brighton..
Unlined farm waste stores present a potential, but unquantified, risk to groundwater. Field studi... more Unlined farm waste stores present a potential, but unquantified, risk to groundwater. Field studies of pore water retrieved from beneath active slurry stores indicate that there is a potential for pollutants to be transported down through the unsaturated zone of the aquifer. The highest risk to ...
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, 2012
ABSTRACT Newly developed borehole closed circuit television (CCTV) lighting has shown that films ... more ABSTRACT Newly developed borehole closed circuit television (CCTV) lighting has shown that films of water can develop on open borehole walls at discrete levels within the deep unsaturated zone of the chalk, the levels being associated with marl horizons. The CCTV images, together with jacking tensiometers, have been used to observe unsaturated zone processes in selected boreholes. Work focused on two catchments in southern England, the Pang in Berkshire and the Brighton ‘block’ in Sussex. Deep jacking tensiometers were used to measure the associated pressure head (matric potential). The data suggest that recharge to the water table occurs through the matrix, throughout the year. The data also suggest that marl seams can influence recharge processes significantly, creating horizons with high matric potential. As a result, fracture flow and storage could be more important in chalk sequences where they are abundant and well developed.
New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 2012
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or s... more This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Groundwater investigation has long depended on the process of developing a conceptual flow model ... more Groundwater investigation has long depended on the process of developing a conceptual flow model as a precursor to developing a mathematical model, which in turn may lead in complex aquifers to the development of a numerical approximation model. The assumptions made in the development of the conceptual model depend heavily on the geological framework defining the aquifer, and if the conceptual model is inappropriate then subsequent modelling will also be incorrect. Paradoxically, the development of a robust conceptual model remains difficult, not least because this 3D paradigm is usually reduced to 2D plans and sections. 3D visualisation software is now available to facilitate the development of the conceptual model, to make the model more robust and defensible and to assist in demonstrating the hydraulics of the aquifer system. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the role and cost-effectiveness of the visualisation process.
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2009
Rapid developments in information technology and the increasing collection and digitisation of ge... more Rapid developments in information technology and the increasing collection and digitisation of geological data by the British Geological Survey now allow geoscientists to produce meaningful 3D spatial models of the shallow subsurface in many urban areas. Using this new technology, it is possible to model and predict not only the type of rocks in the shallow subsurface, but also their engineering properties (rock strength, shrink-swell characteristics and compressibility) and hydrogeological properties (permeability, porosity, thickness of the unsaturated zone or the likelihood of perched water tables) by attribution of the 3D model with geological property data. This paper describes the hydrogeological, engineering and confidence (uncertainty) attribution of high resolution models of the Thames Gateway Development Zone (TGDZ) east of London UK and proposes a future in which site investigation sets out to test a pre-existing spatial model based on real data rather than a conceptual model.
Groundwater dripping across a dissolution feature in the unsaturated zone of NHB2 borehole, Brigh... more Groundwater dripping across a dissolution feature in the unsaturated zone of NHB2 borehole, Brighton..
Unlined farm waste stores present a potential, but unquantified, risk to groundwater. Field studi... more Unlined farm waste stores present a potential, but unquantified, risk to groundwater. Field studies of pore water retrieved from beneath active slurry stores indicate that there is a potential for pollutants to be transported down through the unsaturated zone of the aquifer. The highest risk to ...
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Papers by Helen Rutter