It has been shown previously [J. M. Hollas, G. H. Kirby, and R. A. Wright, Mol. Phys. 18, 327-335... more It has been shown previously [J. M. Hollas, G. H. Kirby, and R. A. Wright, Mol. Phys. 18, 327-335 (1970)] that there is a close similarity between the rotational contours, and almost certainly the geometry changes, in the A-f systems of 2-aminopyridine and aniline. Here it is shown, by a combination of absorption and SVL fluorescence spectm, that the similarity extends to the activity of v,, the NHrinversion vibration, in the k and ,i? states. The Zt , Z:, and fi bands are intense and their assignments have been conlirmed. It seems certain that there is a large decrease in the out-of-plane angle of the hydrogen atoms of tbe NH2 group from the _?? to the A state perhaps, like aniline, resulting in planarity in the k state. A very large Duschinsky effect involving the a" vibrations ys9 and ~si enables the identification of these two fundamentals, in the J? state, in the gas-phase far-infrared spectrum [R. A. Kydd, Spectrochim. Acta A X,409-4 13 (1979)). Other information from SVL lluorescence spectra also leads to the identification of v&, v&, and V& from the far-infrared spectrum. The intensity distribution along the 22: progression shows a minimum at 22:. Franck-Condon factor calculations of this intensity pattern show that the change in Qu(&) from the 2 to the A state is 0.343~"~ A. A comparison between photographic and photoelectric recording of the @ and Zt SVL fluorescence spectra shows that photographic recording is slower by a factor of at least 5. The only virtue of photographic recording is the ease of calibration.
It has been shown previously [J. M. Hollas, G. H. Kirby, and R. A. Wright, Mol. Phys. 18, 327-335... more It has been shown previously [J. M. Hollas, G. H. Kirby, and R. A. Wright, Mol. Phys. 18, 327-335 (1970)] that there is a close similarity between the rotational contours, and almost certainly the geometry changes, in the A-f systems of 2-aminopyridine and aniline. Here it is shown, by a combination of absorption and SVL fluorescence spectm, that the similarity extends to the activity of v,, the NHrinversion vibration, in the k and ,i? states. The Zt , Z:, and fi bands are intense and their assignments have been conlirmed. It seems certain that there is a large decrease in the out-of-plane angle of the hydrogen atoms of tbe NH2 group from the _?? to the A state perhaps, like aniline, resulting in planarity in the k state. A very large Duschinsky effect involving the a" vibrations ys9 and ~si enables the identification of these two fundamentals, in the J? state, in the gas-phase far-infrared spectrum [R. A. Kydd, Spectrochim. Acta A X,409-4 13 (1979)). Other information from SVL lluorescence spectra also leads to the identification of v&, v&, and V& from the far-infrared spectrum. The intensity distribution along the 22: progression shows a minimum at 22:. Franck-Condon factor calculations of this intensity pattern show that the change in Qu(&) from the 2 to the A state is 0.343~"~ A. A comparison between photographic and photoelectric recording of the @ and Zt SVL fluorescence spectra shows that photographic recording is slower by a factor of at least 5. The only virtue of photographic recording is the ease of calibration.
Abstract The A 1 B 2 - X 1 A 1 system of 1,3-difluorobenzene has been observed using the techniqu... more Abstract The A 1 B 2 - X 1 A 1 system of 1,3-difluorobenzene has been observed using the technique of two-photon fluorescence excitation obtained with a pulsed dye laser. Calibration was achieved by a combination of the neon optogalvanic spectrum and etalon fringes. In circular, compared to linear, polarization the bands divide into two groups, those which are B2-A1 and which retain their intensity with circular polarization, and those which are A1-A1 and lose about 60% of their intensity under the same conditions. These two kinds of bands also show characteristic rotational contours. All of the A1-A1 bands whose assignments are established obtain their intensity through vibronic interaction in which the vibration ν′25 (ν′14 in the Wilson numbering) mixes the A with, presumably, the X state. There is an important Fermi resonance between the 91 and 101111 levels. Parts of the one-photon absorption spectrum have been photographed to identify sequences associated with the 000 band for comparison with those observed in the two-photon spectrum, and to search for bands involving odd quanta of b2 vibrations, including ν′25 (ν′14); none was found.
Single vibronic level fluorescence (SVLF) spectra of tropolone from vibronic levels in the à 1 B ... more Single vibronic level fluorescence (SVLF) spectra of tropolone from vibronic levels in the à 1 B 2 electronic state, in combination with recently reported supersonic jet spectra, have enabled the assigning of many absorption bands in the region of 0 0 0 which had previously been ...
The two-photon fluorescence excitation spectrum of 1,2-difluorobenzene was obtained with a tunabl... more The two-photon fluorescence excitation spectrum of 1,2-difluorobenzene was obtained with a tunable dye laser calibrated using a combination of the neon optogalvanic spectrum and etalon fringes. The spectrum consists only of A1-A1 bands but the use of linear and circular polarization divides the bands into two types. The 000 type retains its intensity in circular polarization and, rotationally, shows little
Single vibronic level fluorescence (SVLF) spectra of tropolone from vibronic levels in the à 1 B ... more Single vibronic level fluorescence (SVLF) spectra of tropolone from vibronic levels in the à 1 B 2 electronic state, in combination with recently reported supersonic jet spectra, have enabled the assigning of many absorption bands in the region of 0 0 0 which had previously been ...
It has been shown previously [J. M. Hollas, G. H. Kirby, and R. A. Wright, Mol. Phys. 18, 327-335... more It has been shown previously [J. M. Hollas, G. H. Kirby, and R. A. Wright, Mol. Phys. 18, 327-335 (1970)] that there is a close similarity between the rotational contours, and almost certainly the geometry changes, in the A-f systems of 2-aminopyridine and aniline. Here it is shown, by a combination of absorption and SVL fluorescence spectm, that the similarity extends to the activity of v,, the NHrinversion vibration, in the k and ,i? states. The Zt , Z:, and fi bands are intense and their assignments have been conlirmed. It seems certain that there is a large decrease in the out-of-plane angle of the hydrogen atoms of tbe NH2 group from the _?? to the A state perhaps, like aniline, resulting in planarity in the k state. A very large Duschinsky effect involving the a" vibrations ys9 and ~si enables the identification of these two fundamentals, in the J? state, in the gas-phase far-infrared spectrum [R. A. Kydd, Spectrochim. Acta A X,409-4 13 (1979)). Other information from SVL lluorescence spectra also leads to the identification of v&, v&, and V& from the far-infrared spectrum. The intensity distribution along the 22: progression shows a minimum at 22:. Franck-Condon factor calculations of this intensity pattern show that the change in Qu(&) from the 2 to the A state is 0.343~"~ A. A comparison between photographic and photoelectric recording of the @ and Zt SVL fluorescence spectra shows that photographic recording is slower by a factor of at least 5. The only virtue of photographic recording is the ease of calibration.
Effective Databases for Text & Document Management
The focus of this chapter is on the progressive adaptation of database techniques to Web usage in... more The focus of this chapter is on the progressive adaptation of database techniques to Web usage in a way quite similar to the evolution from integrated file management systems to database management systems. We review related and open issues, such as the semi-structured data and XML, integrity problem, query optimization problem, and integration issues in both the Web and Semantic
Single vibronic level fluorescence (SVLF) spectra of tropolone from vibronic levels in the A~1B2 ... more Single vibronic level fluorescence (SVLF) spectra of tropolone from vibronic levels in the A~1B2 electronic state, in combination with recently reported supersonic jet spectra, have enabled the assigning of many absorption bands in the region of 000 which had previously been impossible. Some of the complexity in these bands has been shown to be due to a large Duschinsky effect
The structural differences between thermally grown SiO2 prepared using three different gas mixtur... more The structural differences between thermally grown SiO2 prepared using three different gas mixtures was studied using infrared measurements, refractive index measurements and selective etching techniques. The data shows that the highest degree of porosity is found in materials grown in an ammonia atmosphere
The two-photon fluorescence excitation spectrum of 1,2difluorobenzene was obtained with a tunable... more The two-photon fluorescence excitation spectrum of 1,2difluorobenzene was obtained with a tunable dye laser calibrated using a combination of the neon optogalvanic spectrum and etalon fringes. The spectrum consists only ofA,-A, bands but the use of linear and circular polarization divides the bands into two types. The Ooo type retains its intensity in circular polarization and, rotationally, shows little or no zero-rank contribution. The 5ro (or 1410) type loses much of its intensity in circular polarization and, rotationally, shows a large zero-rank contribution. These observations all accord with the trace of the two-photon transition tensor being close to zero for the o", type and large for the 5'a type, the latter type being involved in vibronic interaction which mixes the 2 and w states. There is strong evidence for Fermi resonance between the 5' and 6' 10' levels. Parts of the one-photon absorption spectrum have been photographed to aid sequence identification and also to look for the 5 lo, AI-AI transition. This transition is not observed: nor is there any evidence for intensity stealing by b2 vibrations.
The k'B,-,f'A, system of 1,3-difluorobenzene has been observed using the technique of twophoton f... more The k'B,-,f'A, system of 1,3-difluorobenzene has been observed using the technique of twophoton fluorescence excitation obtained with a pulsed dye laser. Calibration was achieved by a combination of the neon optogalvanic spectrum and etalon fringes. In circular, compared to linear, polarization the bands divide into two groups, those which are B2-A, and which retain their intensity with circular polarization, and those which are AI-AI and lose about 60% of their intensity under the same conditions. These two kinds of bands also show characteristic rotational contours. All of the A,-A, bands whose assignments are established obtain their intensity through vibronic interaction in which the vibration vb (Y',~ in the Wilson numbering) mixes the k with, presumably, the d state. There is an important Fermi resonance between the 9' and 10' 11' levels. Parts of the one-photon absorption spectrum have been photographed to identify sequences associated with the 0: band for comparison with those observed in the two-photon spectrum, and to search for bands involving odd quanta of b2 vibrations, including & (&): none was found.
Problem statement: Sago effluent contains large amount of organic material which has a potential ... more Problem statement: Sago effluent contains large amount of organic material which has a potential to cause water pollution. In order to reduce this problem, an experiment was conducted to remove organic material from sago effluent using lab scale of Extended Aeration (EA) system. Approach: The EA system consisted of the combination of physical and biological treatment unit. For Physical Treatment Unit (PTU), the sago effluent was filtered using 710 µm mesh size filter. For Biological Treatment Unit (BTU), the effluent were mixed and aerated with activated sago sludge for 48 h. The treatment efficiency with respect to Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) removal were evaluated and compared with regulatory requirement by Department of Environment, Malaysia. Results: The result showed, the EA system could reduce BOD, COD and TSS up to 84, 87.8 and 73% respectively, however it did not comply with the regulatory requirement. Conclusion: This study suggested the EA system have potential to be apply on sago effluent, however it should be integrated with additional treatment unit to achieve the effluent quality standard.
Buku ini mengandungi beberapa bab iaitu kandungan, pengenalan, pendahuluan matematik, mekanik kua... more Buku ini mengandungi beberapa bab iaitu kandungan, pengenalan, pendahuluan matematik, mekanik kuantum, persamaan schrodinger dan penyelesaiannya untuk beberapa sistem, pengkuantuman tenaga putaran dan getaran, momentum sudut, teori usikan, struktur elektronik atom hidrogen dan ion-ion mirip hidrogen.
It has been shown previously [J. M. Hollas, G. H. Kirby, and R. A. Wright, Mol. Phys. 18, 327-335... more It has been shown previously [J. M. Hollas, G. H. Kirby, and R. A. Wright, Mol. Phys. 18, 327-335 (1970)] that there is a close similarity between the rotational contours, and almost certainly the geometry changes, in the A-f systems of 2-aminopyridine and aniline. Here it is shown, by a combination of absorption and SVL fluorescence spectm, that the similarity extends to the activity of v,, the NHrinversion vibration, in the k and ,i? states. The Zt , Z:, and fi bands are intense and their assignments have been conlirmed. It seems certain that there is a large decrease in the out-of-plane angle of the hydrogen atoms of tbe NH2 group from the _?? to the A state perhaps, like aniline, resulting in planarity in the k state. A very large Duschinsky effect involving the a" vibrations ys9 and ~si enables the identification of these two fundamentals, in the J? state, in the gas-phase far-infrared spectrum [R. A. Kydd, Spectrochim. Acta A X,409-4 13 (1979)). Other information from SVL lluorescence spectra also leads to the identification of v&, v&, and V& from the far-infrared spectrum. The intensity distribution along the 22: progression shows a minimum at 22:. Franck-Condon factor calculations of this intensity pattern show that the change in Qu(&) from the 2 to the A state is 0.343~"~ A. A comparison between photographic and photoelectric recording of the @ and Zt SVL fluorescence spectra shows that photographic recording is slower by a factor of at least 5. The only virtue of photographic recording is the ease of calibration.
It has been shown previously [J. M. Hollas, G. H. Kirby, and R. A. Wright, Mol. Phys. 18, 327-335... more It has been shown previously [J. M. Hollas, G. H. Kirby, and R. A. Wright, Mol. Phys. 18, 327-335 (1970)] that there is a close similarity between the rotational contours, and almost certainly the geometry changes, in the A-f systems of 2-aminopyridine and aniline. Here it is shown, by a combination of absorption and SVL fluorescence spectm, that the similarity extends to the activity of v,, the NHrinversion vibration, in the k and ,i? states. The Zt , Z:, and fi bands are intense and their assignments have been conlirmed. It seems certain that there is a large decrease in the out-of-plane angle of the hydrogen atoms of tbe NH2 group from the _?? to the A state perhaps, like aniline, resulting in planarity in the k state. A very large Duschinsky effect involving the a" vibrations ys9 and ~si enables the identification of these two fundamentals, in the J? state, in the gas-phase far-infrared spectrum [R. A. Kydd, Spectrochim. Acta A X,409-4 13 (1979)). Other information from SVL lluorescence spectra also leads to the identification of v&, v&, and V& from the far-infrared spectrum. The intensity distribution along the 22: progression shows a minimum at 22:. Franck-Condon factor calculations of this intensity pattern show that the change in Qu(&) from the 2 to the A state is 0.343~"~ A. A comparison between photographic and photoelectric recording of the @ and Zt SVL fluorescence spectra shows that photographic recording is slower by a factor of at least 5. The only virtue of photographic recording is the ease of calibration.
Abstract The A 1 B 2 - X 1 A 1 system of 1,3-difluorobenzene has been observed using the techniqu... more Abstract The A 1 B 2 - X 1 A 1 system of 1,3-difluorobenzene has been observed using the technique of two-photon fluorescence excitation obtained with a pulsed dye laser. Calibration was achieved by a combination of the neon optogalvanic spectrum and etalon fringes. In circular, compared to linear, polarization the bands divide into two groups, those which are B2-A1 and which retain their intensity with circular polarization, and those which are A1-A1 and lose about 60% of their intensity under the same conditions. These two kinds of bands also show characteristic rotational contours. All of the A1-A1 bands whose assignments are established obtain their intensity through vibronic interaction in which the vibration ν′25 (ν′14 in the Wilson numbering) mixes the A with, presumably, the X state. There is an important Fermi resonance between the 91 and 101111 levels. Parts of the one-photon absorption spectrum have been photographed to identify sequences associated with the 000 band for comparison with those observed in the two-photon spectrum, and to search for bands involving odd quanta of b2 vibrations, including ν′25 (ν′14); none was found.
Single vibronic level fluorescence (SVLF) spectra of tropolone from vibronic levels in the à 1 B ... more Single vibronic level fluorescence (SVLF) spectra of tropolone from vibronic levels in the à 1 B 2 electronic state, in combination with recently reported supersonic jet spectra, have enabled the assigning of many absorption bands in the region of 0 0 0 which had previously been ...
The two-photon fluorescence excitation spectrum of 1,2-difluorobenzene was obtained with a tunabl... more The two-photon fluorescence excitation spectrum of 1,2-difluorobenzene was obtained with a tunable dye laser calibrated using a combination of the neon optogalvanic spectrum and etalon fringes. The spectrum consists only of A1-A1 bands but the use of linear and circular polarization divides the bands into two types. The 000 type retains its intensity in circular polarization and, rotationally, shows little
Single vibronic level fluorescence (SVLF) spectra of tropolone from vibronic levels in the à 1 B ... more Single vibronic level fluorescence (SVLF) spectra of tropolone from vibronic levels in the à 1 B 2 electronic state, in combination with recently reported supersonic jet spectra, have enabled the assigning of many absorption bands in the region of 0 0 0 which had previously been ...
It has been shown previously [J. M. Hollas, G. H. Kirby, and R. A. Wright, Mol. Phys. 18, 327-335... more It has been shown previously [J. M. Hollas, G. H. Kirby, and R. A. Wright, Mol. Phys. 18, 327-335 (1970)] that there is a close similarity between the rotational contours, and almost certainly the geometry changes, in the A-f systems of 2-aminopyridine and aniline. Here it is shown, by a combination of absorption and SVL fluorescence spectm, that the similarity extends to the activity of v,, the NHrinversion vibration, in the k and ,i? states. The Zt , Z:, and fi bands are intense and their assignments have been conlirmed. It seems certain that there is a large decrease in the out-of-plane angle of the hydrogen atoms of tbe NH2 group from the _?? to the A state perhaps, like aniline, resulting in planarity in the k state. A very large Duschinsky effect involving the a" vibrations ys9 and ~si enables the identification of these two fundamentals, in the J? state, in the gas-phase far-infrared spectrum [R. A. Kydd, Spectrochim. Acta A X,409-4 13 (1979)). Other information from SVL lluorescence spectra also leads to the identification of v&, v&, and V& from the far-infrared spectrum. The intensity distribution along the 22: progression shows a minimum at 22:. Franck-Condon factor calculations of this intensity pattern show that the change in Qu(&) from the 2 to the A state is 0.343~"~ A. A comparison between photographic and photoelectric recording of the @ and Zt SVL fluorescence spectra shows that photographic recording is slower by a factor of at least 5. The only virtue of photographic recording is the ease of calibration.
Effective Databases for Text & Document Management
The focus of this chapter is on the progressive adaptation of database techniques to Web usage in... more The focus of this chapter is on the progressive adaptation of database techniques to Web usage in a way quite similar to the evolution from integrated file management systems to database management systems. We review related and open issues, such as the semi-structured data and XML, integrity problem, query optimization problem, and integration issues in both the Web and Semantic
Single vibronic level fluorescence (SVLF) spectra of tropolone from vibronic levels in the A~1B2 ... more Single vibronic level fluorescence (SVLF) spectra of tropolone from vibronic levels in the A~1B2 electronic state, in combination with recently reported supersonic jet spectra, have enabled the assigning of many absorption bands in the region of 000 which had previously been impossible. Some of the complexity in these bands has been shown to be due to a large Duschinsky effect
The structural differences between thermally grown SiO2 prepared using three different gas mixtur... more The structural differences between thermally grown SiO2 prepared using three different gas mixtures was studied using infrared measurements, refractive index measurements and selective etching techniques. The data shows that the highest degree of porosity is found in materials grown in an ammonia atmosphere
The two-photon fluorescence excitation spectrum of 1,2difluorobenzene was obtained with a tunable... more The two-photon fluorescence excitation spectrum of 1,2difluorobenzene was obtained with a tunable dye laser calibrated using a combination of the neon optogalvanic spectrum and etalon fringes. The spectrum consists only ofA,-A, bands but the use of linear and circular polarization divides the bands into two types. The Ooo type retains its intensity in circular polarization and, rotationally, shows little or no zero-rank contribution. The 5ro (or 1410) type loses much of its intensity in circular polarization and, rotationally, shows a large zero-rank contribution. These observations all accord with the trace of the two-photon transition tensor being close to zero for the o", type and large for the 5'a type, the latter type being involved in vibronic interaction which mixes the 2 and w states. There is strong evidence for Fermi resonance between the 5' and 6' 10' levels. Parts of the one-photon absorption spectrum have been photographed to aid sequence identification and also to look for the 5 lo, AI-AI transition. This transition is not observed: nor is there any evidence for intensity stealing by b2 vibrations.
The k'B,-,f'A, system of 1,3-difluorobenzene has been observed using the technique of twophoton f... more The k'B,-,f'A, system of 1,3-difluorobenzene has been observed using the technique of twophoton fluorescence excitation obtained with a pulsed dye laser. Calibration was achieved by a combination of the neon optogalvanic spectrum and etalon fringes. In circular, compared to linear, polarization the bands divide into two groups, those which are B2-A, and which retain their intensity with circular polarization, and those which are AI-AI and lose about 60% of their intensity under the same conditions. These two kinds of bands also show characteristic rotational contours. All of the A,-A, bands whose assignments are established obtain their intensity through vibronic interaction in which the vibration vb (Y',~ in the Wilson numbering) mixes the k with, presumably, the d state. There is an important Fermi resonance between the 9' and 10' 11' levels. Parts of the one-photon absorption spectrum have been photographed to identify sequences associated with the 0: band for comparison with those observed in the two-photon spectrum, and to search for bands involving odd quanta of b2 vibrations, including & (&): none was found.
Problem statement: Sago effluent contains large amount of organic material which has a potential ... more Problem statement: Sago effluent contains large amount of organic material which has a potential to cause water pollution. In order to reduce this problem, an experiment was conducted to remove organic material from sago effluent using lab scale of Extended Aeration (EA) system. Approach: The EA system consisted of the combination of physical and biological treatment unit. For Physical Treatment Unit (PTU), the sago effluent was filtered using 710 µm mesh size filter. For Biological Treatment Unit (BTU), the effluent were mixed and aerated with activated sago sludge for 48 h. The treatment efficiency with respect to Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solid (TSS) removal were evaluated and compared with regulatory requirement by Department of Environment, Malaysia. Results: The result showed, the EA system could reduce BOD, COD and TSS up to 84, 87.8 and 73% respectively, however it did not comply with the regulatory requirement. Conclusion: This study suggested the EA system have potential to be apply on sago effluent, however it should be integrated with additional treatment unit to achieve the effluent quality standard.
Buku ini mengandungi beberapa bab iaitu kandungan, pengenalan, pendahuluan matematik, mekanik kua... more Buku ini mengandungi beberapa bab iaitu kandungan, pengenalan, pendahuluan matematik, mekanik kuantum, persamaan schrodinger dan penyelesaiannya untuk beberapa sistem, pengkuantuman tenaga putaran dan getaran, momentum sudut, teori usikan, struktur elektronik atom hidrogen dan ion-ion mirip hidrogen.
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