Quinientos anos de documentacion historica de actividad del volcan Galeras: escenarios eruptivos,... more Quinientos anos de documentacion historica de actividad del volcan Galeras: escenarios eruptivos, atesora de manera adecuada las compilaciones e informacion que se tenia a 2009 sobre el volcan Galeras y su actividad, con el fin de comprender su actividad eruptiva y dar luces sobre ella como amenaza natural, asi como demostrar su influencia en las actividades de los narinenses. Tambien, refleja las respuestas ante manifestaciones del fenomeno volcanico, especialmente durante crisis volcanicas.
ciudad de Medellfn el 23 de Febrero de 2001 en su casa patema, despues de varios meses de sufrir ... more ciudad de Medellfn el 23 de Febrero de 2001 en su casa patema, despues de varios meses de sufrir quebrantos de salud, Fue el tercero de los hijos del hogar formado por don
During the last few years, new legal dispositions have favored the promotion of non-conventional ... more During the last few years, new legal dispositions have favored the promotion of non-conventional energy sources in Colombia: The law 697 of 2001 declared the rational and efficient use of energy and the utilization of nonconventional energy sources, as a social and public interest matter as well as a national convenience issue. The same law, demands stimulus for developing non-conventional energy sources from the government. The edict 3683 dated December 2003, regulates the promotion of nonconventional energy sources, inside the frame of sustainable development, following the recommendations of The Johannesburg Summit, in which Colombia participated. Since 2000 the geothermal project of INGEOMINAS which is the institution in charge of the geothermal exploration in Colombia, have worked on two topics: 1) The inventory of hot springs, in two areas: Cerro Bravo-Cerro Machín Volcanic Complex and Cundinamarca Department and 2) the first stage of exploration two areas: Azufral volcano (Nariño Department) Paipa geothermal area (Boyacá Department). The inventory of hot springs at Cerro Bravo-Cerro Machín Volcanic Complex was based in the reinterpretation of the geochemical existing information. The Santa Rosa de Cabal group, constituted by the springs of San Vicente and Santa Rosa sectors, revealed the highest interest as an energy resource given the highest geochemical temperatures inferred in the reservoir. This is proposed as an independent system from Nevado del Ruiz. 2. GEOTHERMAL STUDIES BACKGROUND The geothermal anomaly hosted in the Colombian territory related to the subduction zone is related in turn with several hydrothermal systems located mainly around the volcanoes of the Andean Cordillera. The main identified geothermal areas are the Cerro Bravo-Cerro Machín Volcanic Complex, the volcanoes from the south of the Country at Nariño Department (Azufral, Chiles, Cumbal, Galeras volcanoes) and the Paipa-Iza sector, in Boyacá Department. A summary of the reconnaissance and prefeasibility studies, as well as the first version of the geothermal map was presented in the frame of the WGC 2000 (Alfaro et al., 2000). 3. UTILIZATION The geothermal resources utilization is restricted in Colombia to bathing and swimming with recreational purposes, mainly. However the local communities, where the hot springs are located, recognize their healing properties. Currently, as result of the wide access to the information, the development of the medical balneology and thermalism in many countries, particularly in Europe, is object of an increasing interest in
We recognized a Quaternary volcano in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia between longitudes 73º9'... more We recognized a Quaternary volcano in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia between longitudes 73º9'4"W to 73º3'39"W and latitudes 5º40'28"N to 5º45'20"N. Paipa volcano has an eroded edifi ce that reaches 300 m above the Cundiboyacense high-plateau (2871 m.s.l), and a 3 Km caldera with several vents inside it. Volcanic products overlay sedimentary rocks of Upper Cretaceous age and cover a 31 Km2 area. Geologic fi eld mapping, stratigraphy and petrography analysis has been made to establish eruptive units and pyroclastic transport and deposition processes in order to reconstruct volcanic activity history. Caldera outfl ow facies are ash fall deposits and ash and pumice fl ow tuffs interbedded with fl uvial and torrential deposits. There are also several geothermal springs including CO2 vents northward the caldera. The infl ow facies are lava-domes, ash and block fl ow tuffs and pyroclastic surge deposits interbedded with fl uvial and lacustrine deposits. We defi ned 14 eruptive units within two eruptive epochs: the fi rst one comprises the formation of a volcanic caldera and its collapse, while caldera resurgence took place during the second epoch. Single events ages are not well known because of lack of radiometric dating; 1.9 to 2.5 Ma K/Ar and Ar/Ar ages suggest a Pliocene and Pleistocene range for Paipa volcanism.
Education is a conscious and planned effort to create an atmosphere of learning and learning proc... more Education is a conscious and planned effort to create an atmosphere of learning and learning process so that students actively develop their potential. Education is a basic need factor for every human being so that efforts to educate the life of the nation, because through education efforts to improve people's welfare can be realized. The politics of education is all efforts, policies and strategies related to the problem of education. The politics of education is a general explanation or understanding determined by the highest education authority to direct ideas and determine actions with educational devices in various similarities and diversity along with the objectives and programs to realize them. The politics of education contains the policies of a country's government regarding education. The politics of education is not only in the form of written laws and regulations, but also includes other policies relating to education. The politics of education is aimed at the success of education providers that are run for the achievement of the goals of the state, because the goals of the state are the main targets in the administration of education.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1997
Unusual low-frequency seismic events, called 'tomillos' ('screws') at the Observatorio Vulcanoldg... more Unusual low-frequency seismic events, called 'tomillos' ('screws') at the Observatorio Vulcanoldgico y Sismologico de Pasto (OVSP), have been observed at Galeras volcano during 1992-1993. Of six eruptions that occurred between July 1992 and June 1993, five were preceded by episodes of tornillo signals. These signals are characterized by (1) a waveform having a homogeneous distribution of frequencies, (2) a long coda lasting up to several minutes, (3) a small amplitude compared to the duration, and (4) a slow decay of the coda. The tomillo signals have been grouped into thirteen principal forms. The 1992-1993 tomillos showed four main periods of occurrence, each of which was followed by an eruption. Episode I
... co (4) INGEOMINAS, Bogotá E-Mail: [email protected] OBANDO-QUINTERO, MO; RAMOS-PATIÑO, ... more ... co (4) INGEOMINAS, Bogotá E-Mail: [email protected] OBANDO-QUINTERO, MO; RAMOS-PATIÑO, RA; PORTILLA GAMBOA, ME & CEPEDA-VANEGAS ... de la localidad de Girardot y en flujos de pómez y ceniza, en los sectores río Bermellón - San Lorenzo Bajo, San ...
Pyroclastic deposits produced by the domes collapse (resurgence of a caldera collapse), at the we... more Pyroclastic deposits produced by the domes collapse (resurgence of a caldera collapse), at the west of the Honda Grande creek (Paipa, Boyacá-Colombia) were related by INGEOMINAS. These deposits fill the valleys of Olitas, Calderitas and a creek at the south of the Alto de los Volcanes reaching distances near to 3 km from the focus between the Alto de los Volcanes and El Mirador Hill. The flows were modeled using 3D Software (Sheridan and Kover, 1996). A volcanic simulation was done obtaining the height and morphology of the volcanic edifice before the collapse during the last eruptive event.
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010 ... Preliminary Conc... more Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010 ... Preliminary Conceptual Model of the Paipa Geothermal System, Colombia ... Claudia Alfaro, Francisco Velandia, Hector Cepeda and Natalia Pardo ... Ingeominas. Dg. 53 No. 34-53. Bogotá, ...
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1990
Although the potential hazards associated with an eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano were known ... more Although the potential hazards associated with an eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano were known to civil authorities before the catastrophic eruption there in November 1985, their low perception of risk and the long quiescent period since the last eruption (140 years), caused them to wait for stronger activity before developing an eruption alert system. Unfortunately, the eruption occurred suddenly after a period of relative quiet, and as a result more than 25,000 people were killed. Although it was accurate and reasonably comprehensive, the hazard map that existed before the eruption was poorly understood by the authorities and even less so by the general population, because the scientific terminology and probabilistic approach to natural hazards were unfamiliar to many of them. This confusion was shared by the communication media, which at critical times placed undue emphasis on the possibility of lava flows rather than on the more imminent threat from mudflows, in keeping with the popular but often inaccurate perception of volcanic eruptions. This work presents an updated hazard map of Nevado del Ruiz that combines information on various hazardous phenomena with their relative probability of occurrence in order to depict numerical "hazard levels" that are easily comprehensible to nonspecialists and therefore less susceptible to misinterpretation. The scale of relative risk is arbitrary, ranging from five to one, and is intended to provide an intuitive indication of danger to people, property and crops. The map is meant to facilitate emergency preparedness and management by political and civil authorities, to educate the public concerning volcanic hazards and to assist in land-use planning decisions.
Quinientos anos de documentacion historica de actividad del volcan Galeras: escenarios eruptivos,... more Quinientos anos de documentacion historica de actividad del volcan Galeras: escenarios eruptivos, atesora de manera adecuada las compilaciones e informacion que se tenia a 2009 sobre el volcan Galeras y su actividad, con el fin de comprender su actividad eruptiva y dar luces sobre ella como amenaza natural, asi como demostrar su influencia en las actividades de los narinenses. Tambien, refleja las respuestas ante manifestaciones del fenomeno volcanico, especialmente durante crisis volcanicas.
ciudad de Medellfn el 23 de Febrero de 2001 en su casa patema, despues de varios meses de sufrir ... more ciudad de Medellfn el 23 de Febrero de 2001 en su casa patema, despues de varios meses de sufrir quebrantos de salud, Fue el tercero de los hijos del hogar formado por don
During the last few years, new legal dispositions have favored the promotion of non-conventional ... more During the last few years, new legal dispositions have favored the promotion of non-conventional energy sources in Colombia: The law 697 of 2001 declared the rational and efficient use of energy and the utilization of nonconventional energy sources, as a social and public interest matter as well as a national convenience issue. The same law, demands stimulus for developing non-conventional energy sources from the government. The edict 3683 dated December 2003, regulates the promotion of nonconventional energy sources, inside the frame of sustainable development, following the recommendations of The Johannesburg Summit, in which Colombia participated. Since 2000 the geothermal project of INGEOMINAS which is the institution in charge of the geothermal exploration in Colombia, have worked on two topics: 1) The inventory of hot springs, in two areas: Cerro Bravo-Cerro Machín Volcanic Complex and Cundinamarca Department and 2) the first stage of exploration two areas: Azufral volcano (Nariño Department) Paipa geothermal area (Boyacá Department). The inventory of hot springs at Cerro Bravo-Cerro Machín Volcanic Complex was based in the reinterpretation of the geochemical existing information. The Santa Rosa de Cabal group, constituted by the springs of San Vicente and Santa Rosa sectors, revealed the highest interest as an energy resource given the highest geochemical temperatures inferred in the reservoir. This is proposed as an independent system from Nevado del Ruiz. 2. GEOTHERMAL STUDIES BACKGROUND The geothermal anomaly hosted in the Colombian territory related to the subduction zone is related in turn with several hydrothermal systems located mainly around the volcanoes of the Andean Cordillera. The main identified geothermal areas are the Cerro Bravo-Cerro Machín Volcanic Complex, the volcanoes from the south of the Country at Nariño Department (Azufral, Chiles, Cumbal, Galeras volcanoes) and the Paipa-Iza sector, in Boyacá Department. A summary of the reconnaissance and prefeasibility studies, as well as the first version of the geothermal map was presented in the frame of the WGC 2000 (Alfaro et al., 2000). 3. UTILIZATION The geothermal resources utilization is restricted in Colombia to bathing and swimming with recreational purposes, mainly. However the local communities, where the hot springs are located, recognize their healing properties. Currently, as result of the wide access to the information, the development of the medical balneology and thermalism in many countries, particularly in Europe, is object of an increasing interest in
We recognized a Quaternary volcano in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia between longitudes 73º9'... more We recognized a Quaternary volcano in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia between longitudes 73º9'4"W to 73º3'39"W and latitudes 5º40'28"N to 5º45'20"N. Paipa volcano has an eroded edifi ce that reaches 300 m above the Cundiboyacense high-plateau (2871 m.s.l), and a 3 Km caldera with several vents inside it. Volcanic products overlay sedimentary rocks of Upper Cretaceous age and cover a 31 Km2 area. Geologic fi eld mapping, stratigraphy and petrography analysis has been made to establish eruptive units and pyroclastic transport and deposition processes in order to reconstruct volcanic activity history. Caldera outfl ow facies are ash fall deposits and ash and pumice fl ow tuffs interbedded with fl uvial and torrential deposits. There are also several geothermal springs including CO2 vents northward the caldera. The infl ow facies are lava-domes, ash and block fl ow tuffs and pyroclastic surge deposits interbedded with fl uvial and lacustrine deposits. We defi ned 14 eruptive units within two eruptive epochs: the fi rst one comprises the formation of a volcanic caldera and its collapse, while caldera resurgence took place during the second epoch. Single events ages are not well known because of lack of radiometric dating; 1.9 to 2.5 Ma K/Ar and Ar/Ar ages suggest a Pliocene and Pleistocene range for Paipa volcanism.
Education is a conscious and planned effort to create an atmosphere of learning and learning proc... more Education is a conscious and planned effort to create an atmosphere of learning and learning process so that students actively develop their potential. Education is a basic need factor for every human being so that efforts to educate the life of the nation, because through education efforts to improve people's welfare can be realized. The politics of education is all efforts, policies and strategies related to the problem of education. The politics of education is a general explanation or understanding determined by the highest education authority to direct ideas and determine actions with educational devices in various similarities and diversity along with the objectives and programs to realize them. The politics of education contains the policies of a country's government regarding education. The politics of education is not only in the form of written laws and regulations, but also includes other policies relating to education. The politics of education is aimed at the success of education providers that are run for the achievement of the goals of the state, because the goals of the state are the main targets in the administration of education.
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1997
Unusual low-frequency seismic events, called 'tomillos' ('screws') at the Observatorio Vulcanoldg... more Unusual low-frequency seismic events, called 'tomillos' ('screws') at the Observatorio Vulcanoldgico y Sismologico de Pasto (OVSP), have been observed at Galeras volcano during 1992-1993. Of six eruptions that occurred between July 1992 and June 1993, five were preceded by episodes of tornillo signals. These signals are characterized by (1) a waveform having a homogeneous distribution of frequencies, (2) a long coda lasting up to several minutes, (3) a small amplitude compared to the duration, and (4) a slow decay of the coda. The tomillo signals have been grouped into thirteen principal forms. The 1992-1993 tomillos showed four main periods of occurrence, each of which was followed by an eruption. Episode I
... co (4) INGEOMINAS, Bogotá E-Mail: [email protected] OBANDO-QUINTERO, MO; RAMOS-PATIÑO, ... more ... co (4) INGEOMINAS, Bogotá E-Mail: [email protected] OBANDO-QUINTERO, MO; RAMOS-PATIÑO, RA; PORTILLA GAMBOA, ME & CEPEDA-VANEGAS ... de la localidad de Girardot y en flujos de pómez y ceniza, en los sectores río Bermellón - San Lorenzo Bajo, San ...
Pyroclastic deposits produced by the domes collapse (resurgence of a caldera collapse), at the we... more Pyroclastic deposits produced by the domes collapse (resurgence of a caldera collapse), at the west of the Honda Grande creek (Paipa, Boyacá-Colombia) were related by INGEOMINAS. These deposits fill the valleys of Olitas, Calderitas and a creek at the south of the Alto de los Volcanes reaching distances near to 3 km from the focus between the Alto de los Volcanes and El Mirador Hill. The flows were modeled using 3D Software (Sheridan and Kover, 1996). A volcanic simulation was done obtaining the height and morphology of the volcanic edifice before the collapse during the last eruptive event.
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010 ... Preliminary Conc... more Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010 ... Preliminary Conceptual Model of the Paipa Geothermal System, Colombia ... Claudia Alfaro, Francisco Velandia, Hector Cepeda and Natalia Pardo ... Ingeominas. Dg. 53 No. 34-53. Bogotá, ...
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 1990
Although the potential hazards associated with an eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano were known ... more Although the potential hazards associated with an eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano were known to civil authorities before the catastrophic eruption there in November 1985, their low perception of risk and the long quiescent period since the last eruption (140 years), caused them to wait for stronger activity before developing an eruption alert system. Unfortunately, the eruption occurred suddenly after a period of relative quiet, and as a result more than 25,000 people were killed. Although it was accurate and reasonably comprehensive, the hazard map that existed before the eruption was poorly understood by the authorities and even less so by the general population, because the scientific terminology and probabilistic approach to natural hazards were unfamiliar to many of them. This confusion was shared by the communication media, which at critical times placed undue emphasis on the possibility of lava flows rather than on the more imminent threat from mudflows, in keeping with the popular but often inaccurate perception of volcanic eruptions. This work presents an updated hazard map of Nevado del Ruiz that combines information on various hazardous phenomena with their relative probability of occurrence in order to depict numerical "hazard levels" that are easily comprehensible to nonspecialists and therefore less susceptible to misinterpretation. The scale of relative risk is arbitrary, ranging from five to one, and is intended to provide an intuitive indication of danger to people, property and crops. The map is meant to facilitate emergency preparedness and management by political and civil authorities, to educate the public concerning volcanic hazards and to assist in land-use planning decisions.
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Papers by Hector Cepeda